APWH 8000 BCE-600 BCE
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Transcript APWH 8000 BCE-600 BCE
APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE
Created by: Jenna Jones
Supervising Editor: Michael D Geoffrion
Nomads: Follow the Food
Foraging Societies
Foraging is hunting and gathering
Small
groups nomadic groups that follow food
At the mercy of nature
Natural
phenomena could endanger entire communities
Few possessions
Pastoral Societies
Domestication of animals
Mostly in mountain regions and in areas that could
not support crops.
Supplemented with small scale agriculture
Mostly egalitarian
Concept of extended family
Pastoral cont.
Social class based on size of herd
Few possessions
Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution
(Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…
Agricultural Societies
Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural revolution
Neolithic revolution when people began
congregating and forming small villages
Relied more on environment (soil and water)
More sense of unity with sustained cultural
interactions
Agricultural Soc. Cont.
Idea of ownership of property
Food surplus=specialization of labor
Irrigation
lead to even greater surplus
Civilizations emerge
Impact of Agriculture on Environment
Farming villages changed environment by rerouting
water, clearing land, and building cities
Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of
growing civilization
Animals used for both food and labor
Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons
Latter part of Neolithic revolution=Bronze Age
The Big, Early Civilizations:
The Rivers Deliver
Early civilizations
Most ‘great’ civilizations located in river valleys
River gave fresh water, food, and transportation
Civilizations considered large population, with large
land, and distinct culture
Many early civilizations were collections of city
states
Mesopotamia
Means “land between the rivers”- Tigris and
Euphrates
Series of ancient civilization is Mesopotamia: Sumer,
Babylon, and Persia
Part of Fertile Crescent
Sumer: First Major Mesopot.
Civilization
Rose in the southern part of Mesopot.
Cuneiform= writing
Used wheel, developed 12 month calendar, math
system based on 60
Polytheistic; each city state worshipped a different
god
Built temples called ziggurats for gods
Sumer to Babylon
When Sumer declined, city of Akkad rose to power
Akkadians developed first known code of law
Akkad overrun by Babylon
Babylon expanded code of law to Hammurabi’s
Code
Babylon fell because of invasions by Kassites and
Hittites
Cont.
Hittites dominated because they used iron for
weapons
Assyrians learned iron metallurgy
Est.
capital at Nineveh
Assyrians hated people who they conquered
Sent
large groups into exile
Assyrians defeated by Medes and Chaldeans
Nebuchadnezzar
Fell
to Persia
king of Chaldeans
Persia
Persians develop Great Royal Road (1,600 miles
from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea
Lydians
Concept of using coined money for trade
Led to consistent prices and allowed people to save
money
Phoenicians
Powerful naval city states on Mediterranean
Simple alphabet using 22 letters
Hebrews
Religion: Judaism (first Jews)
Established Israel in Palestine
Frequently invaded, but kept identity
Believed to be God’s chosen people
Ancient Egypt
3 Kingdoms: Old, Middle, and New (height in New)
Before Old kingdom, entire river valley ruled by
King Menes
Manage
flood waters and irrigation
Pharaohs direct construction of obelisks and
pyramids
Hieroglyphics (writing)
Egypt
Polytheistic- w/focus on life after death
Mummification (mostly elite)
First female rule: Queen Hatshepsut (during New
Kingdom)
Relatively high status of women: could buy and sell
property, inherit property, choose to will property,
and right to divorce.
Still expected to be obedient to men
Egyptian Social
Pharaohs
Priests
Nobles
Merchants
and artisans
PEASANTS
& SLAVES
Egypt decline
Assyrian and Persia conquered parts of Egypt
Later Greeks and Romans would rule Egypt
Indus Valley
Limited contact with other peoples because of
landscape
Connection to outside world by Khyber Pass in
Hindu Kush Mountains
Along Indus River
2 Major cities: Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro (sophisticated)
Indus cont.
Indus Valley civilization were polytheistic
Had pottery and cotton farming (made into cloth)
Indus decline: Not known why
Cities
abandoned
Believed to have been invaded by Aryans
Aryans
Nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mtns.
Used horses and advanced weaponry
Est. their religion (Hindu) on Indian subcontinent
Polytheistic
Recorded
beliefs in Vedas and Upanishads
Aryans
Idea of caste system
3 classes: warriors, priests, and peasants
Later
class of landowners and merchants inserted
above peasants
Priests (Brahmans) and warriors would converge into
one class
Sub castes added later on
Originally movement between classes was allowed,
but became more strict over time
China
Shang China in Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River
Valley)
Trade centered civilization
Powerful military, used chariots
Extremely isolated, thought they were center of
civilization
Ethnocentric attitude
Shang family
Patriarchal structure
Believed gods controlled all aspects of peoples’
lives
Veneration
Zhou Dynasty
Wu Wang established Zhou dynasty
Maintained traditions and customs of Shang
Lasted nearly 900 years
Mandate of Heaven: meaning heaven granted
power to Zhou as long as rulers governed justly and
wisely
Zhou
Feudal system: King as ruler, nobles given power of
smaller regions
Nobles
became more powerful, and eventually broke
off from empire and developed own state
Bureaucracies developed to control government
better
West Africa: Bantu
Bantu Migrations: farmers in Niger and Benue River Valleys in
W. Africa migrated south and east
Spread language and methods of agriculture and metallurgy
Lasted from 1500BC-1300BC
Migration spurred by climatic changes and population pressure
from migrants to their area
Jenner-Jeno: first city in sub-Saharan Africa
Decentralized
Early Mesoamerica and South Amer.
Olmec: Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE)
Olmec were urban society with surplusses of corn,
beans, and squash
Irrigation
techniques and infrastructure
Polytheistic, had writing and calendar
Not formed in river valley
South America
Chavin: Andes (900 to 200 BCE)
Urban civilization with polytheistic religion
Located
on coast (access to seafood)
Used metal tools and weapons
Llamas as beasts of burden
Classic Mesoamerican Civilizations
Mayan (300 BCE to 800 CE); southern Mexico to central
America
Collection of city states ruled by same king
Developed complex calendar system
Tikal: most important Mayan political center
Nobody know what happened to them
Disease, natural disaster, warfare, etc.
Mayan
Divided cosmos to 3 parts: heavens, humans, and
underworld
Believed
gods created humans out of corn
Mayan warfare to acquire slaves not territory
Slaves=labor
Used ridged field system
Cultivated
cotton and maize
Ball courts and pyramids
India and China
Alexander the Great conquered Persian empire
Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta
Maurya
Unified
smaller kingdoms into one
Highpoint under Ashoka Maurya (converted to
Buddhism)
Strong
trade and military
Later Ashoka preached nonviolence and moderation
Rock and Pillar Edicts- big rocks with rules on them
Gupta Dynasty
Mauryan empire declined after Ashoka died
Chadra Gupta II revived the empire
Decentralized
and smaller than Mauryan
Referred to as Golden Age
Arts
and sciences developed (pi and zero)
Arabic Numerals
Hinduism dominant religion
Caste
system (women lost rights)
Collapse after invaded by White Huns
Qin Dynasty (China)
Qin was short lived
Developed strong economy based on agriculture
Powerful army with iron weapons
Unified region under single emperor
Great Wall of China
Qin Shihuangdi- dynasty’s first emperor
Recentralized, standardized laws, currencies, and weights,
measures, and systems of writing
Belief system of Legalism
Decline after Shihuangdi died
Han Dynasty
Enemies: Xiongnu (Huns) invaded China
Leader: Wu Ti (Warrior Emperor)
Trade thrived on Silk Road and Buddhism diffused
Civil service system- based on Confucius ideas
Enlarged Han empire
Used for government positions
Chinese invented paper, sundials, calendars, rudder,
and compass
Decline after Wang Mang used Mandate of Heaven to
dethrone emperor (est. Xin dynasty)
Classical Greece
Made of Polis: city states
Shared
common culture and identity
2 Main Polis:
Athens:
political, cultural, and cultural center of Greece
Sparta: agriculture and militaristic
Austere
lifestyle and highly disciplined
3 social groups in each polis
Citizens
(adult males), free people (no political rights),
noncitizens (slaves)
Greece
Athens had first democracy (only adult males
participate)
Created
by Draco and Solon (aristocrats)
Sparta women had higher status than women in
Athens
Greek polytheistic- Gods believed to possess human
failings
Persian Wars
United all Greece city states against Persia
Victories
by Greece at Marathon and Salamis (control
Aegean sea)
After war Greece enters era of peace and
prosperity called Golden Age of Pericles
Golden Age of Pericles
Athens became cultural powerhouse under Pericles
Established
democracy for all adult males
Built Parthenon
Delian League: city state alliance against
aggression from common enemies
Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- truth from
rational thought
Intro of Greek drama
Athens decline
Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city states
allied against Athens
Peloponnesian War: Athens V. Sparta
Athens takes defensive strategy behind city walls
Athens afflicted by plague, killing vast numbers and
Pericles
Athens navy lost battle at Syracuse on island of Sicily
Sparta didn’t destroy Athens, later invaded by
Macedonians
Macedonians didn’t destroy it, but encouraged Greek
culture
Macedonians
Alexander the Great conquered Persia and moved
to India
Divided realm into 3 Regions
Antigonid
(Greece and Macedon)
Ptolemaic (Egypt)
Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)
Macedon adopted and spread Greek ideas
Hellenism:
culture, ideas, and pattern of Greek life
Macedon and empires fell after Alex the Great
died
Rome
Polytheism with many gods of Greek origin
Social Structure:
Patricians:
land owning noble men
Plebeians: All other free men
Slaves
Representative Republic
Made
of Senate (patricians) and Assembly (patricians
and plebeians)
2
consuls elected by assembly and given veto power over
decisions
Rome
Civil laws to protect individual rights
Twelve Tables of Rome
“innocent
Pater familias- eldest male in the family held power
Roman
until proven guilty”
women could own property
Slaves were 1/3 of population
Roman Military
Carthage was Rome’s first enemy (North Africa)
Wars
First Punic War to gain control of Sicily (Rome won)
Second Punic War Carthage extends to Northern
Italy and crosses Alps
Rome
between Carthage and Rome called Punic Wars
expected southern attack
Third Punic War Rome invades and destroys
Carthage
Roman Decline
Reasons for decline:
Increased
displaced urban population
Roman currency devalued (inflation increased)
Political leaders fighting amongst themselves
Senate
weakened
Gave way to first triumvate: Pompey, Crassus, and Ceasar
First Triumvate
Caesar given power over southern Gaul (France)
Caesar pushed Pompey and Crassus out of power
and become “emperor for life”
Caesar assassinated by his senators
Gave way to second triumvate
Octavius,
Marc Antony, Lepidus
Second Triumvate
Octavius took most power (renamed Augustus
Caesar)
Became
emperor
End of Roman Republic, start of Roman Empire
Rome capital of Western World
Augustus est. rule of law, common coinage, civil
service, and secure travel for merchants
Pax Romana: (Roman Peace)
Roman Empire cont.
Christianity introduced
Originally
persecuted, but ended with Constantine
issuing Edict of Milan
Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire
Collapse of Western Roman Empire
Decline started by external pressure (Attila Huns)
Also
too big to control
Diocletian became emperor
Made
co-emperors for better control
Armies under imperial control
Strengthened imperial currency
Budget
on government
Civil war after Diocletian
Constantine
Constantinople in Byzantium
After Constantine died empire divided into East and
West
West
suffered more
Major Belief Systems
Confucianism
Developed by Chinese
Political and social philosophy, not religion
Deals mostly with political and social order and place in
society
5 fundamental relationship:
Ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older and
younger brother, friend and friend.
Junzi: people who put aside personal ambition for good of
state
Ren: sense of humanity and benevolence
Li- sense of propreity, respect, and deference to elders
Xiao- filial piety (respect for family obligation)
Daoism
Dao (Tao): the way of nature, the way of the cosmos
Founder: Lao-tzu (Chinese philosopher)
Image to demonstrate is pot on potter’s wheel, also
use water
Ambition and activism only bring chaos to world
Doctrine of wuwei: disengagement from worldly
affairs
LEGALISM
Used by Chinese in Qin dynasty
Developed in same time period of Confucianism
and Daoism
Peace and order were achievable through a
centralized, tightly governed state
People
made to obey through harsh punishment, strong
central gov’t, and unquestioned authority
Worthy professions: farming and military
Hinduism
Began in India with Aryan invaders
One supreme force called Brahma, the creator
Hindu gods were mainfestations of Brahma
Vishnu:
preserver
Shiva: destroyer
Life goal to merge with Brahma
Dharma: rules and obligations of caste you’re born in
Moksha: highest state of being
Sacred text is Vedas and Upanishads
Buddhism
Founder: Siidhartha Gautama
Four Noble Truths:
All life is suffering
Suffering is caused by desire
One can be freed of this desire
One is freed of desire by following 8 fold path
Eight fold path: right views, aspirations, speech, conduct,
livelihood, endeavor, mindfullness, meditation
Nirvana: perfect peace and harmony
2 sects: Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism