Transcript Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 2
Literature Review
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WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?
• It is an account of what has been
published on a research area
• It summarizes, synthesizes and evaluates
(critiques) the studies reviewed
• It outlines a framework and a theoretical
base of a research
• It is defined by research objectives,
issue/problem you are exploring
• It is NOT just a description or summary of
your readings.
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION
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PrimarySources
Own
experience/
opinion
Interview
Questionnaire
Others’ experience/
opinion
Observation
Experiment
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reference works
books
journals
Secondary
Sources
magazines
newspapers
newsletter
brochures
electronic resources
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Cite sources
Avoid plagiarism
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PLAGIARISM
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Source: wiki.noblenet.org
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Taken from:
info.library.unsw.edu.au
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WARNING:
In academic culture, plagiarism is a
serious offense.
Committing plagiarism can result in
being expelled from a university.
Therefore, it is in your best interest
to learn CITING skills.
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quoting
summarising
copying
paraphrasing
PLAGIARISM
PLAGIARISM
Without adequate documentation
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Ways to Use Secondary Data
Paraphrase
Summarise
Quote
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Paraphrase/Summarise
Identify
theme
Read
Note the source:
title, author,
page number,
url, date of
access
Extract
relevant
info
Re-write the
ideas in own
words
Check for
accuracy of
original ideas
Connect all
ideas into a
coherent piece
Table of
main idea
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QUOTING
… is copying author’s original words and
putting them in quotation marks
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Quoting Guide
Less than 40 words
More than 40 words
incorporate
into the text
use a separate
“block
quotation”
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Some Rules to In-Text Citation
- Direct Quotation • According to Jones (1998), "Students
often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time"
(p. 199).
• She stated, "Students often had
difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998,
p. 199), but she did not offer an
explanation as to why.
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Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using
APA style, especially when it was
their first time citing sources. This
difficulty could be attributed to the
fact that many students failed to
purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)
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Useful Expressions when
Quoting/Paraphrasing/Summarising
state
suggest
claim
recommend
conclude
find
list
analyse
maintain
review
discover
reveal
report
assume
discover
illustrate
show
indicate
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What is in-text citation?
• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a
difficult citation format for first-time
learners.
• APA style is a difficult citation format for
first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
Reference List?
• Strahan, D. (2009, September). A real
waste of waste. Ecologist, (3), 2-4.
• Kazmin, A. (2009, September 9).
'Politics of water' leaves Punjab in
deep trouble. Financial Times.
Retrieved from http://www.ft.com
• Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R.(1991). APA
guide to preparing manuscripts for
journal publication. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
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Some Rules to In-Text Citation
- Paraphrase/Summary • A Work with One Author – use surname but do not include
suffix (such as Jr.) or professional titles (such as Dr.)
• As Resnick (1997) described in her adventure, the people of
South Africa are committed to the future.
• The people of South Africa are committed to the future (Resnick,
1997).
• A Work with Two Authors - use both names each time the
reference is cited; use & instead of “and” in the parenthetical
citation, but do not substitute in the sentence.
• Smith and Jones (2005) found …
• As the research shows (Smith & Jones, 2005) …
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Some Rules to In-Text Citation
- Paraphrase/Summary • A Work with 3, 4, or 5 Authors – use all authors for the first
mention and the first author and et al. for subsequent
referrals
• Carey, Elfstrand, and Hijleh (2005) found … [first citation to this
work]
• As this study shows (Carey et al., 2005) … [all subsequent
references to above work]
• A Work with More than 6 Authors – use the first author and et
al. and the year.
• Gordon et al. (2009) showed …
• As shown previously (Gordon et al., 2009) …
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Some Rules to In-Text Citation
- Paraphrase/Summary • A Work with a Group as Author – corporations, associations,
government agencies – use the full name in each citation
unless the abbreviation is well known and is easily
recognizable for locating the entry in the Reference list.
• Rose Society (1999) or (Rose Society, 1999) [all citations to this
work –no common abbreviation or acronym]
• United Nations Children‟s Fund (2007) or (United Nations
Children‟s Fund, 2007) [first citation]
• UNICEF (2007) or (UNICEF, 2007) [subsequent referrals to this
work –common acronym – reader would know to look for entry
under United Nations Children‟s Fund in the Reference list]
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Some Rules to In-Text Citation
- Paraphrase/Summary • A Work with No Author – instead of the author use the title or
the first few words of the title (if the title is long). If the title
is to a chapter, an article or a web page, put the words in
quotes; if the title is to a book, a periodical, a brochure or
report, use italics.
• A study on internet use (“Survey Shows”, 2008)… [This is a web
page from a web site; use quotation marks since work is a part of
a whole]
• The brochure Facts about HIV/AIDS (2009)… [Use italics since
this is a whole work]
• Secondary Sources – use only when unable to review the
original work
• Freeman’s work (as cited in Franklin, 2001) purports… [Franklin
is listed in the Reference list]
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Some Rules to Reference List
• Publication date appears in parentheses, followed by
a period. Use (n.d.) when no publication date is
available
• Italicize titles of whole entities - books, periodicals,
brochures, films, reports, etc. - not chapters or
article titles
• Italicize volume numbers of magazines and journals,
but not the issue number.
• Electronic Sources not based on a Print Version
• Use this statement – Retrieved MONTH DATE,
YEAR, from URL
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Some Rules to Reference List
- Examples • Magazine, newsletter, or journal article in print
• Nayak, N. V. & Taylor, J. E. (2009, October). Offshore
outsourcing in global design networks. Journal of
Management in Engineering, 25, 177-184.
• Strahan, D. (2009, September). A real waste of waste.
Ecologist, (3), 2-4.
• Twitter: a vampire that can legally suck the life out
of you. (2009, September 21). Advertising Age,
80(31), 42.
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Some Rules to Reference List
- Examples -
• Journal article retrieved online (web or database)
– provide homepage URL of the journal, newsletter
or magazine rather than electronic database
information.
• Clemmitt, M. (2009, October 9). Medication abuse.
CQ Researcher, 19, 837-860. Retrieved July 6,
2009, from
http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/
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Some Rules to Reference List
- Examples • Newspaper article in print and retrieved online– use
p. or pp. for page numbers in a newspaper
• Kazmin, A. (2009, September 9). 'Politics of water'
leaves Punjab in deep trouble. Financial Times,
p. 6.
• Kazmin, A. (2009, September 9). 'Politics of water'
leaves Punjab in deep trouble. Financial Times.
Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.ft.com
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Some Rules to Reference List
- Examples • Entire book, print version
• Belasco, W. J. (2007). Appetite for change: How the
counterculture took on the food industry. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press.
• Entire book, electronic version of a print book –
electronic retrieval information replaces
publication information. If DOI available, that is all
that is needed.
• Bohman, J. (2007). Democracy across borders: From
Dêmos to Dêmoi. Retrieved July, 6 2009, from
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/rit/docDetail.action?
docID=10190463
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• Book chapter, article in edited book
• Carll, E. K. (2008). Violent video games and
aggressive behavior in children are linked. In
Gerdes, L. (Ed.). Opposing Viewpoints: Violence.
(pp. 6-21). Chicago, IL: American Library
Association.
• Unpublished Work
• Lipkens, R. (1992). A behaviour analysis of complex
human functioning: Analogical reasoning.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Nevada-Reno, Nevada, USA.
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Query
• Conference/Proceedings?
– Evers, G. & Isernberg, M. (2009, January).
Reliability and validity of self-care agency scale.
Paper presented at the International Nursing
Research Conference, Washington, DC.
– Evers, G. & Isernberg, M. (2009, January).
Reliability and validity of self-care agency scale. In
Bauer, B. (Ed.), Conceptual issues in family
caregiving research: Proceedings of the
International Nursing Research Conference (pp.
20-30). Washington, DC: University of Washington.
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• Online article with no page number:
– Use abbreviation "para." followed by the
paragraph number you are citing. When
possible, specify a section of the article.
• (Myers, 2000, para. 5)
• (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
• Presentation
– Worral, P. S. & Levin, R. (2004,
June). Developing a statewide research
agenda. Presentation given at the biannual
meeting of the American Nurses
Association, Minneapolis, MN.
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How Do You Cite a Google Book?
• Students are starting to turn to the resource
for their research.
• The answer wasn’t immediately clear!
– Ballard, J. N. (1998). The History of the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Washington: DIANE Publishing.
p. 143. ISBN 0-7881-7666-8. Google Book Search.
Retrieved on December 23, 2007
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Paraphrase
- To retain
ideas in the
original
passage but
put them in
your own
words.
Summarize
Quote
- To condense
a long detail
passage.
- To use the
exact words of
the original.
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1. PARAPHRASING
• Involve restating the ideas from a
passage in your own words
• Paraphrased text is usually the
same length as the original
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Example
• Source
It has long been known that Cairo is the
most populous city on earth, but no-one
knew exactly how populous it was until
last month. – (Chan Kian Hwa, 2010)
• Paraphrase
Although Cairo according to Chan Kian
Hwa (2010) has been the world's most
heavily populated city for many years,
the precise population was not known
until four weeks ago.
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The following stages may be
useful:
1. Read and understand the text.
2. Make a list of the main ideas.
– Find the important ideas - the important
words/phrases. In some way mark them write them down, underline or highlight
them.
– Find alternative words/synonyms for
these words/phrases - do not change
specialised vocabulary and common
words.
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3. Change the structure of the text.
– Identify the meaning relationships
between the words/ideas - e.g.
cause/effect, generalisation, contrast.
– Express these relationships in a different
way.
– Change the grammar of the text: change
nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs,
etc., break up long sentences, combine
short sentences.
4. Rewrite the main ideas in complete
sentences. Combine your notes into a
piece of continuous writing.
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5. Check your work.
– Make sure the meaning is the same.
– Make sure the length is the same.
– Make sure the style is your own.
– Remember to acknowledge other people's
work.
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METHODS OF PARAPHRASING
1. Look away from the source; then write.
–
Read the text you want to paraphrase several
times—until you feel that you understand it and
can use your own words to restate it. Then,
look away from the original and rewrite the
text in your own words.
OR
2. Take notes.
–
Take notes; set the notes aside; then
paraphrase from the notes.
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If it still doesn’t work?
This may mean that you don’t understand the
passage completely.
Then, you have to move
to the next strategy:
While looking at the source, first change (a)
the structure, then (b) the words.
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(a) Change the structure
• Begin by starting at a different place in the
passage, basing your choice on the focus of
your paper. This will lead naturally to some
changes in wording.
• Focusing on specific people rather than
abstractions will make your paraphrase more
readable.
• You might also break up long sentences,
combine short ones, expand phrases for
clarity, or shorten them for conciseness.
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(b) Change the words
• Use synonyms or a phrase that
expresses the same meaning.
• Leave shared language unchanged.
– Some Examples of Shared Language You Don’t
Need to Change:
• Conventional designations: e.g., physician’s assistant,
chronic low-back pain
• Preferred bias-free language: e.g., persons with
disabilities
• Technical terms and phrases of a discipline or genre:
e.g., reduplication, cognitive domain, material
culture, sexual harassment
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Exercise
• There are reckoned to be over 4,000 plant species
used by forest dwellers as food and medicine alone.
There are calculated to be more than 4,000 plant species utilised by
forest inhabitants just as foodstuffs and drugs.
• Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving
information.
Memory is the facility for keeping and recovering data.
• Research and publications are accumulating in each
of the four fields of anthropology at an exponential
rate.
Studies and books are gathering in all of the four areas of anthropology
at a very fast speed.
• It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a
mother behaves towards her baby.
It is useful to observe several features of how a mother acts when she
is with her small child.
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• The Japanese government offered new
homes to homeless people in Tokyo.
• Homeless people in Tokyo were offered
new homes by the Japanese
government.
• Unfortunate people without housing in
Tokyo were given roofs to live under by
the Japanese government.
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• Many parents in the program failed to
recognise their children’s
achievements.
• Their children’s achievements failed to
be recognised by parents in the
program
• Their children’s accomplishments failed
to be acknowledged by parents in the
course.
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• In American society, Introverts are outnumbered
about three to one. As a result, they must develop
extra coping skills early in life because there will be
an inordinate amount of pressure on them to “shape
up,” to act like the rest of the world. The Introvert is
pressured daily, almost from the moment of
awakening, to respond and conform to the outer
world. Classroom teachers unwittingly pressure
Introverted students by announcing that “One-third of
your grade will be based on classroom participation.”
From Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk:
The 16 Personality Types that Determine How We
Live, Love and Work. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989.
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• Possible Paraphrase
• There are many more extroverts than
introverts in America. This puts a lot of
pressure on introverts to fit in and be
like everybody else. Even in school,
teachers add to this pressure by making
class participation part of the student's
grade. Consequently, introverts have to
acquire additional skills to deal with
these pressures.
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• Students frequently overuse direct quotation in
taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations
in the final research paper. Probably only about 10
percent of the final manuscript should appear as
directly quoted matter. Therefore, students should
strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of
source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D.
Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
• In research papers students often quote excessively,
failling to keep quoted material down to a desirable
level. Since the problem usually originates during
note-taking, it is essential to minimize the material
recorded verbatim in order to adhere to maximum of
ten percent of directly quoted materials.
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• Although Simax is the latest cellular
company here, it has managed to
successfully build the largest market
share in cellular communications. Simax
has the largest number of subscribers
which is about five millions.
• Simax is now the top cellular service
communication provider even though it
is the most recent cellular company.
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2. SUMMARIZING
• It is a shortened piece of writing by
restating main points in your own
words
• General ideas are highlighted
• Details & examples are excluded
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Example
• Source
The amphibia, which is the animal class
to which our frogs and toads belong,
were the first animals to crawl from the
sea and inhabit the earth.
• Summary
The first animals to leave the sea and
live on dry land were the amphibia.
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Distinguish between main and subsidiary
information. Delete most details and examples,
unimportant information, anecdotes, examples,
illustrations, data etc. Simplify the text. Reduce
complex sentences to simple sentences, simple
sentences to phrases, phrases to single words.
• People whose professional activity lies in the field of
politics are not, on the whole, conspicuous for their
respect for factual accuracy.
Politicians often lie.
• Failure to assimilate an adequate quantity of solid
food over an extended period of time is absolutely
certain to lead, in due course, to a fatal conclusion.
Lack of food causes death.
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Example
• The climatic conditions prevailing in Malaysia show a pattern
of alternating and unpredictable periods of dry and wet
weather, accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle of
temperature changes.
Weather in Malaysia is changeable.
• It is undeniable that the large majority of non-native
learners of English experience a number of problems in
attempting to master the phonetic patterns of the language.
Many learners find English pronunciation difficult.
• Tea, whether of the China or Indian variety, is well known to
be high on the list of those beverages which are most
frequently drunk by the inhabitants of the British Isles.
The British drink a large amount of tea.
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3. DIRECT QUOTATION
• Authors’ exact words are copied
directly from original sources
• It is preferred when citing powerful
phrases or interpreting literary works
like poems or plays
• Sources must be properly cited
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WHAT NOT TO CITE?
Common knowledge consists of:
•Information that is easily observed – the sky is
blue.
•Commonly reported facts – Dr Mahathir was the
fourth prime minister of Malaysia.
•Common sayings such as proverbs – “Two heads are
better than one” “Honesty is the best policy”
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