Transcript APWH 8000 BCE-600 BCE

APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE
Created by: Jenna Jones
Supervising Editor: Michael D Geoffrion
Nomads: Follow the Food
Foraging Societies
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Foraging is hunting and gathering
 Small
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groups nomadic groups that follow food
At the mercy of nature
 Natural
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phenomena could endanger entire communities
Few possessions
Pastoral Societies
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Domestication of animals
Mostly in mountain regions and in areas that could
not support crops.
Supplemented with small scale agriculture
Mostly egalitarian
Concept of extended family
Pastoral cont.
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Social class based on size of herd
Few possessions
Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution
(Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…
Agricultural Societies
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Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural revolution
Neolithic revolution when people began
congregating and forming small villages
Relied more on environment (soil and water)
More sense of unity with sustained cultural
interactions
Agricultural Soc. Cont.
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Idea of ownership of property
Food surplus=specialization of labor
 Irrigation
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lead to even greater surplus
Civilizations emerge
Impact of Agriculture on Environment
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Farming villages changed environment by rerouting
water, clearing land, and building cities
Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of
growing civilization
Animals used for both food and labor
Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons
Latter part of Neolithic revolution=Bronze Age
The Big, Early Civilizations:
The Rivers Deliver
Early civilizations
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Most ‘great’ civilizations located in river valleys
River gave fresh water, food, and transportation
Civilizations considered large population, with large
land, and distinct culture
Many early civilizations were collections of city
states
Mesopotamia
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Means “land between the rivers”- Tigris and
Euphrates
Series of ancient civilization is Mesopotamia: Sumer,
Babylon, and Persia
Part of Fertile Crescent
Sumer: First Major Mesopot.
Civilization
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Rose in the southern part of Mesopot.
Cuneiform= writing
Used wheel, developed 12 month calendar, math
system based on 60
Polytheistic; each city state worshipped a different
god
Built temples called ziggurats for gods
Sumer to Babylon
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When Sumer declined, city of Akkad rose to power
Akkadians developed first known code of law
Akkad overrun by Babylon
Babylon expanded code of law to Hammurabi’s
Code
Babylon fell because of invasions by Kassites and
Hittites
Cont.
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Hittites dominated because they used iron for
weapons
Assyrians learned iron metallurgy
 Est.
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capital at Nineveh
Assyrians hated people who they conquered
 Sent
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large groups into exile
Assyrians defeated by Medes and Chaldeans
 Nebuchadnezzar
 Fell
to Persia
king of Chaldeans
Persia
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Persians develop Great Royal Road (1,600 miles
from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea
Lydians
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Concept of using coined money for trade
Led to consistent prices and allowed people to save
money
Phoenicians
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Powerful naval city states on Mediterranean
Simple alphabet using 22 letters
Hebrews
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Religion: Judaism (first Jews)
Established Israel in Palestine
Frequently invaded, but kept identity
Believed to be God’s chosen people
Ancient Egypt
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3 Kingdoms: Old, Middle, and New (height in New)
Before Old kingdom, entire river valley ruled by
King Menes
 Manage
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flood waters and irrigation
Pharaohs direct construction of obelisks and
pyramids
Hieroglyphics (writing)
Egypt
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Polytheistic- w/focus on life after death
Mummification (mostly elite)
First female rule: Queen Hatshepsut (during New
Kingdom)
Relatively high status of women: could buy and sell
property, inherit property, choose to will property,
and right to divorce.
Still expected to be obedient to men
Egyptian Social
Pharaohs
Priests
Nobles
Merchants
and artisans
PEASANTS
& SLAVES
Egypt decline
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Assyrian and Persia conquered parts of Egypt
Later Greeks and Romans would rule Egypt
Indus Valley
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Limited contact with other peoples because of
landscape
Connection to outside world by Khyber Pass in
Hindu Kush Mountains
Along Indus River
2 Major cities: Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro (sophisticated)
Indus cont.
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Indus Valley civilization were polytheistic
Had pottery and cotton farming (made into cloth)
Indus decline: Not known why
 Cities
abandoned
 Believed to have been invaded by Aryans
Aryans
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Nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mtns.
Used horses and advanced weaponry
Est. their religion (Hindu) on Indian subcontinent
 Polytheistic
 Recorded
beliefs in Vedas and Upanishads
Aryans
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Idea of caste system
3 classes: warriors, priests, and peasants
 Later
class of landowners and merchants inserted
above peasants
 Priests (Brahmans) and warriors would converge into
one class
 Sub castes added later on
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Originally movement between classes was allowed,
but became more strict over time
China
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Shang China in Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River
Valley)
Trade centered civilization
Powerful military, used chariots
Extremely isolated, thought they were center of
civilization
Ethnocentric attitude
Shang family
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Patriarchal structure
Believed gods controlled all aspects of peoples’
lives
Veneration
Zhou Dynasty
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Wu Wang established Zhou dynasty
Maintained traditions and customs of Shang
Lasted nearly 900 years
Mandate of Heaven: meaning heaven granted
power to Zhou as long as rulers governed justly and
wisely
Zhou
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Feudal system: King as ruler, nobles given power of
smaller regions
 Nobles
became more powerful, and eventually broke
off from empire and developed own state
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Bureaucracies developed to control government
better
West Africa: Bantu
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Bantu Migrations: farmers in Niger and Benue River Valleys in
W. Africa migrated south and east
Spread language and methods of agriculture and metallurgy
Lasted from 1500BC-1300BC
Migration spurred by climatic changes and population pressure
from migrants to their area
Jenner-Jeno: first city in sub-Saharan Africa
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Decentralized
Early Mesoamerica and South Amer.
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Olmec: Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE)
Olmec were urban society with surplusses of corn,
beans, and squash
 Irrigation
techniques and infrastructure
 Polytheistic, had writing and calendar
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Not formed in river valley
South America
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Chavin: Andes (900 to 200 BCE)
Urban civilization with polytheistic religion
 Located
on coast (access to seafood)
 Used metal tools and weapons
 Llamas as beasts of burden
Classic Mesoamerican Civilizations
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Mayan (300 BCE to 800 CE); southern Mexico to central
America
Collection of city states ruled by same king
Developed complex calendar system
Tikal: most important Mayan political center
Nobody know what happened to them

Disease, natural disaster, warfare, etc.
Mayan
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Divided cosmos to 3 parts: heavens, humans, and
underworld
 Believed
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gods created humans out of corn
Mayan warfare to acquire slaves not territory
 Slaves=labor
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Used ridged field system
 Cultivated
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cotton and maize
Ball courts and pyramids
India and China
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Alexander the Great conquered Persian empire
Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta
Maurya
 Unified
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smaller kingdoms into one
Highpoint under Ashoka Maurya (converted to
Buddhism)
 Strong
trade and military
 Later Ashoka preached nonviolence and moderation
 Rock and Pillar Edicts- big rocks with rules on them
Gupta Dynasty
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Mauryan empire declined after Ashoka died
Chadra Gupta II revived the empire
 Decentralized
and smaller than Mauryan
 Referred to as Golden Age
 Arts
and sciences developed (pi and zero)
 Arabic Numerals
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Hinduism dominant religion
 Caste
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system (women lost rights)
Collapse after invaded by White Huns
Qin Dynasty (China)
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Qin was short lived
Developed strong economy based on agriculture
Powerful army with iron weapons
Unified region under single emperor
Great Wall of China
Qin Shihuangdi- dynasty’s first emperor
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Recentralized, standardized laws, currencies, and weights,
measures, and systems of writing
Belief system of Legalism
Decline after Shihuangdi died
Han Dynasty
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Enemies: Xiongnu (Huns) invaded China
Leader: Wu Ti (Warrior Emperor)
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Trade thrived on Silk Road and Buddhism diffused
Civil service system- based on Confucius ideas
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Enlarged Han empire
Used for government positions
Chinese invented paper, sundials, calendars, rudder,
and compass
Decline after Wang Mang used Mandate of Heaven to
dethrone emperor (est. Xin dynasty)
Classical Greece
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Made of Polis: city states
 Shared
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common culture and identity
2 Main Polis:
 Athens:
political, cultural, and cultural center of Greece
 Sparta: agriculture and militaristic
 Austere
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lifestyle and highly disciplined
3 social groups in each polis
 Citizens
(adult males), free people (no political rights),
noncitizens (slaves)
Greece
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Athens had first democracy (only adult males
participate)
 Created
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by Draco and Solon (aristocrats)
Sparta women had higher status than women in
Athens
Greek polytheistic- Gods believed to possess human
failings
Persian Wars
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United all Greece city states against Persia
 Victories
by Greece at Marathon and Salamis (control
Aegean sea)
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After war Greece enters era of peace and
prosperity called Golden Age of Pericles
Golden Age of Pericles
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Athens became cultural powerhouse under Pericles
 Established
democracy for all adult males
 Built Parthenon
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Delian League: city state alliance against
aggression from common enemies
Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- truth from
rational thought
Intro of Greek drama
Athens decline
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Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city states
allied against Athens
Peloponnesian War: Athens V. Sparta
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Athens takes defensive strategy behind city walls
Athens afflicted by plague, killing vast numbers and
Pericles
Athens navy lost battle at Syracuse on island of Sicily
Sparta didn’t destroy Athens, later invaded by
Macedonians
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Macedonians didn’t destroy it, but encouraged Greek
culture
Macedonians
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Alexander the Great conquered Persia and moved
to India
Divided realm into 3 Regions
 Antigonid
(Greece and Macedon)
 Ptolemaic (Egypt)
 Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)
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Macedon adopted and spread Greek ideas
 Hellenism:
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culture, ideas, and pattern of Greek life
Macedon and empires fell after Alex the Great
died
Rome
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Polytheism with many gods of Greek origin
Social Structure:
 Patricians:
land owning noble men
 Plebeians: All other free men
 Slaves
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Representative Republic
 Made
of Senate (patricians) and Assembly (patricians
and plebeians)
2
consuls elected by assembly and given veto power over
decisions
Rome
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Civil laws to protect individual rights
Twelve Tables of Rome
 “innocent
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Pater familias- eldest male in the family held power
 Roman
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until proven guilty”
women could own property
Slaves were 1/3 of population
Roman Military
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Carthage was Rome’s first enemy (North Africa)
 Wars
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First Punic War to gain control of Sicily (Rome won)
Second Punic War Carthage extends to Northern
Italy and crosses Alps
 Rome
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between Carthage and Rome called Punic Wars
expected southern attack
Third Punic War Rome invades and destroys
Carthage
Roman Decline
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Reasons for decline:
 Increased
displaced urban population
 Roman currency devalued (inflation increased)
 Political leaders fighting amongst themselves
 Senate
weakened
 Gave way to first triumvate: Pompey, Crassus, and Ceasar
First Triumvate
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Caesar given power over southern Gaul (France)
Caesar pushed Pompey and Crassus out of power
and become “emperor for life”
Caesar assassinated by his senators
Gave way to second triumvate
 Octavius,
Marc Antony, Lepidus
Second Triumvate
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Octavius took most power (renamed Augustus
Caesar)
 Became
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emperor
End of Roman Republic, start of Roman Empire
Rome capital of Western World
Augustus est. rule of law, common coinage, civil
service, and secure travel for merchants
Pax Romana: (Roman Peace)
Roman Empire cont.
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Christianity introduced
 Originally
persecuted, but ended with Constantine
issuing Edict of Milan
 Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire
Collapse of Western Roman Empire
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Decline started by external pressure (Attila Huns)
 Also
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too big to control
Diocletian became emperor
 Made
co-emperors for better control
 Armies under imperial control
 Strengthened imperial currency
 Budget
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on government
Civil war after Diocletian
Constantine
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Constantinople in Byzantium
After Constantine died empire divided into East and
West
 West
suffered more
Major Belief Systems
Confucianism
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Developed by Chinese
Political and social philosophy, not religion
Deals mostly with political and social order and place in
society
5 fundamental relationship:
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Ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older and
younger brother, friend and friend.
Junzi: people who put aside personal ambition for good of
state
Ren: sense of humanity and benevolence
Li- sense of propreity, respect, and deference to elders
Xiao- filial piety (respect for family obligation)
Daoism
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Dao (Tao): the way of nature, the way of the cosmos
Founder: Lao-tzu (Chinese philosopher)
Image to demonstrate is pot on potter’s wheel, also
use water
Ambition and activism only bring chaos to world
Doctrine of wuwei: disengagement from worldly
affairs
LEGALISM
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Used by Chinese in Qin dynasty
Developed in same time period of Confucianism
and Daoism
Peace and order were achievable through a
centralized, tightly governed state
 People
made to obey through harsh punishment, strong
central gov’t, and unquestioned authority
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Worthy professions: farming and military
Hinduism
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Began in India with Aryan invaders
One supreme force called Brahma, the creator
Hindu gods were mainfestations of Brahma
 Vishnu:
preserver
 Shiva: destroyer
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Life goal to merge with Brahma
Dharma: rules and obligations of caste you’re born in
Moksha: highest state of being
Sacred text is Vedas and Upanishads
Buddhism
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Founder: Siidhartha Gautama
Four Noble Truths:
All life is suffering
 Suffering is caused by desire
 One can be freed of this desire
 One is freed of desire by following 8 fold path
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Eight fold path: right views, aspirations, speech, conduct,
livelihood, endeavor, mindfullness, meditation
Nirvana: perfect peace and harmony
2 sects: Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism