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VITAL PULP THERAPY
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Includes:
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Indirect Pulp Therapy
Direct Pulp Cap
Pulpotomy
Apexification
VITAL PULP THERAPY
Endodontics:
The PREVENTION or Treatment of
Apical Periodontitis
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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Also called indirect pulp cap
DEFINITION:
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Placement of protective dressing over thin remaining
dentin which, if removed, might expose the pulp
PURPOSE:
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To protect the pulp from further injury and to permit
healing and repair
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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INDICATIONS:
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Primary and permanent teeth
Minimal pulpal inflammation
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No clinical signs of pulpal degeneration
 Asymptomatic or symptoms of reversible pulpitis
 Sharp, fleeting pain to thermal, osmotic stimuli
 No spontaneous pain
 Responds WNL to thermal and electric pulp tests
No radiographic signs of periapical inflammation
 No widened pdl
 No p/a radiolucency
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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SUCCESS RATE
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99% success for avoiding pulp exposure
92% success – 3½-4½ year follow-up
Failed indirect pulp therapy means
irreversible pulpal disease
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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TECHNIQUE
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Anesthetic
Rubber dam to keep bacterial count as low as
possible
Remove all caries at DEJ and just enough
remaining caries to permit placement of a
temporary restoration
Large round bur less likely to cause
accidental exposure than spoon excavator
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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TECHNIQUE (cont’d)
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Place ZOE dressing (can also use CaOH)
SEAL with IRM (toxic to bacterial cells)
SEALING is the most important step
Can use Amalgam or Glass Ionomer if longer
term seal is required
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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TECHNIQUE (cont’d)
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After 8 weeks, remove remaining caries,
evaluate: arrested? exposure?
If no pulp exposure – final restoration
If pulp exposure – direct pulp cap or
pulpotomy or pulpectomy
Failed Indirect Pulp Cap means irreversible
pulpal disease
INDIRECT PULP THERAPY
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NOTE re: IMMATURE TEETH
Indirect pulp cap should be used whenever
possible to avoid pulp exposure. In immature
teeth (open apices) every attempt must be made
to maintain pulp vitality until root development is
complete. Loss of vitality before complete root
development leaves a short, thin, weak root
more prone to fracture, poorer crown:root ratio.
ALWAYS TRY TO AVOID APEXIFICATION IF
APEXOGENISIS IS POSSIBLE
DIRECT PULP CAP
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DEFINITION:
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Placement of a protective dressing directly
over pulp at site of exposure
PURPOSE
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To permit healing & repair and to maintain the
pulp’s vitality and function
DIRECT PULP CAP
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INDICATIONS:
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Permanent teeth only
Carious or mechanical exposures ie. when indirect
pulp therapy fails or in the RARE event of an
accidental exposure
Best used on teeth with immature permanent with
exposed pulps
Once root formation is complete – NSRCT
Use in mature teeth is controversial. Best considered
a temporary or compromise tx
DIRECT PULP CAP
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INDICATIONS (cont’d)
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Careful Case Selection:
Minimal pulpal inflammation
 No clinical signs of pulpal degeneration
 No radiographic signs of p/a inflammation
 Young pulp better prognosis
 No pulp calcifications better
 Little or no bleeding at exposure site
 Mechanical better than carious
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DIRECT PULP CAP
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INDICATIONS (cont’d)
Small exposure better
 Location of exposure – axial wall worse
 No purulent or serous exudate at exposure
 BUT REMEMBER: a pulp with no signs or
symptoms is not always a healthy pulp (stressed)
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DIRECT PULP CAP
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SUCCESS RATE: Controversial
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Depends of definition of success
High success rate if judged by absence of
clinical signs and symptoms
Low success rate based on presence of
chronic inflammation on histologic exam
DIRECT PULP CAP
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SUCCESS RATE (cont’d)
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Higher success rate in short term
Long term – persisting pulpal inflammation.
May lead to calcification, internal or external
resorption which complicates future NSRCT
Therefore: IDEAL treatment for all carious
exposures in mature permanent teeth is
NSRCT
DIRECT PULP CAP
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TECHNIQUE:
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Calcium Hydroxide is material of choice
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Dycal etc.
Marginal seal is critical
Careful caries removal to avoid forcing dentin
debris and micro-organisms into pulp
DIRECT PULP CAP
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MECHANISM OF ACTION:
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CaOH causes necrosis of superficial pulp and
inflammation of contiguous tissue.
Dentin bridge formation occurs at junction of
necrotic and inflamed vital tissue.
Dentin bridge consists of superficial bone-like
layer and deeper dentin-like layer.
Blood clot inhibits bridge formation
DIRECT PULP CAP
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MECHANISM OF ACTION (cont’d)
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Radiographic studies of radiolabeled CaOH
have shown that Ca in dentin bridge comes
from blood – not from CaOH
Bridge - irregular porous tubular dentin
Becomes thicker & less permeable with time
 Exact mechanism of action unknown BUT certain
concentrations of CaOH known to be mitogenic for
pulp fibroblasts (odontoblast replacement cells)
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PULPOTOMY
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DEFINITION:
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The surgical amputation of the coronal portion of an
exposed pulp
PURPOSE:
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To protect and preserve the remaining radicular
pulp’s vitality and function
PULPOTOMY
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INDICATIONS:
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Exposed vital pulps in carious primary teeth
Exposed vital pulps in carious immature
permanent teeth (to allow continued root
development prior to NSRCT)
Traumatically exposed primary or permanent
teeth; mature or immature
As an emergency procedure prior to NSRCT
PULPOTOMY
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PROGNOSIS:
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Questionable in carious exposures in mature
teeth.
Good for apexogenisis in immature teeth with
carious exposures
Excellent for traumatic exposures regardless
of root maturity, size of exposure or time
elapsed since injury
PULPOTOMY
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TECHNIQUE:
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Carious Exposure:
Pulp removed to cervical line in anterior teeth, to
canal orifices in posterior teeth
 Clinical judgement influences amount of tissue
removed
 High speed diamond with water spray
 Care to remove all shreds of pulp coronal to
amputation site
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PULPOTOMY
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TECHNIQUE (cont’d)
Flush with sterile saline
 Do Not air dry
 Control hemo with moist cotton pellets and gentle
pressure for approx. 5 min.
 If hemo cannot be controlled, amputation should
be performed at a more apical level
 If hemo still continues in immature tooth control
with hemostatic agents eg. aluminum chloride or
ferric sulfate (compromise treatment)
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PULPOTOMY
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TECHNIQUE (cont’d)
Place CaOH dressing – do not use hard setting
CaOH deep in canals – use CaOH powder
 Base – usually IRM or other cement
 Marginal seal of final restoration critical
 Regular follow-up until root development complete
and NSRCT may be performed
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PULPOTOMY
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TECHNIQUE (cont’d)
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Traumatic Exposure:
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Cvek Pulpotomy:
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Mature or immature teeth
Remove only 2-3mm of pulp
Place CaOH (eg. Dycal)
No further endodontic treatment is usually required
91% success at 4 year follow-up
OPEN APEX CASES
Open Apex
Vital Pulp
Apexogenisis
Necrotic pulp
Apexification
OPEN APEX CASES
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APEXOGENISIS
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Treatment:
Indirect Pulp Cap
 Direct Pulp Cap
 Pulpotomy
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OPEN APEX CASES
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APEXOGENISIS
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Materials:
CaOH
 Bonded Materials (resins, GICs)
 MTA
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OPEN APEX CASES
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APEXIFICATION:
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Indication: Immature tooth with necrotic pulp
Traditional Technique: Canal disinfection
(instrumentation, irrigation, CaOH dressing); replace
dressing periodically over 1-3 years; formation of
apical dentin barrier; obturation
Alternate Technique: Canal disinfection
(instrumentation, irrigation, CaOH dressing); place
MTA apical barrier after 1 week (microscope);
obturate with gutta-percha and sealer.