What is a ...

I

Information

. . . a conceptual definition

Real World

Real World

Abstraction

Printed Maps

Real World

Abstraction Representation

Printed Maps

Real World

Abstraction Representation

Printed Maps

Conversion

Digital Model

Real World

Abstraction Representation

Printed Maps

Conversion Presentation

Digital Model

Real World

Analysis Abstraction Representation

Printed Maps

Conversion Presentation

Digital Model

Real World

Analysis Action Abstraction Representation

Printed Maps

Conversion Presentation

Digital Model

Real World

Analysis Action Abstraction Representation

Printed Maps

Conversion Presentation

Digital Model

. . . an operational definition

Geographic Data

Descriptive Data

Chris Buhi Christian Carlson Chris McGuire Dale Loberger Donna Buccini Doug Ruppel Gary Waters Holly Williams Jim Wojcik Jo-Ann Brown Joe Rubisch Larry Young Lee Ross Marcia Austin Mary Jo Fraley Mike Dyer Mike Rhoades Mike Sweeney Paul Gallimore 1757 Millbrook Ln 1761 Millbrook Ln 1765 Millbrook Ln 1776 Millbrook Ln 1780 Millbrook Ln 1537 Sandberry Dr 1541 Sandberry Dr 1200 Yamasee Dr 980 Harrowfield Rd 1812 Millbrook Ln 1090 Overhill Dr 1108 Kings Canyon Dr 1605 Bosham Ln 1429 Quail Wood Dr 28226 28226 28226 28226 28226 28226 28226 28210 28226 28226 28112 28226 28226 28226 1432 Quail Wood Dr 1430 Quail Wood Dr 28226 28226 1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173 1327 Red Hickory Ln 1429 Buckeye Ct 28173 28173 Y 2 Y 1 Y 2 N 6 Y 2 Y 1 Y 3 Y 4 N 1 N 2 Y 4 Y 3 Y 2 Y 2 Y 1 Y 3 Y 3 Y 2 Y 2

Geographic Information

N 6 Donna Buccini 1780 Millbrook Ln Y 2 Jo-Ann Bro 1812 Millbr Y 2 Christian Carlson 1761 Millbrook Ln Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln Y

Spatial Representations

POINTS LINES POLYGON NODES ANNOTATION

Geographic Representations

POLYGON: a closed area formed by one or more lines

(eg. parcels, soil types, political boundaries, city limits, and census tracts)

LINE: a feature defined by connecting a series of coordinates or through a geometric description

(eg. streams, street centerlines, parcel surveys, water lines, and gas mains)

Geographic Representations

POINT: a feature defined by a single coordinate

(eg. maintenance hole covers, well locations, light poles, eagle nests, survey monuments)

NODES: features located at the intersection of two lines

intersections, pipe joins) (eg. street

ANNOTATION: a text string placed on a map as a graphic description

names, and parcel or index numbers) (eg. street

Geographic Representations Point Line Polygon Node Anno

Geographic Representations Vector Point Line Polygon Node Anno Each of these geographic representations can be grouped into a category of

VECTOR

data

Geographic Representations Vector Point Line Polygon Node Anno Point Attribute Table Line Attribute Table Polygon Attribute Table Node Attribute Table These features are then linked to user-defined attribute tables Text Attribute Table

Spatial Relationships

(Topology)

Area Definition Adjacency Connectivity

12

Arc-Node Topology

2732 24 33 37 2641 41 2642

Arc-Node Topology

12 2641 FNODE# 39 48 39 37 TNODE# 37 37 2641 48 2641 41 LPOLY# 0 0 24 RPOLY# 2641 2732 PARCEL# 540.12 477 2642 2651 2642 297.45 478 140.33 479 153.56 480 33 37 41 2642

Polygon-Arc Topology

12 2641 FNODE# 39 48 39 37 TNODE# 37 37 48 41 LPOLY# 0 2641 2641 0 24 RPOLY# 2641 2642 2651 2642 2732 540.12

297.45

140.33 153.56 PARCEL# 477 478 479 480 PARCEL# 2641 2642 33 ARC LIST 477, 478, 479 478, 480, 481, 482 37 41 2642

Regions & Routes

Regions

Regions & Routes

Regions

Regions & Routes

Regions

Regions & Routes

Regions Route Systems

Regions & Routes

Regions Route Systems

Geographic Representations

REGIONS: an extension of the polygon feature which can define overlapping and discontinuos areas

(eg. barrier islands, chemical applications, and trade area studies)

ROUTES: an extension of line features which permits dynamic definition of linear, or point, features as a segment of a line or spanning across multiple lines

(eg. street pavement conditions, stream quality, and sewer pipeline breaks)

Table Relationships

12 2641 AREA PERIM -8654365 96432.5

PARCEL# 1 65567.54 75343.2 2 43576.22 46512.9 3 46533.71 50264.2 4 24 PIN 536274 541280 37 OWNER 0 2641 2642 2643 Christian Carlson 33 Dale Loberger PIN 0 536274 541280 539291 ADDRESS 1761 Mi 1765 Mi 1767 Mi 41 2642

Why Vector?

 maintains very accurate graphic representations of map features  maintains polygon data as a single attribute record  maintains discrete features for points, lines, polygons, nodes, and annotation  permits the combination of data layers while maintaining accurate graphic representation

Discrete Raster Representations

ORIGINAL VECTOR CELLS

Discrete Raster Representations

Value 0 1 Count 175 29 Pavement Y Cost 125

Continuous Raster Representations

ORIGINAL SAMPLE POINTS CELLS

Continuous Raster Representations

NO TABLE ASSOCIATED WITH CONTINUOUS GRID DATA

Geographic Representations

CELLS: a representation of geographic data based on rows and columns

(eg. continuous surface data such as elevation or temperature, and categorical representations derived from vector data)

PIXELS: a group of independent points with a color value but no other associated data

(eg. scanned documents, orthophotography, satellite images)

Geographic Representations Vector Cell Pixel Point Line Polygon Node Anno Point Attribute Table Line Attribute Table Polygon Attribute Table Node Attribute Table Text Attribute Table

Geographic Representations Raster Vector Cell Pixel Point Line Polygon Node Anno Point Attribute Table Line Attribute Table Polygon Attribute Table Node Attribute Table A regular structure of rows and columns form

RASTER

data Text Attribute Table

Geographic Representations Raster Vector Cell Pixel Point Line Polygon Node Anno Continuous Discrete Point Attribute Table Line Attribute Table Value Attribute Table Polygon Attribute Table Node Attribute Table Attributes can be cell groupings Text Attribute Table associated with categorical

Why Raster?

 permits the display of images  allows fast data layer combinations (raster overlays are accomplished through map algebra statements)  better suited for analysis of continous data or the interaction of discrete data with continous surfaces (examples include weighted distance models, hydrological models, and neighborhood analysis)

Why GIS?

Network Analysis GIS Data Model Geometric Analysis Cartographic Output Modeling Interfaces Visualization Raster Analysis

Geometric Analysis

Buffer: create an equidistant polygon around geographic features using a constant or attribute value Overlay: create a new data set by combining two or more data sets Query: perform graphic or tablular selection Proximity: determine distance between features of distinct data sets

Raster Analysis

Neighborhood Analysis: examine the effect of proximity of cells to their neighbors Surface Paths: calculate optimal path across a surface of “movement” costs Hydrological Functions: calculate flow across surfaces and determine watersheds, delineate and order streams, or model subsurface flow

Network Analysis

Optimal Path: calculate optimal path through a linear network modeling costs and present written directions Nearest Facility: locate nearest facility to a defined address or point Linear Allocations: determine “service areas” by allocating lines to facilities Routing Solutions: solve linear transportation problems such as best order routing (“traveling salesman”)

Cartographic Output

Thematic Shading: shade polygons based on attributes using vector or raster fill patterns including transparent backgrounds Automatic Text: intelligent text labeling and text overposting Hybrid Display and Plot: presentation of vector and raster data

Visualization

3D Display: display data in three dimensional space with control over user viewpoint Surface Drape: drape raster or vector data over a 3D surface View Calculation: determine line-of-sight or viewshed from any vantage point and elevation

Modeling Interfaces

Third Party Applications: access to the largest offering of third party applications for any GIS software

. . . a working definition

A computer system consisting of hardware and software that utilizes relational database technology and a topological data structure to allow the integration of raster and vector spatial data with tabular information for display, edit, query, analysis, combination, creation, maintenance, and management of geographic data sets in an environment that is customizable to meet the application needs of the users forming a powerful network of information that facilitates the sharing of data for better decision making.

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