Transcript Phase shifters by Rajagopalan

ANALOG AND DIGITAL
PHASE SHIFTERS
PARAMETERS OF AN ELECTRONIC
PHASE SHIFTER
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Center frequency of operation
Bandwidth
Insertion loss (for 360° phase shift)
VSWR or return loss
Switching time (for digital operation) or time required for
360° phase change (for analog operation)
Switching power or energy (for digital operation) or dc
holding power (for analog operation)
Phase error
Power-handling capability(peak and average)
CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL PHASE SHIFTERS
They are broadly divided into:
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Ferrite Phase Shifters
Semiconductor Phase Shifters
Ferrite Phase Shifters
Waveguide
Non Reciprocal
Planar/MIC
Reciprocal
Non Reciprocal
• Twin-toroid
• Dual mode
• Toroidal
• Faraday
rotation
• Toroidal
latching in
stripline
• Slow-wave
structure in
stripline
• Microstrip
meander line
• Toroidal coplanar
waveguide
• Helical
• Circular
toroid
in circular
waveguide
Reciprocal
• Stripline
latching
• Microstrip
meander line
Planar/hybrid MIC
Reciprocal
P-I-N
diode
GaAs FET
(Passive)
• Switched line
• Hybrid coupled
• Loaded line
• High-pass lowpass
• Switched
network
Semiconductor Phase
Shifters
Non reciprocal
GaAs FET
(active switch)
• Switched path
Monolithic
Reciprocal
GaAs FET
(passive)
• Switched
line/loaded
line
• Hybrid coupled
• High-pass low
-pass
Non reciprocal
GaAs FET
(active switch)
• Switched path
DGFET
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR DIGITAL PHASE
SHIFTERS
FERRITE PHASE SHIFTERS
SEMICONDUCTOR PHASE
SHIFTERS
Twin-Toroid
(S-V Bands)
Dual-Mode
(S-V Bands)
PIN Diode
(L-Ku Bands)
GaAs FET
(L-V Bands)
Geometry
Waveguide
Waveguide
Hybrid MIC
Monolithic
Reciprocal/
Non reciprocal
Non
reciprocal
Reciprocal
Reciprocal
Reciprocal
Bandwidth
5% - 30%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
Octave
Insertion
loss(dB)
0.5-1.0-1.6
(S-Ka-V)
0.5-0.9-1.5
(S-Ka-V)
0.5-2
(L-Ku)
5-12
Switching
time(µs)
1-1-5
(V-Ka-S)
20-30-150
(V-Ka-S)
<1
0.001
Switching
power/energy
25-30-150µJ 100-150-1000µJ
(V-Ka-S)
(V-Ka-S)
0.1-5 W
Negligible
CONTD…
FERRITE PHASE
SHIFTERS
SEMICONDUCTOR PHASE
SHIFTERS
Twin-Toroid Dual-Mode PIN Diode
(S-V Bands) (S-V Bands) (L-Ku Bands)
GaAs FET
(L-V Bands)
Peak Power
1-100 kW
(Ka-S)
1-40 kW
(Ka-S)
kW (pulse width W
dependent)
Average Power
1 kW
(S- band)
500 W
(S- Band)
W
mW
Temperature
Sensitivity
0.5º-3º /ºC
Typical
0.5º-3º /ºC
Typical
Negligible
--
Insertion phase
trimming for
10% tolerance
Usually
required
Usually
required
Not
necessary
Not
necessary
Radiation
hardness
Excellent
Excellent
Poor
--
Weight
1-4 oz
(Ka-L)
1-4 oz
(Ka-L)
0.5-1 oz
(Ku-L)
<0.1 oz
CLASSIFICATION OF ANALOG PHASE SHIFTERS
Analog Phase Shifters
Ferrite
Semiconductor
Reciprocal
Non reciprocal
Reciprocal
Varactor Diode
GaAs FET
(variable gain
amplifier)
Varactor Diode
• Hybrid coupled
• DGFET circuit
using vector
summation
• Hybrid coupled
Reciprocal
• Reggia Spencer
• Rotary Field