Transcript COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE – СОВРЕМЕННОЕ …

DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECH
WITH USE OF METHODS OF
POWDER METALLURGY
A. Ph. ILYUSCHENKO
National Academy of Science of Belarus
BELORUSSIAN STATE POWDER METALLURGY
SCIENTIFIC AND PRODUCTIONAL CONCERN
STATE SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION
Powder Metallurgy Institute
41 Platonov str., 220071, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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THE INFLUENCE OF POWDER METALLURGY IN
CREATION OF NEW MATERIALS
The creation of new materials which work in the conditions of high
loadings, speed and temperatures, aggressive media during the next ten
years will depend on result on fundamental investigation and rate of
researching of new materials with special qualities:
-high temperature strength,
-corrosion-resistant,
-magnetic,
-antifriction,
-contact,
-friction and so on.
In manufacture of these materials powder metallurgy gradually begin to
play a dominant role.
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INVENTING OF NEW MATERIALS
The development of new technical equipment will promote the inventing of
new materials:
To set of nano clusters (sometimes named ultra disperse materials)
concern midget (less than 100 nanometers) the particles consisting
of tens, hundreds or thousand atoms. Properties of nano clusters
cardinally differ from properties of macroscopically volumes of
materials of the same structure. From nano clusters as from large
building blocks, it is possible to design purposefully materials with
preset properties and to use them in catalytic reactions. Quantum
character nano processes makes them extremely high technology
and stimulates development of such applied directions, as: atomicmolecular design, technologies based on mathematical modeling,
metrology and the models based on special sections of biology,
computing chemistry and physics, etc.
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FEATURES OF REALIZATION NANO PROCESSES
Nano-technological reactions can occur in vacuum, gas or in a liquid. The type of
reactions is not always connected to type of environment in the chamber and can
depend on other conditions (an electric field, pressure, temperature, allocation of
energy, properties of substances).
Such properties (the moment of dipole, presence of impurity, capillary effect, etc.)
determine character of proceeding reactions.
Additional influences (for example, a coherent laser irradiation with programcontrolled length of a wave) can considerably change a course and even a
direction of chemical reactions.
These opportunities (controlled process) in a combination to the listed above
variants of selection of materials and conditions of carrying out of nano processes make nano-technology independent and even by refined area of a science and the
industry of XXI century.
An integral part of this sphere of knowledge is mathematical modeling the nano
processes, connected with such new directions, as computing chemistry,
computing physics and computing biology.
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PERSPECTIVE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS OF
POWDER METALLURGY
Fundamental investigations:
- computer modeling of powder metallurgy processes , including
formation of powder coatings and forming of combined vacuum coatings
using beam of charged particles, processes of producing of powder-porous
materials;
- micro kinetics nano- and ultra dispersive powder materials on metal
and ceramic bases;
- micromechanics of processes of destruction of powder and composite
materials;
- fractal aspects of materiology of powder and composite materials;
- processes of mechanical alloying;
- non-contact diagnostics of materials behavior while thermal and
mechanical actions and processes of thermal spraying coatings;
- modeling of thermal and mass transfer processes in porous materials;
- development new composite powders for thermal spraying and for PM ;
- investigations of surface and under-surface layers of materials by
methods of electron work on escaping measuring.
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STATE PROGRAM OF FOCUSED BASIC
RESEARCHES (2003):
“NANO-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND NANO-TECHNOLOGIES”
5. Composite nanomaterials and certification of production
5.1. synthesis of nanopowders for composite materials by sol-gel technology, highenergy crushing, other technologies, including powders with bioactive and medical
properties;
5.2. consolidation and sintering of composite nanomaterials in conditions:
pulse influence; self-propagated high-temperature synthesis, microwave-sintering;
5.3. constructional nano and the sub microcrystalline materials received by methods of
intensive plastic deformation; the nanomaterials received by crystallization from an
amorphous condition;
5.4. polymeric nanocomposites;
5.5. manufacture of composite nanomaterials with anisotropic structure, including
ceramic two-layer membranes for sterilization and ultra thin clearing of biological
environments, solutions of medical preparations; catalysts;
5.6. research and certification of properties nanosized powders, structures and
properties of composite nanomaterials.
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CURRENT ACTIVITIES OF THE PMI
In PM Institute the investigation in the
field of nanomaterials are conducted by
some research laboratories and are
concentrated in 5 directions:
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1) producing of initial nano-powders;
2) compact materials for the targets used for
deposition of coatings in microelectronics;
3) compact materials for constructional products;
4) creation of pseudo-crystal structures with
selective optical properties in the set range.
5) reception of composite nanomaterials with
anisotropic structure, including ceramic twolayer membranes.
TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
Within the framework of the basic directions of researches in institute works on reception
nanodispersed ceramic composite powders by a method of a crushing (grinding) in vertical and
jet devices are carried out. Thus not less than 50 % of an output makes particles in the sizes
less than 300 nanometers. Sol-gel technology receives mono-disperse nanopowders various
structure, including materials from them with the structure of a photon crystal showing
selective properties in optical area of a spectrum.
Laws of formation of structure and properties nanocrystalline materials in conditions static
both dynamic loading and sintering are investigated in the field of the temperatures which are
not causing intensive re-crystallization.
Methods of deposition of coatings in vacuum receive multilayered nanosized (thickness of one
layer 10 nm) metal, ceramic-metal and composite coatings on the titan and substrates from
other materials.
In institute development of carbon materials (on a basis nanosized diamonds – ultra dispersed
diamonds UDD) and special oxides ceramics, including corundum, directed on reception of
materials with density close to theoretical, with uniform structure, high durability, hardness,
wear resistance, a high level of physical properties, heat conductivities and thermo stability
are conducted. Lack of traditional technology of reception of such materials is the high
temperature of their roasting (1700 – 1750 ОС), that essentially limits volumes of their
manufacture and application.
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THIN FILM MATERIAL AND APPLICATION
Application
Electronics
Optics
Instruments
Miscellany
Turbine blades
Material
electrodes,
interconnections
Au, Al, Cu, Cr, Ti, Pt, Mo, W, Al/Si, Mo/Si
resistor
Cr, Ta, Re, TaN, TiN, NiCr, SiCr, TiCr
dielectric
PbO, MgO, Y2O3, ZrO2, BaTiO3, PLZT
insulator
Si3N4, Al2O3, SiO, SiO2, TiO2, Ta2O5
magnetic
Fe, Co, Ni, Ni-Fe, Te-Fe, GdCo
superconductors
La-Sr-Cu-O, Y-Ba-Cu-O, Bi-Sr-Ca-O
semiconductor
Ge, Si, Se, Te, SiC, ZnO, ZnSe
coating
hardening,
decoration
thermal barrier
SiO2, TiO2, SnO2
Cr, TiN, TiC, SiC, WC
Al, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ti, Ta, W, TiN, TiC, SiC
ZrO2 +Y2O3
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PRODUCING OF INITIAL NANO-POWDERS
Influence of different methods of compacting and press-powders compound on
relative density of blanks In2O3-SnO2
Состав пресс-порошка
Метод компактирования
№
п/п
40
35
30
1
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2 (S-3)
Статический традиц. UP
60-67
2
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2 (S-4)
Статический традиц. UP
64-68
3
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2
(S-3+органич.связующее)
Статический традиц. UP
65-73
4
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2
(S-3+комплексное
связующее)
Статический традиц. UP
68-75
5
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2 +
нанодобавка In2O3-SnO2
Статический традиц. UP
69-77
6
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2 (S-3)
Гидродинамический HDP
60-70
7
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2 (S-3)
Взрывной EP
76-89
8
Измельч. In2O3-SnO2 (S-3)
Стат. при выс. давлении и температуре HPTC
90-98
25
Содерж ание,
20
%
15
10
5
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,2
Размер частиц порошка, мкм
Относительна
я плотность,
%
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COMPACTING OF MATERIALS FOR THE
TARGETS USED FOR DEPOSITION OF COATINGS
• static pressing (UP) (in an interval of pressure 50-700 МПа),
• static pressing is carried out at a high pressure (40 KBar) and
temperature (1300-1500 С) (HPTC),
•Impulse - hydrodynamic pressing (HDP),
•dynamic pressing (brisant explosives under the flat circuit of
loading at pressure 3-7 GPa) nanosized powders(EP).
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Microstructure of a break of samples of targets In2O3-SnO2 after various modes of
consolidation:
а) explosion; b) a statics (complex binding) + 1550 0С, 5h.; c) a statics (Р =3 GPa, Т =1400
0С,  =30 sec.); d) explosion + 1600 0С, 1 h.
b)
a)
c)
d)
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COMPACT NANOMATERIALS FOR THE TARGETS USED
FOR DEPOSITION OF COATINGS
Static pressing without a sheaf receives relative density of samples no more than 50 %, with
use of a sheaf – more than 55 % (for plasma-chemical powder), up to 65-73 % (for the
powders received by electric explosion of a wire and hydrolysis of sheet aluminum). Dynamic
pressing without use of a sheaf and without preliminary granulation achieves relative density
of 84-89 %. Influence of modes of sintering on density, porosity, phase structure, electro
physical and physical-mechanical properties, and also on a microstructure of the received
materials is investigated. Powders, which were compacted with use of energy of explosion at
the subsequent sintering, were condensed much faster and at lower temperature, than
pressed in a static mode.
Comparison of efficiency of various methods of consolidation of samples from nanosized
powders Та2О5 is made: traditional static, static at a high pressure and temperature (40 кBаr,
1400оС, 2 mines) and pulse. It is shown, that last two methods give most microcrystalline
structure (500-600 nanometers and 800-1200 nanometers accordingly) and close values К1С
~ 1,3-1,4 MPa* м1/2 and Нv ~ 7-8 ГПа. For statically pressed samples at the given stage of
researches achieve the minimal size of grains ~1000-2000нм, Нv ~6 GPa and К1С ~ 0,8-1
MPa* м1/2. For samples from nanosized powders Al2O3 after sintering at 1400-1500 оС the
samples received by a method of explosive pressing (98-99 %) had the maximal relative
density. According to electronic microscopy the average size of crystallite for the samples
received from hydrolytic (ds~30 nanometer) and electro explosive powders (ds~14
nanometer), treated by explosion and sintered at 1350оС, 2h made 100-200 nanometers.
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Influence of performances of
initial powders А12О3 and
technological conditions of
manufacture samples on their
density
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Initial powders А12О3
Fig 1. SEM photos of powders A1203 produced by different
methods:
a), b) electric explosion of aluminum wire (A1 and A2
accordingly);
c) hydrolysis of sheet aluminum (к);
d) plasma-chemical synthesis
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Fig.2 Photographs and electrongrams of the initial UDP A1 203
produced by explosion of aluminum wires a)-A1, b)-A2
Тип порошка
Фазовый
состав
Режим спекания
Режим
прессов.
Плотность, г/см3 (относительная плотность, %)
А1,электр.взрыв
пров.d S 14нм,
S  120 м2/г
А1,электр.взрыв
пров.d S 14нм,
S  120 м2/г
А2, электр.взрыв
пров.d S 23нм,
S  66 м2/г
А2,электр.взрыв
пров.d S 23нм,
S  66 м2/г
72,8% +
27,2%
статич.
1400 ОС, 2ч
2,76(71%)
2,8(72%)
72,8% +
27,2%
взрыв
3,76 (99%)
72,6 +
27,4% 
статич.
2,57(66%)
2,51(65%)
72,6 +
27,4% 
взрыв
Т, лазмохимический
синтез,d S 250нм,
S  13м2/г, агломерирован,широкий
спектр распр.частиц
по размерам
Т, лазмохимический
синтез, d S 250нм,
S  13 м2/г,
65,5%+
17,4+
17,1%
статич.
65,5%+
17,4+
17,1%
взрыв
3,72 (98%)
К,гидролиз листового
А1,d S 30нм,
S  48 м2/г
К,гидролиз листового
А1, d S 30нм, S 
48м2/г
66% +
34%
статич.
2,71(70%)
2,64(68%)
66% +
34%
взрыв
1500 ОС, 2ч
2,88(74%)
2,92(75%)
1550 ОС, 2ч
3,50(90%)
3,31(85%)
1550 ОС, 4ч
3,40(87%)
3,53(91%)
1600 ОС, 2ч
3,49(90%)
3,60(93%)
3,56(92%)
3,86(99,5%)
2,78(71%)
3,15(81%)
2,9(75%)
3,17(82%)
3,21(83%)
3,83(98,7%)
2,53(65%)
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3,74(98,5%)
2,7(70%)
3,03(78%)
3,21(83%)
3,37(87%)
3,22(83%)
3,48(90%)
3,45(89%)
3,81(98,1%)
2,83(73%)
2,89(74%)
3,43(88%)
3,24(83%)
3,84(98,9%)
3,41(88%)
3,35(86%)
3,59(92%)
3,45(89%)
3,54(91%)
Density and durability of the
experimental samples
received from various nano
powders Та2О5 and А12О3
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сж.,
Regime of compact
Initial powder characteristic
production
Density, g/cm3
изг.,
MPa
НV,
Gpa
К1С,
MPa
м1/2
5,05
4,16
3,43
4,04
5,0
0,7
0,3
0,6
1,3
0,9
стат.,1350ОС,4ч.
стат.,1450ОС,4ч.
стат.,1500ОС,4ч.
взрыв,1350ОС,4ч.
взрыв,1500ОС,4ч.
7,57(92%)
7,58(92%)
7,31(90%)
8,05(98%)
7,78(95%)
64
102
166
стат.,1500ОС,2ч.
стат.,1550ОС,2ч.
стат.,1600ОС,2ч.
стат.,1700ОС,1ч.
взрыв,1550ОС,2ч.
2,92(75%)
3,50(90%)
3,60(93%)
3,65(93,6%)
3,84(98%)
251
466
489
493
210
234
245
14
13,9
12,5
12,1
16,3
3,81
3,36
3,95
4,7
А12О3 ( Т) Plasma-chemical
synthesis
d S  250нм
S  13 м2 /г
стат.,1500ОС,2ч.
стат.,1550ОС,2ч.
стат.,1600ОС,2ч.
стат.,1700ОС,1ч.
взрыв,1550ОС,2ч
2,70(70%)
3,21(83%)
3,48(90%)
3,52(90%)
3,82(98%)
239
397
421
426
157
193
201
9,6
10,7
9,2
8,8
13,3
2,87
3,9
А12О3 (К), Hydrolysis of
стат.,1500ОС,2ч.
стат.,1550ОС,2ч.
стат.,1600ОС,2ч.
стат.,1700ОС,1ч.
взрыв,1550ОС,2ч
2,89(74%)
3,43(88%)
3,59(92%)
3,68(94,3%)
3,85(98,7%)
263
502
535
552
213
237
248
14,7
13,2
12,6
16,8
3,83
3,76
3,98
4,89
Та2О5, Hydrolysis of
alcoholates ,
d S  150нм
S  5,9 м2 /г
А12О3(А1), Electric explosion of
wire d S  14нм
S  120 м2 /г
sheet Al d S  30нм
S  48,5 м2 /г
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Dielectric properties of
experimental samples from nano
powders Та2О5 and А12О3, pressed
by a static method
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Regime of compact
Initial powder characteristic
Electric strength,
production
Та2О5, Hydrolysis of
alcoholates d S  150нм
S  5,9 м2 /г
А12О3(А1), Electric
explosion of
 14нм
S  120 м2 /г
wire d
S
А12О3( Т), Plasmachemical
synthesis
d S  250нм
S  13 м2 /г
А12О3(К), Hydrolysis of
sheet Al d S  30нм
S  48,5 м2 /г
Dielectric
Density, g/cm3
KW/mm
permittivity
stat.,1350ОС,4ч.
stat.,1450ОС,4ч.
стат.,1500ОС,4ч.
7,45(91%)
7,58(92%)
7,6(93%)
5.1
8,7
9,8
45,4
44,1
стат., 1500ОС,2ч.
стат.,1550ОС,2ч.
стат.,1600ОС,2ч.
2,9(75%)
3,4(88%)
3,61(93%)
9,4
15,3
22,1
8,7
11,5
12,3
стат.,1500ОС,2ч.
стат.,1550ОС,2ч.
стат.,1600ОС,2ч
2,7(70%)
3,3(85%)
3,47(90%)
8,6
16,7
17,5
8,1
10,6
11,7
стат.,1500ОС,2ч.
стат.,1550ОС,2ч.
стат.,1600ОС,2ч
2,91(75%)
3,53(91%)
3,63(94%)
9,2
18,8
14,9
9,2
14,3
14,6
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Fig.6. Microstructure of fracture of samples from UDP Ta205 produced by different
methods:
a) traditional static compaction and the following sintering (1350oC , 4hours) b)
explosive compaction and the following sintering (1350oC , 4hours), c) static compaction at
high pressure and temperature (40 kbar, 1400oC, 2min).
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Fig.7. Microstructure of fracture of samples from UDP Al203 produced by different methods:
a) traditional static compaction of electric-explosive powder A1 and the following sintering
(1500oC, 2h), b) traditional static compaction of plasma-chemical powder T and the following
sintering(1500oC, 2h), c) explosive compaction of A1 powder and the following sintering(1350oC, 2h),
d) explosive compaction of plasma-chemical powder T and the following sintering(1500oC, 2h)
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Fig.8. Microstructure of fracture of samples from UDP Al203 produced by electric explosion of wires (A1) after different methods of
compaction and sintering: a) explosion compaction, b) explosive compaction and the following sintering (1350 oC 2h), c)
explosive compaction and the following sintering (1450 oC 2h), d) explosive compaction and the following sintering (1550oC 2h),
e) traditional static compaction and the following sintering ( 1550 oC 2h), f) traditional static compaction and the following
sintering ( 1600oC 2h)
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41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
COMPACT NANOMATERIALS (UDD) FOR
TOOLS
During the first experiments the initial UDD powders have been
rafined by means of heating up to 700 K for 30 minutes in the
vacuum of 10-2 Ra. They are hermetically sealed in stainless body
using vacuum hydraulic press to make the density of powder
sample 50% from the theoretical value. The container with samples
is put into the preservation ampoule and is loaded by steel striker
with the speed of 2,6 km/s. The striker is accelerated by the
generator of flat wave or by contract charge of powerful high-speed
VV (trinitrotoluene-RDX or PVV-4).
Metallographic investigations have proved our prepositions with
respect to properties and quality of the produced consolidated
materials. Powders of ultra-disperse diamond contrary as compared
with micro-crystal powders are well consolidated. Screen electron
microscopy has shown the presence of total sintering of powder
particles forming unified structure (fig. 5).
It is determined that particles size of the diamond can be increased
in 1000 times under the dynamic loading in 30-40 Gpa and
endurance for a few tens of microseconds. Out put includes high
pressure phase of cubic and hexagonal diamond. Investigations of
phase composition have shown small (up to 6%) diamond
graphitization.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
Fracture of ultra-disperse diamond powder
consolidated by the explosion with the initial
size of particles of 5 nanometers.
SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGY RECEIVES
MONO-DISPERSE NANOPOWDERS
Investigations have shown that spherical particles of silica look like densely packed
aggregates of amorphous particles with the size in a few nano-meters. During thermal
treatment (800C-900C – this is the temperature of material sintering) a transfer from silica to a
small-crystal b-crystobalite with crystals size up to 5 nano-meters have taken place. Methods
based on forced particles deposition in centrifugal and some other physical fields are not
studied well but they are perspective. The possibility of regular structures production at the
forced deposition at high speeds is limited by high requirements to mono-disperse particles, to
the absence of their aggregates. We have investigated the processes of forming pseudocrystal structures using the developed powders in centrifugal field at the acceleration up to
10000m/s2. To achieve this aim in the field of centrifugal forces action a special device is put
in (fig.9). Inside the device a dense body made from reaction mixture is formed. The body is
formed on the substrate made from optical glass. At the acceleration less than 5000 m/s2
structure is not ordered. At the increasing of acceleration pseudo-crystallites are formed.
These materials can be used for selection of electric-magnetic radiation and for dividing nanoand ultra disperse particles in fractions (filtration in liquid or gas media). It is supposed to
develop materials with the controllable structure and selective properties influencing on
inherited factors of the synthesized oxide powders and studying its influence on structural
parameters and properties of ceramics. The technology of such materials production includes
several main stages: synthesis of spherical particles SiO2 with the size 200-380 nano-meters
(length value of half-wave of visible light) with high degree of mono-dispersity; forming of
regular 3 dimensional super-lattice that takes at the expense of disperse system self-ordering;
thermal treatment.
Fig. 9. Devices for centrifuging
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
Fig. 10. A typical structure of colloid crystals on
the base of UDP silica: a) fracture, b) upper
layer.
PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF APPLIED
RESEARCHES
It is planned to develop technologies of targets production, fuel elements and dies on
the base of composite powders: aluminum oxides, zirconium and titanium etc. Due to a
fine structure products will have the increased wear resistance of products with a
micron scale of structure. Technologies of making nano-structural ceramics for the
targets, dies and fuel elements with the necessary high functional properties include
stages of nano-powders production of metal oxides by the method of electric
explosion, grinding, nano-powders compacting and the following products sintering.
Nano-powders compaction enables production of compacts in the shape of plates and
pipes with high density before sintering-up to 70-80%. The present devices enable to
begin at once pilot works as for production the necessary products from nanostructural
ceramics with grain sizes of 10-300 nano-meters. Pilot batches of products with the
shape of plates and pipes will be produced on the base of nano-powders of the oxides
Al2O3, ToO2, ZrO2. Thermal-mechanical and functional properties of these products
necessary for their application as targets, wear resistant dies and hard-oxide fuel
elements will be studied.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
The main functional element of a fuel element is the layer of solid
oxide electrolyte which is non-permeable for gases and is
characterized by high ion conductivity. There will be developed a
technology of products production from stabilized nano-crystallite
zirconium dioxide which is a more advanced material for TOTE.
Due to a nano-dimensional structure this material has a high ion
conductivity, 10 ohm-1 cm-1 minimum, with high mechanical
strength under operating temperatures. This ensures high capacity
density up to 0,5 W/cm2 which is higher than the present level more
than in two times. Therewith the expected resource of the new
electrolyte reaches 50000 hours (6 years) that is somewhat 5 times
higher than the level of the TOTE resource which are made up to the
present time.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
During last ten years PMI collaborate with Research Institute of Physical Chemical Problems in field
of development of production oxide ceramics for high-temperature electrochemical devices. The
most interesting developments in this field are technology for manufacturing parts for low-cost solid
oxide fuel cell (so-called SOFC) (Fig 1). This devices are high-effective power-sources, based on
consumption of ordinary hydrocarbon fuels. Electrochemical cells efficiency may reach 70% and
more, whole device efficiency including heat recuperation module- up to 75%. Our
developments in this direction were initiated by successful elaboration of technology for
production of bearing cathode from lanthanum-strontium manganites (Fig 2). Our collaborators
from Research Institute of Physical Chemical Problems assembled small SOFC device from
ceramics we produce (Fig 3). This SOFC reached current density up to 0.3 A/cm2. But this cell
used solid electrolyte ceramics with thickness more than 0.4 mm, and it limited effectiveness of
current generation.
10
9
11
5
-
Converted
propane
1
6
8
3
2
4
7
Fig.1. Design and principle of planar SOFC
10
8
+
Air
Fig.3. Schematic drawing of SOFC with manganite current collectors: 1 –
Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95 tube, 2 – La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 cathode, 3 - Ni-cermet anode, 4 high-porosity La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 ceramics, 5 - dense La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 tube, 6 metallic spring, 7 - metallic tube, 8 - porous ceramic insertions, 9 - thermocouple,
10 - copper current collectors, 11 - furnace.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
Fig.2. Bearing cathode from
lanthanum-strontium manganites
HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
Table 1 Spraying parameters of nano AI2O3 and ZrO2 coatings.
Parameters
Alumina
Zirconia
Current
500A
600A
Voltage
63V
71V
Ar gas flow
40 slpm
40 slpm
H2 gas flow
10 slpm
10 slpm
Carrier gas flow
3 slpm
3 slpm
Feeding distance( axial
)
5 mm
5 mm
Powder injector
diameter
2.0mm
1.8 mm
Nozzle diameter
6 mm
6 mm
Spray distance
150 mm
100mm
Torch traverse speed
9.7 mm/s
9.7 mm
Substrate rotation
speed
300 rpm
300 rpm
Fig.1. (a) zirconia; (b)alumina
Table 2 Mechanical properties of nanostructured zirconia and
alumina coatings
Microhardness Porosity
Nano zirconia coating
13.2
3.1
Nano alumina coating
11.8
5.4
Conventional alumina
8.2
coating
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
HVOF AND SPHTS TECHNOLOGIES AND
COATINGS
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
Structure of SHS FeAl-FexAly Powder
Typical micrographs of SHS FeAl powder with FeAl2 и Fe2Al5 inclusions
X-ray Diffraction Pattern of SHS FeAl powder with FeAl2 и Fe2Al5 inclusions
•No cracks;
•High hardness;
•Good oxidation resistance.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
CONCLUSION
• The ideology of new scientific and technical revolution will
essentially differ from the habitual industrial (texnocratic) model
allowing economic growth by anyone (including plunders) uses
natural and manpower resources.
• Comprehension of limitation of these resources makes expedient
new (though and not quite realized now) a system policy, basing on
information, ecologically faultless "high" technologies. Thus the
purposes of progress appear connected with intelligence of the
person, with his interests and the increased needs for education,
freedom and self-expression.
• This policy can be determined as required new (humane), strategically stable system approach to management of development of a
society.
• Introduction nano technologies renders main influence on scientific
and technical, economic and social development of the countries,
and also on interstate relations.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
WAYS OF COOPERATION
• 1. Joint research within the international scientifictechnical programs.
• 2. Participation in the work of major scientific centres.
• 3. Parallel testing of developed ceramic materials in
specialised testing centres.
• 4. Studying scientific activities, research equipment
used and methods of testing.
• 5.Direct contracts referring to research and pilot works
and exchange of materials and products.
• 6.Leasing research and pilot equipment.
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by
OUR PARTNERS
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1. CIS Partners:
Institute of Physics State Solid Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia;
Institute of Chemistry Physics Russian Academy of Sciences , Chernogolovka, Russia;
Institute of Electrophisics Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia;
Military Medicine Academy, St.-Petersburg, Russia;
Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia;
Republican Engineering-Technical Centre for Powder Metallurgy, Perm, Russia;
Institute of Physical Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Russia;
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev;
Institute of Low Temperature National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Charkiv;
Institute of Monocristalls National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Charkiv;
Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev;
Institute of Organic Catalysis and Electrochemistry, Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, Almaty
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2.Other Partners:
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Aachen University of Technology, Germany;
Drexel University, USA;
Lulleo University of Technology, Sweden;
Tampere University, Finland;
Instituto di Scienze Fisiche Universita degli Studi di Ancona, Italy
Institute of Glass and Ceramics, Poland;
POWDER METALLURGY INSTITUTE
41, Platonov str., Minsk, 220071, Republic of Belarus
Tel. (017) 232-82-71, 232 5691
Fax (8-017) 2100 574, E-Mail: alexil@ srpmi.belpak.minsk.by