Chapter 11: In the Beginning Stages of Development
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Transcript Chapter 11: In the Beginning Stages of Development
Chapter 11: In the Beginning
Stages of Development
The Theory and Practice of Group
Psychotherapy
Irvin Yalom, Ph.D
Stages of Development
What type of stages \ development do you think
occur in a group?
How would it affect you as a leader to know that
such stages exist?
What would each one entail?
Do you handle each stage the same?
FORMATIVE STAGES
1. Each person begins to manifest
themselves interpersonally, each creating
their own social microcosm.
2. This along with maladaptive personality
styles lead to a great variance in how the
course of group will unfold.
Yet some crude but useful schemas of
developmental stages can be extracted from
a few empirical studies
FORMATIVE STAGES
1. Initial stage -in vs out
orientation & search for structure & goals,
dependency on leader and concern for group
boundaries
2.Conflict & Dominance - top vs bottom
3. Intermember Harmony- near vs far
-submerging diff
-later more cohesive & interpersonal
investigation
INITIAL STAGE
Tasks
A. How to achieve primary goal
B. Pts must attend to social relations in
group in order create niche for themselves
-This will provide comfort to achieve
primary task
-The pleasure of group membership
in vs out
INITIAL STAGE
MEMBERS
-confused by the use of Group Therapy
=silence
-seek roles & size each other up
-fear of rejection
-tentative conversations
-group norms=shared beliefs about behaviors
-social forces lead to allot of energy spent of
get approval
INITIAL STAGE
they focus on who-leader.
-Yalom = human need for a omnipresent &
omniscient figure
-Hidden Agenda
-Early conflict can= less cohesiveness
-Communication Style= social cocktail hour
(?)
-look for similarities= cohesiveness
-Advice giving = not functional except for
increased cohesiveness
LEADER
-Self vs Group Focus
-Here & Now Focus VS There & Then
-Trust VS Mistrust= self disclosure
-Modeling w Co leader & Group
-Increase Trust
--attend & listen
=nonverbal
=empathy
=self disclosure
=respect
Group norms=
shared beliefs about behaviors
For example:
you can self disclose but retain privacy
you discuss problems but don’t have to have
a cathartic experience
your therapeutic work is not to be judged
There are Explicit & Implicit norms
Implicit norms are modeled by the leaders
Explicit norms are for instance:
attendance, punctuality
be self disclosing
be open to feedback
focus on here and now
bring concerns they are willing to discuss
provide support to others
look at themselves
to attend to others
Division of Responsibility:
too high undermine members
to low poor role model (i.e. I'm responsible
for me you for you)
Degree of Structure:
reduce unnecessary floundering and
maximizing full participation
Opening session:
generally it is to warm when you open
instead of jumping right in
e.g.
a check in process
have member review previous week
any unresolved feeling from the previous
session
have new members introduce themselves or
have vets reflect on what they have learned.
Guidelines for closing:
summarize
have members summarize
homework
assign a question
ask for topics they would like to explore
have members give each other feedback
Second stage:
Conflict dominance rebellion
NOTE-forming storming norming
performing
search meaning
top vs bottom
near vs far
feel free to judge
hostility to therapist =inevitable
resistance=above
in part due to their expectations
-trouble sharing therapist & more time for
me
-expectations unreal - p298
-primal-horde
-attack
therapists can have 2 reactions -put neck out
& aloof if p301
Third Stage
Group Cohesiveness
increase morale trust & self disclosure
reveal real reason
intimacy & closeness
Group Cohesiveness
sense of togetherness
this typically comes after addressing some
conflict or issue together
invite to be active
share the leadership
conflicts are inevitable and may facilitate
cohesiveness if handled properly
do not categorize yourself
PROBLEMS 308