Transcript Charin Tongkasame Environmental Expert/Engineer PAL

WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY
RICE FARMING IN THAILAND
Charin Tongkasame
Environmental Expert/Engineer
PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON)
INWEPF 4th Steering Meeting and Symposium
July 5, 2007
OBJECTIVES OF PAPER
TO PRESENT :
 Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused by
Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in
Thailand (by DPC)
 Results of Two Case Studies (by PALCON for
RID)
 Recommended Guidelines for Management
of Water Pollution from Agricultural NPSs
1. OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC)
Agricultural Areas in Thailand in 2002
6 ha
47.2 x 1.0Upland
C
18.9 %
29.0
Others 12.0 %
40.1 %
So, Paddy Fields Could be Significant
Sources of Water Pollutants from ANPSs
MAJOR POLLUTANTS CAUSED
BY ANPSs & RICE FARMING
(by DPC)
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorus
 Organic Matters (BOD)
 Pesticides
Per Cent of Pollutants Caused by Paddy Fields
PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM
PADDY FIELDS, 2002 (by DPC)
60
53.26
49.12
50
40
40.97
30
20
7.59
10
0
TN
TP
BOD
Pesticides
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS
FROM PADDY FIELDS (by DPC)
Pollutant
Concentration (mg/l)
Thailand
Foreign
1. TN
4.3
1.2-2.3
2. TP
1.0-1.9
0.1-0.3
3.85-5.08
3.8-6.0
0.001-0.002
-
3. BOD
4. Pesticides
 Considerably High Contents of Pollutants
From Paddy Fields in Thailand
2. RESULTS OF CASE STUDIES
1) PRANBURI O&M PROJECT IN
PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN,
SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE
OF CENTRAL THAILAND (2005)
- Paddy Fields = 18.8%
2) MUNO AND PASEMUS O&M
PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS,
A SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OF
THAILAND (1998)
- Sharing Same Main Canal
- Paddy Fields
= 51.0%
 Water Quality and Aquatic Biology
Studies
 Sampling in Rainy and Dry Seasons
in Irrigation and Drainage Canals
Locations of
Case – Study Projects
Bangkok
Prachuab
Khiri Khan
POMP
MPOMP
Narathiwas
PRANBURI O&M PROJECT
- Water Quality (WQ)
Dry Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
954
7.35
5.24
22
373
1.80
EC (µs/cm)
DO (mg/l)
2.60
BOD (mg/l)
4.7
FCB
(MPN/100 ml)
PRANBURI O&M PROJECT
- Aquatic Biology (AB)
Rainy Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
861
533
6.20
3.54
2.05
0.47
Phytoplankton
(106 cell/m3)
Benthic Faunas Fish Standing Crop
(org./m3)
(kg/ha)
MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
- Water Quality (WQ)
Dry Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
164
6.6
6.7
4.0
33
4.0
2.3
0.7
EC (µs/cm)
DO (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
pH
MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
- Aquatic Biology (AB)
Dry Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
176
17.3
132
4.27
7.2
1.86
Phytoplankton
(106 cell/m3)
Benthic Faunas Fish Standing Crop
(org./m3)
(kg/ha)
CONCLUSIONS :
1) Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is
Significant, and Will Become More
Serious in Future
2) Paddy Fields Contribute Significant
Pollutant Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN,
TDS, EC, Coliform Bacteria; with
Pesticides to a Lesser Degree
3) Good Pollution Control Is Needed for
ANPSs and Paddy Fields
3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION FROM ANPSs
COUNTRY’S GUIDELINES :
- Agricultural Development Plan for 2002-2006
- Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides
 GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive
and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues)
 Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic
Agrichemicals
 Definite Management Programs/Projects/
Measures Need to Be Planned & Implemented
RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs &
PADDY FIELDS
(1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND
GUIDELINES
 GAPs  GPMPs
 Databases Preparation
 Plan for Implementation of Definite WPM
Programs/Projects/Measures
 For Major River Basins, Sub-basins,
Large Project Areas
(2) PREPARATION OF GOOD
DATABASES : INCLUDING
WQ, Aquatic Biology
 Agri Practices (Use of
Agrichemicals)
 Pollution from Other Sources
 Effects of Pollution on AB,
Fisheries, etc.
 Regular Updates
(3) IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM
PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES
BY USING LOCAL
PARTICIPATORY METHOD :
INVOLVING
-
Farmers, Farmers’ Groups and Networks
Local Agricultural Officials
Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs)
Educational Institutes Concerned
(4)MONITORING AND EVALUATION
OF WPM PROGRAMS
- Performance of Participants
- Performance of the Program
- Recommending Program
Improvements
IMPROVEMENTS
FORMULATION OF
POLICIES & GUIDELINES
RECOMMENDED
IMPROVEMENTS
WPM FOR
ANPSs
DATABASES
GAPs, GPMPs
WPM Programs
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
DATABASE
UPDATE
PROGRESS
OF PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
DATABASE
UPDATE
MONITORING
AND
EVALATION
Thank You
GENERATION RATES AND PRECENTAGES OF
POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS, 2002
Total Load
Gen. Rate by
% Caused
from All ANPSs
Paddy Fields
by Paddy
(tons/yr)
(kg/ha/yr)
Fields
1. TN
886,218
26.50
40.97
2. TP
223,719
8.02
49.12
3. BOD
624,113
24.26
53.26
1,163
0.0065
7.59
Pollutant
4. Pesticides
 High Contributions of Pollutants by Paddy Fields
PRANBURI O&M PROJECT
- Water Quality (WQ)
Parameter
Dry Season
IC
1. EC (s/cm)
Rainy Season
DC
IC
DC
373.4
954.0
668.0
1,737.0
2. pH
7.63
7.63
7.87
7.65
3. DO (mg/l)
7.35
5.24
9.00
7.90
4. BOD (mg/l)
1.80
2.60
1.20
1.60
5. Nitrate-N (mg/l)
ND
0.03
2.28
0.09
6. Phosphate (mg/l)
ND
ND
ND
0.03
7. Pesticides (ppb)
ND
ND
ND
ND
- Total Coliform
49
350
9,000
3,000
- Faecal Coliform
4.7
22
500
3,000
8. Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100 ml)
- Aquatic Biology (AB)
Dry Season
Rainy Season
IC
DC
IC
1) Phytoplankton (106 cells/m3)
0.251
0.228
2.052
0.467
2) Zooplankton (106 org./m3)
0.079
0.117
0.212
0.185
1,661
924
861
533
-
-
6.20
3.54
Parameter
DC
1. Plankton
2. Benthic Faunas
1) Density (org./m3)
3. Fish
1) Standing Crop (kg/ha)
There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution
in Return Flows on WQ & AB
MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
- Water Quality
Dry Season
Rainy Season
IC
DC
IC
32.6
164.4
456.0
801.0
6.7
4.0
6.5
3.6
3. TDS (mg/l)
35.6
82.0
291.2
451.0
4. DO (mg/l)
6.6
0.7
7.7
7.1
5. BOD (mg/l)
2.3
4.0
0.8
1.0
6. Nitrate-N (mg/l)
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.01
7. Phosphate (mg/l)
0.12
0.09
0.05
0.01
- DDT
0.01
0.05
ND
0.10
- Heptachlor
0.01
ND
0.005
0.01
Parameter
1. EC (s/cm)
2. pH
DC
8. Pesticides (g/l)
- Aquatic Biology
Dry Season
Rainy Season
IC
DC
IC
1) Phytoplankton (106 cells/m3)
1.856
4.269
1.664
2.120
2) Zooplankton (106 org./m3)
0.026
0.022
0.078
0.001
132
176
44
154
17.3
7.2
11.6
2.0
Parameter
DC
1. Plankton
2. Benthic Faunas
1) Density (org./m3)
3. Fish
1) Standing Crop (kg/ha)
There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution
in Return Flows on WQ and AB