Transcript Folie 1

MED-CSP
MED-CSP
Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region
WP1: Sustainability Goals
WP2: Renewable Energy Technologies
WP3: Renewable Energy Resources
WP4: Demand Side Analysis
WP5: Scenario & Market Strategies (Energy)
WP6: Socio-Economical Impacts
WP7: Environmental Impacts
MED-CSP
Energy Economic Frame Parameters of the MED-CSP Scenario
The scenario departs from a crude oil price of 25 $/bbl in the year 2000, and equivalent prices for fuel oil (184 $/ton) and natural gas (6 $/GJ).
These prices equal 15 $/MWh of thermal energy. The starting coal price in 2000 is 49 $/ton, equal to 6 $/MWh thermal energy. Escalation rates for
all fuels were assumed to be 1 %/year. Considering today’s cost level of fossil fuels, this is a very conservative estimate. Higher fuel prices may be
more realistic for the future.
World fuel market prices are valid for all countries, even for those exporting fuels. This is due to the fact that in view of the strong growth of demand
in the MENA countries, export of fuels will increasingly compete with domestic consumption. Fuel can be burned or sold, not both at the same time.
National economies must subsequently calculate with world market prices if they burn fuel reducing their potential national income. It is an illusion
to believe that domestic fuel is for free. Fuel that is burned for free is equivalent to the destruction of a national treasure. Even fuel potentials that
would not justify the construction of an international market infrastructure (pipelines) due to their limited amount cannot be considered as for free,
as they are obviously not sustainable and must be replaced soon, as domestic consumption growths.
It is assumed that the European countries will introduce sequestration of greenhouse gases from flue gas of power generation after 2020, and will
reach a sequestration share of 50 % of their conventional power generation by 2050. This will increase the cost of conventional power generation of
newly installed plants or of plants with upgraded sequestration by about 2 c/kWh after 2020. MENA countries will probably not apply CO2
sequestration in the analysed time span.
The electricity cost scenario was calculated with an average real discount rate of 5 %/year. All numbers are given in real values of $-2000.
The electricity cost of renewable energies is calculated as function of the performance indicators and taking into consideration realistic learning
effects by economies of scale and technical progress. Those learning curves refer to the specific investment per installed kWh and are shown in the
respective diagram as a function of time.
While most technologies show a degressive learning curve in terms of $/kW installed capacity, concentrating solar power shows a progressive
curve. This is due to the fact that initial hybrid CSP plants will have a low solar share of 25 % which is subsequently increased to 95 % after 2020.
For this purpose, larger collector fields and thermal energy storage facilities are needed within each plant, increasing its specific investment cost
from 3000 $/kW in 2004 to about 4500 $/kW in 2020. Nevertheless, the electricity cost of CSP will be reduced steadily, because the plants will
require less fuel for power generation and the collectors will become cheaper.
CSP, geothermal power and biomass plants will subsequently take over backup capacity functions of conventional power plants. As they enter the
intermediate and peak load power market, their annual full load hours will be reduced and their specific electricity cost will increase after 2040. This
is not a problem, as the value of peak load electricity is also higher. Hydropower is already today used for peaking purposes, and its cost is
relatively high due to that reason.
MED-CSP
Finding Renewable Energy Scenarios with the Crash-Barrier Principle:
Subsequently, different factors limit technology expansion.
Phase 1: Technology cost is high and expansion requires preferential investment
Phase 2: Prices have become competitive but production capacities are limited
Phase 3: Production catches up and the market is defined by demand
Market Expansion
Phase 4: As demand grows the availability of resources may become limiting
Barriers
Limited Resources
Limited Demand
Market
Limited Production
Limited Finance
Phase 1
Time
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
MED-CSP
MED-CSP
Synthesis of limits of power exchanges (MW) for year 2010 through the AC grid
and example of improvements that can be achieved through defence plans
/EURELECTRIC 2003/
MED-CSP
200
90
180
80
160
70
140
60
120
Phase 1
50
Phase 3
Phase 2
100
Year
CSP Growth Rate
Absolute CSP Growth
50
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
45
0
40
0
35
20
30
10
25
40
20
20
15
60
10
30
05
80
00
40
Absolute CSP Growth [TWh/y]
100
20
CSP Growth Rate [%/y]
Phases of CSP Market Introduction
MED-CSP
Growth Rates of PV and Wind Power in Germany
140
1.6 MW
Growth Rate in %/y
120
100
80
390 MW
60
68 MW
40
20
14600 MW
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Wind Energy
Photovoltaic Energy
Source: Quaschning 2004
MED-CSP
Life curve of remaining power plants in Morocco installed before 2003
Old Power Plants in Morocco
Total Capacity 2003 = 4 700 MW
Share of Plants installed before 2003
1
Wind + Other RE
0.9
Hydropower
0.8
0.7
0.6
Gas/Oil
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Coal
0.1
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Year
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
MED-CSP
100
100%
90
90%
80
80%
70
70%
60
60%
50
50%
40
40%
30
30%
20
20%
10
10%
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
Year
Oil / Gas Price $/bbl
CSP Solar Share [%]
Coal Price $/ton
CO2-Sequestration Share [%]
0%
2050
Solar Share of CSP Plants
Average Price of Oil [$/bbl] and
Coal [$/ton]
Development of Fuel Prices ($-2004), Solar Share of CSP
Plants and CO2-Sequestration Share of Fossil Power
Generation in Europe within the MED-CSP Scenario
MED-CSP
Specific Investment of Power Technologies
Spec. Invest. $/kW
Wind
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
Biomass
CSP Plants
Wave / Tidal
Hydropower
Oil / Gas
Coal
10000
9000
2000
1550
5500
11714
2500
3098
3000
1800
550
1150
2010
1280
2830
4530
2000
3388
2500
1800
540
1150
2020
950
1590
3249
1700
4662
2250
1800
530
1150
2030
930
1250
2791
1670
4332
2100
1800
520
1150
2040
920
1010
2700
1660
4185
2050
1800
510
1150
2050
900
910
2654
1650
4134
2000
1800
500
1150
Specific Investment [$/kW]
8000
Wind
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
Biomass
CSP Plants
Wave / Tidal
Hydropower
Oil / Gas
Coal
7000
6000
increased solar share
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
MED-CSP
Technical Frame Parameters of the MED-CSP Scenario
Electrical Load:
The maximum load is calculated in proportion to the growing electricity demand according to the scenario CG/HE. There are no inter-annual
changes of the temporal structure of the load curve. The following figure shows the example of the peak load day for Egypt for the years 2001,
2020, 2030 and 2050. The power park is designed such that there is always a remaining reserve capacity of 25 % on peak power.
Wind Power:
Wind is a strongly fluctuating energy source that cannot be controlled by demand. However, distributed wind parks partially compensate each
others fluctuations and show a relatively smooth transition. Depending on site, up to 15 % of the installed capacity can be considered as secured.
Hourly wind data was taken from the World Wind Atlas.
Photovoltaic :
PV power is strongly fluctuating and only available during daytime. There is no contribution to secured power, but a good correlation with the usual
daytime power demand peak of most countries. PV is specially suited for distributed power supply. Hourly global irradiance on a fixed tilted surface
was taken from the Meteonorm database.
Geothermal Hot Dry Rock:
Geothermal power can be delivered on demand as base load, intermediate or peaking power using the earth as natural storage system. Unit sizes
are limited to about 50 to 100 MW maximum. It can be used to compensate fluctuation from wind and pv-power.
Biomass Power Generation:
Biomass can deliver power on demand. However, biomass is scarce in MENA and subject to seasonal fluctuations. Biomass can be supplied in
times when wind and pv power is low in order to compensate those sources, and shut down when wind and pv power is available to save the
scarce biomass resources.
Hydropower:
The situation is similar for hydropower, which can be delivered on demand but is scarce in MENA and subject to seasonal fluctuations. If used only
in times when pv and wind power are low, it acts like a natural complement and storage system for those resources. Hydropower is saved when
wind and pv energy is available and preferably used during peaking periods, while its annual capacity factor remains more or less constant.
Solar Thermal Electricity:
Concentrating solar thermal power stations can deliver power on demand, making use of their thermal storage capability and hybrid operation with
fuels. They are the natural link between the fossil system and the other renewables. Being the biggest resource, they will provide the core of
electricity in MENA.
Oil and Gas fired Power Plants:
Oil and gas fired power plants are today the most applied technology in MENA. They will subsequently take over the part of closing the remaining
gap between the load and the renewable power during peaking times. Their energy consumption will be reduced faster than their installed capacity.
Coal Steam Plants
Only a few countries in MENA use coal fired steam cycles. They constitute a feasible, however problematic supplement to power generation in
MENA, as they are exclusively based on imports. Therefore, domestic sources like renewables, oil and gas will be the preferred choice in most
MENA countries.
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear plants are a fading technology with unsolved problem of nuclear waste disposal and high risk. In spite of massive subsidies, it has actually
a market share of less than 1 %. Electricity from fusion will not be available before 2050.
MED-CSP
Power Generation on the Peak Load Day in Egypt
14
14
12
12
Peak Load Day in Egypt 2020 - Scenario CG/HE
fuel
csp
geo
hydro
bio
pv
wind
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
5
0
0
0
Power [GW]
Power [GW]
Peak Load Day in Egypt 2001 - Scenario CG/HE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour [h]
Hour [h]
Peak Load Day in Egypt 2050 - Scenario CG/HE
50
50
100
100
45
45
90
90
40
40
80
80
35
35
70
70
30
30
60
60
25
20
25
20
50
40
50
40
15
15
30
30
10
10
20
20
5
5
10
10
0
0
0
fuel
csp
geo
hydro
bio
pv
wind
Power [GW]
Power [GW]
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Peak Load Day in Egypt 2030 - Scenario CG/HE
fuel
csp
geo
hydro
bio
pv
wind
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour [h]
Hour [h]
fuel
csp
geo
hydro
bio
pv
wind
MED-CSP
MED-CSP Country Scenarios
Electricity Generation:
The European countries typically show rather large potentials of hydropower, wind power and biomass and less solar generation. This is due to the
fact that solar collector production capacities are still small, and once they become visible after 2020, the electricity demand is already stagnating
or retrogressive in those countries. Arab OPEC countries will probably maintain a rather high share of oil/gas for power generation and slowly
change to solar schemes, while wind and hydropower are rather limited. All other MENA countries will increasingly make use of concentrating solar
power as an ideal technology for a transition from an oil/gas fired power generation to a renewable energy driven scheme. Geothermal power is
very promising in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Although climate change and environmental considerations are very good reasons for a change to
renewable electricity sources, the main issue is the security of supply and the cost of energy in the future. Most economies in MENA will not be able
to develop properly in view of the increasing cost of fossil fuels. They are also those countries that will be most affected from climate change and
desertification. Therefore, both economical and ecological considerations lead to a solar energy economy in the EUMENA region.
Installed Capacity:
The installed capacity of the total power park is calculated in a way that the national peak load is always covered with an additional minimum
reserve of 25 % of secured installed power capacity. Due to the fact that wind and PV electricity shares only participate with a minor share in the
provision of secured capacity, the total installed capacity tends to increase subsequently in relation to the national peak load. Typical capacity/peak
load relations are today about 1.5 to 1.8, increasing to 1.7 to 2.5, respectively. While PV and Wind Power is resource driven, the other technologies
can be applied in a demand driven manner. Hybrid CSP plants can deliver peak load, intermediate load and base load capacity on demand.
Electricity Cost of New Plants:
The cost of electricity from fossil plants is calculated with the average annual full load hours of each country’s power park and according to the
relation of oil/gas and coal plants installed. The cost of new natural gas fired combined cycle power plants is displayed as well as the cost of steamcoal plants under the economic frame conditions shown before. The cost of fuel oil steam cycles is usually higher than those values.
In Europe, the electricity cost of most renewable energies will cross the cost of fuel driven plants between 2010 and 2020. Most renewable power
plants will be cheaper than new, fuel driven plants after that, specially if CO2-sequestration is introduced. But even in the MENA countries, where
CO2 sequestration is not expected to become applicable, most renewable power plants will produce cheaper electricity than new fuel fired plants
after 2020.
CO2-Emissions:
Specific CO2 emissions per kWh are calculated on the basis of average specific values that have been obtained from life cycle analysis of each
power technology. For fuel power generation, the share of CO2 sequestration is considered. Most countries achieve the per capita emissions of
clearly less than 1 t/cap/year in the power sector recommended by the German Scientific Council for Global Environmental Change (WBGU). Due
to a general believe, this does not have to be financed by subsidies, but constitutes the most economic solution for a secure energy supply.
However, it requires initial investments to start the technology learning curves of the renewable energy technologies and to achieve cost breakeven with fossil fuels as soon as possible in order to relieve the national economies from subsidising the fossil fuel sector.
MED-CSP
Electricity Generation All Countries
4500
Electricity Production [TWh/a]
4000
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Geothermal
Biomass
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Nuclear
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
MED-CSP
Installed Capacity [GW]
Installed Capacity All Countries
1400
1400
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
0
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Geothermal
Biomass
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Peak Load
MED-CSP
Electricity Generation & Installed Power Capacity
of All Countries analysed within MED-CSP
Electricity in TWh/a
Load
Wind
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
Biomass
CSP Plants
Wave / Tidal
Hydropower
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power in GW
Peak Load
Wind
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
Biomass
CSP Plants
Wave / Tidal
Hydropower
Oil / Gas
Coal
2000
1297.4
7.2
0.0
4.7
6.4
0.0
0.0
154.3
805.6
256.9
2010
1643.4
50.2
4.6
7.8
36.8
4.6
0.5
160.9
1051.7
263.9
2020
2123.5
108.4
27.7
28.7
71.2
74.1
2.2
177.9
1308.6
267.4
2030
2880.5
168.5
96.8
76.8
109.4
640.0
4.9
205.3
1318.5
260.4
2040
3720.6
223.2
165.9
132.8
150.8
1580.5
8.7
241.7
994.5
222.4
2050
4178.5
285.2
230.5
204.9
194.6
2268.6
13.7
288.5
519.2
173.4
2000
233.8
3.3
0.0
0.6
1.8
0.0
0.0
68.5
210.2
45.4
2010
297.2
22.9
3.0
1.0
10.5
0.6
0.1
73.1
267.8
46.8
2020
383.4
50.0
16.0
4.1
20.3
9.3
0.5
82.6
350.1
47.5
2030
518.5
78.8
55.4
11.4
31.3
86.0
1.2
97.2
431.5
46.6
2040
667.8
103.8
94.4
24.2
49.9
248.6
2.2
116.4
440.3
40.3
2050
748.2
131.3
130.3
43.3
73.0
418.1
3.4
141.3
348.9
32.2
MED-CSP
Portugal
Electricity [TWh/y]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Portugal
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2040
0
2050
Year
Year
Portugal
Portugal
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
2030
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Spain
Electricity [TWh/y]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Spain
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
20
15
10
5
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
2020
0
2050
Spain
30
2010
2040
Year
Spain
0
2000
2030
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Peak Load
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Italy
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Electricity [TWh/y]
Italy
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Italy
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Italy
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Greece
Electricity [TWh/y]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Greece
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Greece
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Greece
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Malta
Electricity [TWh/y]
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Malta
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0.0
2050
Year
Malta
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Malta
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Cyprus
Electricity [TWh/y]
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Cyprus
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0.0
2050
Year
Cyprus
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Cyprus
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Morocco
Electricity [TWh/y]
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Morocco
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
Year
30
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
2010
2020
2030
Year
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Morocco
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
Morocco
0
2000
2040
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2050
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Algeria
Electricity [TWh/y]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Algeria
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Algeria
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Algeria
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Tunisia
Electricity [TWh/y]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Tunisia
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Tunisia
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Tunisia
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Libya
Electricity [TWh/y]
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Libya
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
Year
Libya
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Libya
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
Year
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
2040
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2050
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Egypt
Electricity [TWh/y]
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Egypt
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2050
Year
Egypt
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Egypt
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Turkey
Turkey
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000
2010
2030
2020
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Electricity [TWh/y]
600
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Year
Year
Turkey
Turkey
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2030
2020
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2030
2020
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Jordan
Electricity [TWh/y]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Jordan
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2050
Year
Jordan
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Jordan
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Israel
Electricity [TWh/y]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Israel
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Israel
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Israel
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Lebanon
Electricity [TWh/y]
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Lebanon
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2050
Year
Lebanon
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Lebanon
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Syria
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Electricity [TWh/y]
Syria
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Syria
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Syria
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Iran
Electricity [TWh/y]
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Iran
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2050
Year
Iran
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Iran
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Iraq
Electricity [TWh/y]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Iraq
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2050
Year
Iraq
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Iraq
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Saudi Arabia
Electricity [TWh/y]
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Saudi Arabia
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2050
Year
Saudi Arabia
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Saudi Arabia
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Yemen
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Electricity [TWh/y]
Yemen
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
Yemen
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Yemen
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Oman
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Electricity [TWh/y]
Oman
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2050
Year
Oman
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Oman
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Bahrain
Electricity [TWh/y]
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Bahrain
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0.0
2050
Year
Bahrain
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Bahrain
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
United Arab Emirates
Electricity [TWh/y]
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
United Arab Emirates
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0
2050
Year
United Arab Emirates
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
United Arab Emirates
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Qatar
Electricity [TWh/y]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Qatar
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
0.0
2050
Year
Qatar
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Qatar
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Kuwait
Electricity [TWh/y]
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Installed Power Capacity
[GW]
Kuwait
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
2040
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2050
Year
Kuwait
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
Peak Load
Kuwait
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
CO2-Emissions of Power
Generation [Mt/y]
Electricity Cost of New Plants
[c/kWh]
30
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
BAU
Photovoltaics
Wind
Wave / Tidal
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Coal
MED-CSP
Electricity generated by Renewable Energies (TWh/year)
Biomass
Year
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Total
2000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
1.70
0.00
0.35
4.00
0.10
6.41
2010
0.02
0.06
2.15
0.64
0.23
0.15
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.02
0.80
0.34
0.09
0.30
1.04
1.46
0.18
1.22
0.31
1.18
8.25
0.02
2.30
10.89
4.87
36.78
Geothermal
2020
0.05
0.11
4.98
1.62
0.52
0.36
0.20
0.23
0.20
0.04
1.98
0.89
0.20
0.90
2.37
3.27
0.41
2.71
0.69
2.35
14.83
0.05
4.27
17.82
10.12
71.16
2030
0.09
0.18
8.22
3.01
0.84
0.62
0.34
0.37
0.38
0.07
3.54
1.64
0.32
2.03
3.92
5.85
0.68
4.43
1.11
3.53
21.38
0.07
6.24
24.74
15.78
109.4
2040
0.13
0.24
12.03
4.64
1.20
0.93
0.51
0.52
0.60
0.09
5.47
2.57
0.44
3.90
5.69
8.72
0.98
6.38
1.57
4.70
27.80
0.09
8.23
31.64
21.72
150.8
2050
0.17
0.30
16.03
6.56
1.56
1.26
0.68
0.66
0.87
0.12
7.61
3.63
0.55
6.77
7.55
12.16
1.30
8.41
2.03
5.87
34.09
0.11
10.19
38.44
27.68
194.6
2000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.40
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.08
4.72
2010
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.09
0.64
0.00
0.20
0.06
0.09
4.51
0.00
0.23
0.19
0.58
7.83
2020
0.00
0.00
0.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.25
0.00
0.00
7.70
0.28
1.67
0.00
0.60
0.19
0.28
4.72
0.00
0.51
0.56
7.28
28.74
2030
0.00
0.00
2.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.76
0.00
0.00
23.11
0.84
4.74
0.00
1.80
0.58
0.84
5.37
0.00
1.35
1.69
21.67
76.8
2040
0.00
0.00
3.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
22.68
0.00
0.00
41.09
1.50
8.31
0.00
3.20
1.03
1.50
6.13
0.00
2.32
3.00
38.47
132.8
2050
0.00
0.00
5.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
35.44
0.00
0.00
64.20
2.35
12.91
0.00
5.00
1.61
2.35
7.10
0.00
3.57
4.69
60.06
204.9
MED-CSP
Electricity generated by Renewable Energies (TWh/year)
Hydropower
Year
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Total
2000
0.00
0.00
6.00
0.59
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.50
0.00
0.00
0.28
13.70
0.00
1.44
0.06
4.11
50.90
0.00
11.60
31.80
30.88
154.3
2010
0.00
0.01
6.84
1.91
0.15
0.02
0.00
0.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.53
0.00
0.00
0.28
14.43
0.00
1.49
0.13
4.19
50.96
0.00
11.68
33.18
32.70
160.9
2020
0.00
0.03
9.36
5.90
0.57
0.02
0.00
0.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.62
0.00
0.00
0.30
16.60
0.00
1.65
0.20
4.43
51.15
0.00
11.94
34.56
38.17
177.9
Wind Power
2030
0.00
0.07
13.56
12.54
1.27
0.03
0.00
0.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.77
0.00
0.00
0.32
20.23
0.00
1.90
0.27
4.82
51.46
0.00
12.36
35.94
47.28
205.3
2040
0.00
0.13
19.44
21.84
2.25
0.03
0.00
0.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.98
0.00
0.00
0.35
25.32
0.00
2.26
0.34
5.37
51.89
0.00
12.94
35.94
60.04
241.7
2050
0.00
0.20
27.00
33.79
3.51
0.04
0.00
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.25
0.00
0.00
0.39
31.85
0.00
2.72
0.41
6.08
52.45
0.00
13.70
35.94
76.44
288.5
2000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.5
0.00
0.4
4.7
0.0
7.22
2010
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.7
2.9
0.3
3.3
0.8
3.6
7.7
0.00
2.8
20.0
6.8
50.22
2020
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.6
1.0
0.0
0.2
2.8
10.9
1.2
5.5
3.0
7.5
17.0
0.01
5.0
35.0
15.0
108.4
2030
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.8
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.0
3.6
2.2
0.0
0.5
6.3
24.4
2.7
6.8
5.0
9.0
30.0
0.03
7.0
45.0
20.0
168.5
2040
0.0
0.2
2.6
3.2
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.1
3.8
0.0
6.4
3.8
0.0
1.0
11.2
43.3
4.8
12.0
7.0
10.0
35.0
0.05
8.0
45.0
25.0
223.2
2050
0.0
0.3
4.0
5.0
0.3
1.0
0.0
0.1
6.0
0.0
10.0
6.0
0.0
1.5
17.5
67.5
7.5
18.8
7.5
10.7
38.0
0.08
8.5
45.0
30.0
285.2
MED-CSP
Electricity generated by Renewable Energies (TWh/year)
Photovoltaics
Year
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Total
2000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
2010
0.01
0.00
0.32
0.14
0.08
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.28
0.17
0.06
0.52
0.28
0.72
0.08
0.34
0.10
0.08
0.31
0.00
0.06
0.24
0.57
4.62
2020
0.04
0.02
1.92
0.82
0.48
0.54
0.30
0.18
0.49
0.12
1.67
1.02
0.36
3.09
1.67
4.32
0.47
2.04
0.60
0.48
1.81
0.01
0.36
1.44
3.43
27.67
CSP Plants
2030
0.13
0.06
6.73
2.86
1.67
1.88
1.05
0.63
1.71
0.42
5.83
3.59
1.26
10.82
5.84
15.13
1.64
7.14
2.09
1.68
6.31
0.04
1.26
5.00
11.99
96.8
2040
0.22
0.11
11.54
4.91
2.87
3.21
1.80
1.08
2.93
0.72
10.00
6.15
2.16
18.54
10.02
25.94
2.82
12.24
3.58
2.88
10.80
0.07
2.16
5.00
20.56
162.3
2050
0.30
0.15
16.03
6.82
3.98
4.47
2.50
1.50
4.08
1.00
13.89
8.54
3.00
25.75
13.91
36.03
3.91
17.00
4.97
4.00
15.00
0.10
3.00
5.00
28.55
223.5
2000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
2010
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.4
4.63
2020
0.4
0.1
9.8
2.5
2.2
0.8
1.4
0.4
0.9
0.3
7.0
2.4
1.3
1.4
5.3
8.2
1.4
3.5
1.4
1.2
1.5
0.0
1.0
4.6
9.1
68.1
2030
1.8
0.3
75.0
43.9
16.1
9.9
4.0
4.9
8.3
1.3
45.0
31.3
4.0
21.0
55.0
75.0
10.8
43.8
14.5
2.0
4.5
0.1
3.5
25.0
50.0
551
2040
2.7
0.8
266.4
122.0
27.8
26.2
8.0
9.0
18.2
2.2
95.0
88.7
8.0
118.0
129.1
235.0
19.0
110.0
33.6
2.5
5.0
0.3
7.0
25.0
90.0
1450
2050
3.5
0.9
348.9
189.5
29.0
40.0
13.0
12.0
22.1
2.8
135.0
116.6
10.0
255.0
164.8
395.0
21.9
150.0
43.3
3.5
5.0
0.4
10.0
25.0
125.0
2122