Transcript Pierce’s Disease and the Glassy

Coping with
Pierce’s Disease
in California
------Another InsectVectored Bacterial
Disease
-------Bob Wynn
Statewide
Coordinator
CDFA / PDCP
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Glassy-winged
Sharpshooter
(GWSS)
Xylella
fastidiosa
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Glassy-winged Sharpshooter
• Is native to southeastern U.S. and
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•
northern Mexico
In southern CA since about 1990
Has wide host range and builds to large
numbers
Feeds on the xylem (water-conducting
elements) of plants
Vectors the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa
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Xylella fastidiosa
• In California since about 1880
• Causes plant disease by plugging up the
xylem of plants
• Diseases include:
–Pierce’s disease (grapes)
–Almond leaf scorch (almonds)
–Oleander leaf scorch (oleander)
–Citrus variegated chlorosis (citrus)
–Others
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What’s at Stake?
-- California’s Grape Industry -All Grapes
•
800,000 acres
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6 million tons produced
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$3 billion farmgate value
Winegrapes
•
$51.8 billion state economic benefit
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$103 billion national economic benefit
•
309,000 jobs in California
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759,000 jobs in the U.S.
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Background
1999: “Say goodbye to California wines.”
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Chronology
AUGUST 1999
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
Local
Emergency
in Temecula
CDFA
Research
Task Force
Governor
signs AB
1232
Advisory
Task Force
Appointed
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
CDFA Draft
Management
Plan
Pest
Management
Areas Form
Federal
Funds
Requested
Nursery
Inspections
Begin
APRIL
JUNE
JULY 2000
Grape
Movement
/Biocontrol
GOVERNOR
Appropriates $14 million
Receives $22 mil. Federal Funds
Emergency
Regulations
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Impacted & At-Risk Areas
• Southern California (Temecula)
• Central California (Kern & Tulare Counties)
• Northern & Coastal California (Napa/Sonoma)
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PD & GWSS in California
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Management Practices for PD
- Grapes Pathogen Control
• Vineyard inspections and testing
• Roguing of diseased vines & vineyards
Vector Control
• Trapping and monitoring
• Insecticide treatments
• Inspection & certification of bulk grape shipments
Additional Measures
• Site vineyards away from pathogen & vector sources
• Removal of alternate hosts
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Grapes
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Grapevine Loss Assistance Program
• Part of Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000
• Reimbursed growers for vineyards lost to PD &
GWSS
• Encouraged vineyard removal, reducing
amount of Xf inoculum
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Management Practices for PD
- Nursery Vector Control
• Trapping and monitoring
• Insecticide treatments
• Inspection and certification of shipments
• Safeguarding
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Nursery
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Management Practices for PD
- Citrus Vector Control
• Trapping and monitoring
• Systemic and contact insecticides
• Sanitation and safe harvesting
• Inspection and certification of bulk
citrus shipments
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Bulk Citrus
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Area-wide Projects
Coordinated vector control over large agricultural
areas
• Trapping and monitoring
• Insecticide treatments
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The Basics
 Target citrus in a geographically defined area
– Timing of treatments
– Grower participation
 Assess the data
– Current & historical trapping history (1/4 mile grid), survey data
– Past treatments, existing pest management strategies
– Other influences (organic citrus, windbreaks, other hosts)
 Recommend
treatments
grower
reimbursed
treatment
coordinator
county
growers
 Cooperation, cooperation, cooperation… 
Kern County GWSS
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Tulare County GWSS
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Area-wide Project Results
Before
After
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Biological Control
G. triguttatus
G.
G.morrilli
fasciatus
(female)
G. ashmeadi
G. morrilli
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California Winegrape Assessment
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Based on value of harvested grapes
Maximum rate is $3 per $1,000 of value
Total collected in 7 years: $31.8 million
$18.3 million used to fund 100 basic research
projects since July 2001
Other expenditures include:
• Biocontrol
• Outreach
• PIPRA
• NAS review
• RSAP
• Research Director
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Research
•
Searching for solutions to PD & GWSS
• Over 200 projects, conducted by scientists
from California, other states, the USDAARS, and Brazil
• Research Symposium held annually to
foster communication
• Examining intellectual property issues via
contract with PIPRA
• Research Director activities
• Research Program Review (RSAP)
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Areas with Significant Progress
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Identification of pathogen factors that
mediate virulence (DSF, PGIPs, tolC)
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Grape and Xylella genomics
• Potential for using transgenic rootstocks
• Area-wide control of insect vectors
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Epidemiology
Biological control
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Breeding grapes for resistance
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Questions?
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