Transcript Slide 1

Contrasting Water Quality and Health Issues
in Rural and Urban Communities
nacaa2007
Joan B. Rose
Michigan State University
[email protected]
Water Connection Between Human Health and the Environment
Oceans
Lakes
Irrigation
Produce
Poultry
Fertilization
WATER
Rivers
Streams
Agricultural
Runoff
Ground
Water
FOOD
Fish
Pork
Beef
Recreational
& Drinking
Water
Animal &
Human Feces
Immunocompromised
HUMAN HEALTH
Elderly
Children
Health
Care
Handling
Preparation
Consumption
Water in the Urban vs the Rural Areas
• URBAN (point sources)•
• Wastewater treatment •
systems with larger
flows
•
• Combined Sewer
Overflows
• Aging Infrastructure, •
spills
•
• Community Water
• Tourism focus at
•
coastal areas
RURAL (diffuse)
Septic tanks; Smaller
wastewater plants & lagoon
systems
Animal manure & Biosolids
application
Groundwater & Individual
wells
Less monitoring & less
information on water quality
Source of food supply
SAFE DRINKING
WATER ACT ISSUES
• New Rules: Ground water Rule,
• Long-Term Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule
• Watershed Protection.
• Sensitive Populations.
• Contaminant Candidate List.
CLEAN WATER ACT
• Fishable/ Swimmable
• Biological/chemical/Physical Integrity
• NPDES Discharge permitting system
(wastewater and stormwater) CSOs,
SSOs
• BEACH ACT
• Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
• Concentrated Animal Feeding
Operations (CAFO)
• Water Quality Protection Plans
A few definitions…
• Pathogen = microbial agent causing
disease
• Enteric pathogen = agent causing
intestinal disease; EXCRETED IN THE
FECES
• Zoonotic pathogen = a pathogen of animals
that can infect humans
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Pathogens of Concern
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
THE DISEASES: diarrhea, respiratory illness, liver damage,
kidney failure, heart disease, cancer, nervous system disorders;
birth defects, death.
E.coli
• One measure of water quality is the
numbers of the fecal indicator organism
E.coli ,a harmless bacterium found in the
gut of humans and animals including birds.
• Presence indicates the possible presence of
pathogens.
• Pathogens cause disease (from water due
to ingestion or inhalation)
• Special types of E.coli are “true pathogens”
like E.coli 0157H7
Sources of E.coli and Pathogens
Septic systems
Waste
water/Sewage
treatment
Animal
farming operations
Combined Sewer Overflow
Agricultural run-off
Wildlife
Water Sources That Can Be Threatened
By Fecal-borne Pathogens
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Recreational
Irrigation
Seafood
Drinking
Manure-Borne Pathogens
that May Threaten
U.S. Water Supplies
Protozoan Parasites
Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance
Enteric Viruses?
Other Pathogens
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS,
NEBRASKA
Microsporidia
Zoonotic Pathogens
BACTERIA
• Campylobacter
• E.coli
• Salmonella
PARASITES
• Cryptosporidium
• Giardia
Life Cycle of Cryptosporidium
Obligate
intracellular
parasite
C. hominus restrictive
to human to human
transfer
Host ingests oocyst
Animal reservoir
C. parvum
The Emergence of
Cryptosporidium
• As a pathogen
– 1908 - 1st description of organism in mice
– 1976 - 1st report of infection & illness in humans
• As a waterborne pathogen
– 1984 - 1st waterborne outbreak, Braun Station,
TX, 47 cases; warning re: Cryptosporidium at
WQTC
– 1987 - Carrollton, GA waterborne outbreak,
13,000 cases
– 1993 - Milwaukee, WI waterborne outbreak,
>400,000 cases; AIDS mortality = ~70%
• As a Foodborne Pathogen
– 1993 - 1st foodborne outbreak, in apple cider
WATERBORNE OUTBREAKS IN THE U.S.
50
40
30
20
10
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
00
20
19
90
0
Recreational Outbreaks
in Ambient Waters
Agricultural
Environments
SLIDE PROVIDED
BY DR. JEANETTE
THURSTON, ARS,
NEBRASKA
Ground Water Environment
Virus contamination of ground and surface water
Ground water occurs in the rocks
beneath us. The types of rocks
determine how protected the
water is from human activities.
Images from USGS Circular 1139
-http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139
/index.html
Groundwater Risks Lessons Learned
Walkerton, Ontario Outbreak
(occurred In small community
Using Ground water).
Source: Application of
Animal Waste/Manure ?
Monitoring and Disinfection not
addressed.
2300 CASES
7 DEATHS
27 CASES of HUS
5 years later community still
suffering.
• FDA Home Page | CFSAN Home | Search/Subject Index |
Q & A | Help
• September 16, 2006; Updated October 20, 2006
• Nationwide E. Coli O157:H7 Outbreak: Questions &
Answers
• FDA and the State of California announced October 12 that
the test results for certain samples collected during the field
investigation of the outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in spinach are
positive for E. coli O157:H7. Specifically, samples of cattle
feces on one of the implicated ranches tested positive based
on matching genetic fingerprints for the same strain of E. coli
O157:H7 that sickened 204 people.
1. What do you think are the most
significant challenges we are currently
facing in regard to food safety/ and or
water safety?
2. What are the new tools and techniques
that could assist us in meeting these
challenges?
3. What should we be doing right now in
regard to monitoring and reporting?
WATER QUALITY & HEALTH
What do you think are the most significant
challenges in regard to food safety/ and or water
safety?
There are numerous emerging pathogens and
issues and there is a lack of scientific information
regarding sources, occurrence, transport, and
survival/persistence. Thus lack of scientific
knowledge is a severe impediment to informed
choices and management strategies.
We should be monitoring and reporting water
quality in a risk framework
Enteric Pathogens:
Contributing Factors for Environmental
Persistence and Transmission
•
•
•
•
High numbers shed in feces
Increased survival
Low infectious dose
Increased resistance to
disinfection/treatment
• Multiple routes of transmission
• Cause Animal and human
infections
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
What are the new tools and
techniques that could assist us in
meeting these challenges?
• VIRUSES & PATHOGEN TESTING
• INDICATORS & SOURCE
TRACKING
• TRACER STUDIES
What is PCR?
• Enzymatic reaction that makes many
copies of DNA from single molecule
• 2n copies of DNA from single molecule
where n = No. of cycles
• So, 35 cycles of PCR would yield 235
copies of DNA
RESULTS in WASTEWATER
Sample
IFA Oocysts/100 L
PCR Result
Species/Genotype
1
4
8
-
-
2
107
209
+
3
5
61
-
-
4
5
10
-
-
5
83
162
+
C. parvum genotype 2
6
151
319
+
C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2
7
26
55
-
-
8
3
6
-
-
9
2
8
-
-
10
40
120
+
C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2
11
26
53
+
C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2
12
26
104
+
C. parvum genotype 2
C. parvum genotype 2
Cryptosporidium in
Michigan Waters
• Red Cedar in E. Lansing
• Levels 21.5 oocysts/100L
11.0 oocysts/100L
6.0 oocysts/100L
• Level in Farm Ditches/Drain Fields
– 3 to 5,990 oocysts/100L
– 132 infectious oocysts/100L
• Levels in the Grand River
– 1 to 50 oocysts/100L
Adrian
Y
#
Wolf
Creek at Forrister
Y
#
Hudson
St. Joe
Creek at Beecher
M-34
Rice Lake Drain
#
Y
VHI Stormwater
Stoney Creek at Seneca
Y
#
Y
#
Y
#
Bear Creek at Medina
Bear Creek at Morse
Y
#
Y
#
Lanawee County
Culvert at Tamarack
Hillsdale County
Y
#
Morenci
Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties Crypto Sampling Locations
Black Creek at Crockett
Crypto in Michigan Waters
Cryptosporidium was found in 11 surface water sites near
CAFO farms which may have been the source of the
oocysts. The site with the highest detected level of
Cryptosporidium was at the white tile that drains into
Rice Lake Drain near the Haley Road crossing with
levels as high as 5990 oocysts per 10L. Giardia was
detected at 8 of the surface water sites. Viable and
infectious oocysts were also detected. High levels of
E.coli bacteria were reported as well.
C. Andersonii & C. parvum were most frequently identified
genetically, but C. hominus was also found.
Microbial Source Tracking
•Tools are now
available to determine
the molecular
fingerprint of the fecal
pollution.
•Health risks
•Remediation
•Prioritization
•Responsibility
Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)
• Indicator bacteria doesn’t provide
source of pollution
• Track sources of fecal contamination
in water
• MST can be library dependent
or library independent
Culture vs nonculture
• Culture dependent
methods target viable
organisms only
• Non- culture methods
target both viable and
non viable cells
Host specific
• Host specific method is library independent
• For Library-dependent, DNA libraries are built
using isolates from animals & human sources in
the area
• Using these libraries to match to the unknown
environmental sample
• Host specific method requires no library, the
marker is specific to the host
Most Promising tools are
microbial host-specific markers
Proteobacteria
A. ESP in Enterococci
For human sewage detection
B. Adenoviruses, distinguishes
Human from Cow
C. Bacteroides Bacteria: human and
cow systems being tested and
a bird marker may be available soon
Tracer Study: impact of
sewage release at the beach
Study Area
Grand Haven
Lake
Michiga
n
Grand River
Grand Rapids
Materials and Methods
• Injection of biological tracer(PRD-1) and
chemical tracer (rhodamine wt dye) ~ 2 km
upstream of USGS gauge in Grand
Rapids, MI
Distance from
• 8 sampling points from
injection site
(km)
3 bridges downstream Sampling stations
Wealthy St. Bridge
4.54
28th St. Bridge
13.56
Lake Michigan Dr
Bridge
27.88
PRD-1
2500
WC
WR
WL
TR
2000
TC
TL
PRD1 Count (pfu/ml)
LL
LR
TB
1500
1000
500
0
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00 11:00 12:00
Time after injection (hr)
13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
Up to 2 days to reach the beach
TRACER:
Viruses reduced 99.99%
Distance: 17 MILES
Time: 16 hours
Travel Speed: 1.06 miles per hour
Aerosol Transport &
Deposition
Direct
Deposition
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR.
JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS,
NEBRASKA
Manure
storage
Land Application
Runoff
Holding
Pond
Runoff
Well head impacts
Surface Water
Groundwater
Application
0.5 to0.8 gallons
Per sq feet
Virus Tracer
per sq ft
170 million
100
Day
0
1
10
2
3
4
7
1
10
IV-2
III-3
III-1
II-2
I-3
0.1
I-1
13
13
3
15
Day
18
Preliminary data: occurrence of Tracer in the monitoring of the tile drain
21
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
RISK ASSESSMENT PARADIGM
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Types of microorganisms and disease end-points
DOSE-RESPONSE
Human feeding studies, clinical studies, less
virulent microbes and health adults
EXPOSURE
Monitoring data, indicators and modeling used to
address exposure
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
Magnitude of the risk, uncertainty and variability
PROBLEM FORMULATION
ANALYSIS
CHARACTERIZATION
WATER quality
Reporting
Human & animal
diseases.
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
RESEARCH NEEDS
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Types of pathogens in various sources.
Define manure as a beneficial product with
targeted levels of pathogen reduction associated
with processing of animal waste, verified through
monitoring.
EXPOSURE
Monitoring data, indicators and modeling used to
address exposure, from farms to water ways,
septic tank impacts and sewage spills and effluent
discharges.
Thank You!
Any Questions??