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© 2004 Mark Poyser The Development of Christianity A graphical presentation This is a work in progress. This product has not been finalized. This is a development version. © 2004 Mark Poyser General information Screen setting: At least 1024x768 (better with 1280x1024 or 1600x1200) Fonts: Wingdings, Wingdings 2, Webdings Resources / Source material: The New Oxford Annotated Bible (NRSV) 2001 Oxford University Press Isaac Asimov: Asimov’s Guide to the Bible (2vol) Lawrence Boadt: Reading the Old Testament James Carroll: Constantine’s Sword Richard Elliott Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible? Paul Johnson: A History of the Jews Paul Johnson: A History of Christianity 1969 1984 2001 1989 1987 1976 Wings Books Paulist Press Houghton Mifflin Harper Collins Harper Perennial Simon & Schuster © 2004 Mark Poyser Background In order to understand the forces that influenced Christianity, it is necessary to examine the various historical developments in Judaism from the period of Greek domination up to the Roman era. This set of slides will review the history of the eastern Mediterranean region from 300 BC to 250 AD. Note: To save space in the diagrams, dates have the notation BC (instead of the more generally used BCE: Before Christian Era). Similarly, AD is used instead of CE. © 2004 Mark Poyser The Jewish Ideal vs. Reality Rome Greece Asia Minor Greek cultural influences Syria Roman cultural influences Egypt Rejectio n of other cultures Independent kingdom Hebrew Bible Ruled by Syria or Rome Determines the way society works. It is the Law. Judea temple G G Temple attendants: descendants of the tribe of Levy High priest ruler A descendant of the tribe of Aaron A descendant of King David Temple defiled with idols/statues Installed by foreign overlord Non-Davidic king Roman procurator © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed Syrian war 1st killed 299 BC 299 BC – 250 BC Punic war 1st M Maccabees - 290 BC 289 BC The Ogulnian law 300 BC - - 280 BC 279 BC - 270 BC 269 BC - 260 BC 259 BC - 250 BC Dictatorship of Quintus Hortensius (plebian) 287 BC - 1st Rome Greece Treaty of Friendship Asia Minor Seleucids son Antiochus I Soter (“conqueror”) 280 BC – 261 BC son Seleucus I Nicator (“conqueror”) 305 BC – 280 BC Syria Antiochus II Theos (“god”) 261 BC – 246 BC 1st Ptolemy II Philadelphus (“loving his sister”) 285 BC – 246 BC son Ptolemy I Soter (“savior”) 306 BC – 285 BC Egypt 2nd Museum and Library at Alexandria Pharos lighthouse is finished (275) Book of Jonah Hebrew Bible Greek Septuagint Book of Ecclesiastes Judea under Ptolemies Judea temple G High priest Simon I 299 BC - 290 BC 289 BC - 280 BC 279 BC - 270 BC 269 BC - 260 BC 259 BC - 250 BC © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed 3rd killed 1st M Maccabees 249 BC Syrian war 249 BC – 200 BC Punic war - 240 BC 239 BC - 230 BC 229 BC - 220 BC 219 BC - 210 BC 209 BC - 200 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major 1st Rome 2nd defeated at Cannae defeat Hannibal bro. Greece march into Babylon Seleucids defeat Seleucids Antiochus III Magnus (“great”) 223 BC – 187 BC lose to Egypt 3rd Ptolemy III Euergetes (“benefactor”) 246 BC – 221 BC 4th Ptolemy IV Philopater (“loving his father”) 221 BC – 203 BC son Ptolemy II Philadelphus 285 – 246 son Egypt Seleucus III Ceraunus 226 – 223 son Seleucus II Callinicus (“gloriously victorious”) 246 BC – 226 BC bro. Antiochus II Theos 261 – 246 War of the Brothers son Syria defeat Parthians Hierax son Asia Minor Ptolemy V 203–181 Peak of Ptolemaic power Judea under Ptolemies Judea temple G High priest Simon II 249 BC - 240 BC 239 BC - 230 BC 229 BC - 220 BC 219 BC - 210 BC 209 BC - 200 BC 5th killed Syrian war 199 BC – 150 BC M Maccabees - 190 BC 189 BC - 180 BC 179 BC - dau. 199 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major 170 BC 169 BC - 160 BC son © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed Cornelia Gracchus Rome 159 BC - 150 BC Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 163 BC – 133 BC hostage Orders A. IV out of Egypt Rome defeats in Greece (192) Parthians break away (190) Greece Parthians (Persians) Antiochus IV Epiphanes (“god manifest”) 175 BC – 164 BC Apollonius 6th defeat Egypt 5th defeat Egypt Ptolemy VI Philomater (“loving his mother”) 181 BC – 170 BC son Ptolemy V Ephphanes (“god manifest”) 203 BC – 181 BC Egypt Jueda under Ptolemies Temple reform statue of Zeus (167) recognize Jonathan (152) semiindependent oppose revolt Bethhoran rededicate temple: Hanukkah banned circumcision banned scriptures Onias III 198 – 175 son alliance (161) G Davidic descent S.II G G Book of Esther Book of Daniel join Gr: Assideans Judea High priest antiGreek / Seleucid Judea under Seleucids Hassidim temple acceptance by others resistance by some Demetrius I Soter (“savior”) 162-150 Physcon (“Pot-Belly”) Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (“benefactor”) 170 BC – 116 BC Greek cultural influences Book of Ecclesiasticus Antiochus V Eupator 163-162 Lysias bro. Seleucus IV Philopater (“loving his father”) 187 BC – 175 BC son Antiochus III Magnus (“great”) 223 BC – 187 BC Syria bro. Rome defeats in Asia Minor (190) Seleucids son Asia Minor Jason 175 – 172 Menelaus 172 BC – 162 BC M Jonathan 153 – 142 Alcimus 162 BC – 153 BC 199 BC - Hasmonaeans 190 BC 189 BC - 180 BC 179 BC - 170 BC 169 BC - M Judas Maccabeus 165 BC – 160 BC bro. Mattathias – 165 BC son M Hashmon Gr: Asmon ruler 160 BC 159 BC Jonathan 160 BC – 142 BC - 150 BC leader killed M Maccabees slave revolt 149 BC – 100 BC House of Hyrcanus H 149 BC - 140 BC 139 BC - 130 BC - Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 163 BC – 133 BC 3rd Rome 129 BC 120 BC bro. © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed Gaius G. 123–121 119 BC - 110 BC 109 BC - 100 BC Gaius Marius ( consul) 107 BC – 82 BC Eunus Greece Asia Minor Seleucids Antiochus VII Sidetes 138 BC – 125 BC Demetrius II 145-141 Antio. VI 145 – 142 Trypho 142-138 Cleo. Thea 125-121 Physcon (“Pot-Belly”) Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (“benefactor”) 170 BC – 116 BC Egypt Cleopatra III 116 BC – 101 BC Ptolemy IX Soter II 116 - 107 antiGreek/Seleucid Teacher of Righteousness Purist / Descendants of Zadoc & Aaron / Move to Qumran Oppose lineage of High Priests Davidic descent Jonathan 160 BC – 142 BC 149 BC - M bro. ruler son-i-law G 140 BC destroy Samaritan temple life after death Ptolemy H Aristobulus I 104 – 103 BC H Simon 142 BC – 134 BC Simon 142 BC – 134 BC 139 BC destroy Samaria son Pharisees Jonathan 153 BC – 142 BC Mat Jud Judea formally independent Judea M religious life after death Mat Jud Jon Sim semiindependent High priest Book of 2 Maccabees Judah exempt from taxation (142) Sadducees Jason of Cyrene Book of secular 1 Maccabees Dead Sea Scrolls C. Ptolemy X Alexander 107 - 88 - 130 BC 129 BC - John Hyrcanus I 134 BC – 104 BC H A. J. 103 – 76 John Hyrcanus I 134 BC – 104 BC A. J. 103 – 76 120 BC 119 BC son Essenes temple Antiochus VIII Grypus 125 BC – 96 BC - 110 BC 109 BC - bro. Alexander Balas 150 – 146 Syria 100 BC © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed leader killed H 99 BC slave revolt 99 BC – 50 BC House of Hyrcanus - 90 BC 89 BC - 80 BC 79 BC - Gaius Marius ( consul) 107 BC – 82 BC 69 BC - 60 BC 59 BC - 50 BC 1st Trium: Caesar, Pompey, Crassus 60 BC – 47 BC Sulla 82 BC – 60 BC Pompey Spartacus Rome Athens Greece Ephesus Asia Minor Syria 70 BC Seleucids Antiochus VIII Grypus 125 BC – 96 BC Seleucids annex Syria Cleopatra Berenice 101 BC – 88 BC Egypt Ptolemy X Alexander 107 BC – 88 BC Ptolemy IX Soter II (“savior”) 88 - 80 Pt. XI 80 Ptolemy XII Auletes 80 BC – 59 BC, 55 BC – 51 BC C. VII 51 - Essenes Dead Sea Scrolls Judea independent Judea a Roman client-state (63) civil war (Alexander vs rigorists) Judea take Jerusalem life after death visit Temple Pharisees G G Sadducees High priest H Alexander Jannaeus 103 BC – 76 BC 99 BC - 90 BC 89 BC H Aristobulus II 66 BC – 63 BC H 76 BC – 66 BC Alexandra Salome (widow of Alexander Jannaeus) 76 BC – 67 BC Alexander Jannaeus 103 BC – 76 BC ruler bring Pharisees in Sanhedrin Davidic descent son temple - 80 BC 79 BC - 70 BC 69 BC John Hyrcanus II 63 BC – 40 BC Antipater the Idumean 66 BC – 43 BC - 60 BC 59 BC - 50 BC © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed 49 BC – 00 BC killed H 49 BC House of Hyrcanus - 40 BC 1st T. Julius Caesar 60 – 46 47 – 44 Pompey Rome 39 BC - 30 BC 2nd Triumvirate: Octavian, Antony, Lepidus 42 BC – 30 BC 29 BC - 20 BC 19 BC Octavian 30 – 27 - 10 BC 9 BC - 00 Octavian - Augustus 27 BC - 14 Senate Greece Asia Minor son Galilee good relations Herod good relations Iturea Galilee son son rex socius et amicus populi Romani Syria H.Philip 4 H.Antipas 4 - Essenes Dead Sea Scrolls Judea a Roman client-state take Jerusalem life after death vicarious suffering Hillel Pharisees temple G G Sadducees High priest ruler 70 – AD10 H Davidic descent John Hyrcanus II 63 BC – 40 BC Antipater the Idumean 66 BC – 43 BC 49 BC - H Aristobulus III 36 BC mutilate Antigonus 40 – 37 BC Joazar ben Boethus 4 BC Ananelus 36 – 30 BC Joshua ben Fabus 30 – 23 BC 39 BC - 30 BC 29 BC Simon ben Boethus Mariamne – 23 BC Parthians Antigonus 40 – 37 BC 40 BC build Herod’s temple (22 BC – 24 AD) - Elezar 4 BC – 3 BC Joshua 3 BC - 6 Mattathias ben Theophilus Herod The Great 37 BC – 4 BC 20 BC 19 BC son Judea - 10 BC 9 BC - Herod Archelaus 4 BC - 6 00 © 2004 Mark Poyser preaching deposed killed missionary voyage procurator A 00 House of Annas - 09 Greek; Greek-friendly Jewish Pauline redemptive 10 00 AD – 50 AD theological elements - 19 20 - Octavian - Augustus 30 BC - 14 29 30 - Syria - Gaius - Caligula 37 - 41 49 Claudius 41 - 54 orders emperor worship (39) Greek concepts, terms, opinion, status Plato: divine Idea / Logos Plato: body/soul Saul polytheism Christ Y’shua Jesus; Miriam Mary distaste for Hebrew law not the Elect Jesus divine Trinity Christ Jesus, Mary faith over Law Faith suffices baptism apocalyptic teachings God as father life after death vicarious suffering vision “anointed” stopped by Petronius uprising against Rome Iturea Galilee Herod Philip 4 BC - 34 Herod Antipas 4 BC - 39 Philippi Thessalonica Berea, Corinth Paul’s theology Paul persecutes? Asia Minor 40 Tiberius 14 - 37 Rome Greece 39 (47) Antioch Antioch Iconium Ephesus Lystra Caesarea Cyprus banished to Gaul Zealots Judah the Galilean Essenes Dead Sea Scrolls Essenes John the Baptist The War of the Children of Light against the Children of Darkness baptism apocalyp. messiah apocalyptic messiah apocalyptic expectations miracles apocalyp. Abba teachings Judea God as father A Herod Archelaus 4 BC - 6 ruler 00 Ishmael 15 - 16 Davidic descent Joshua 3 BC - 6 - dispute Peter adhere to Law miracles apocalyptic Abba teachings James John Jerusalem Christians M. Ambivius 9 - 12 09 10 Valerius Gratus 12 - 14 G A via marriage Jonathan 36 - 37 19 20 A Joseph Caiaphas 18 - 36 Valerius Gratus 14 - 26 - massacre of Samaritans Simon 17 - 18 A Eleazar 16 - 17 Annas (Ananus) 6 - 14 Coponius 6-8 completed G build Herod’s temple (22 BC – 24 AD) temple High priest disputes life after death vicarious suffering Pharisees Sadducees U Pentecost dispute Y’shua JewishChristians / Ebionites Stephen Marcellus Miriam (49) Pontius Pilate 26 - 36 - 29 30 - G Simon Matthias Aljoneus 41 - 43 43 43 - 44 A Theophilus 37 - 41 A Josephus 45 - 50? Herod Cuspius Tiberius V. Agrippa I Fadus Alexander C. 41 - 44 44 - 46 46 - 48 48 Marullus 37 – 41 39 40 - 49 St procurator 50 Pauline epistles missionary voyage * * saint - 59 Claudius 41 - 54 1 Thessalonians Greece * Romans **1,2 Corinthians * Philippi,Thessalonica,Berea,Corinth St Paul’s theology Paul Asia Minor 60 (47,49) (53-57) Galatia * Ephesus Cyprus 69 3 emp. fire Philippians * Jesus divine Trinity Christ Jesus, Mary faith over Law Faith suffices baptism apocalyptic teachings God as father life after death vicarious suffering * 1 Timothy * Titus * 2 Timothy * Philemon @ Colossae Essenes JewishChristians / Ebionites teachings: Quelle oral tradition St Peter James John Jerusalem Christians 79 80 - 89 Titus 79 - 81 90 - 99 Domitianus 81 - 96 Nerva 96 - 98 1 Peter Gen. Titus Hebrews 4 legions: V, X, XII, XV * * 2 Thessalonians Trajan 98 - * Revelation Colossians Greek speaking audience * * Ephesians St Antioch Gospel of Mark Gospel of Luke Acts of the Apostles SYNOPTIC GOSPELS 50-98/117 •as early as 50 AD (James) •as late as 140 AD Gospel of Thomas Quelle Ignatius •non-canonical same author Zealots take temple civil war between Zealots & moderates; Zealots win Zealots Vespasian 69 - 79 imprisoned 50 AD – 99 AD theological elements 70 Rome fights back Antioch Syria Galatians - Nero 54 - 68 Rome Greek; Greek-friendly Jewish Pauline redemptive authentic other pastoral killed preaching Zealots rebel against Rome © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed Gospel of Matthew adhere to Law miracles apocalyptic Abba teachings * Jude Herodium Machaerus Masada X legion Jewish audience centers of resistance Judea Pharisees Rabbinic tradition G temple Joseph ben S. Sadducees Ananus ben A. 63 Joshua ben D. 63 Joshua ben G. 63 - 64 synagogue / Talmud Davidic descent destroyed A High priest ruler Ananias 50? - 53 Ventidius Cumanus 48 – 52 50 Jonathan 54 - 58 Ishmael M. Antonius Felix 52 – 60? - Mattathias Phannias 65 - 67 67 - 70 Menorah on Titus’ Arch in Rome Porcius Clodius Gessius Festus Albinus Florus 60-62 62-64 64-66 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 89 90 - 99 © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed killed 100 preaching - Greek; Greek-friendly Jewish Pauline redemptive 109 110 - 100 AD – 149 AD theological elements 119 120 - 129 Trajan 98 - 117 - Marcion 140 85-160 * 10 epistles of Paul * 1 John anti* 2 John Gnostic * 3 John Papias Marcion’s Gospel rejected 5 volume Oracles or Explanations of the Sayings of the Lord heretical love not fear, Manichean, celibacy Gen. Severus Major operation Rome fights back * James 12 legions * 2 Peter plans temple of Jupiter on mount (132) Judea 144 Hebrew Bible Gospel of Luke Rabbinic; synagogue / Talmud G temple rebel against Rome Gospel of John Jesus divine Trinity Christ 149 Marcionites Bishop of Hieropolis Syria Antoninus Pius 138 - 161 Plato: divine Idea / word / Logos Plato: body/soul Asia Minor 139 Hadrian 117 - 138 Rome Greece 130 Jerusalem evacuated of Jews Judea renamed by Rome to Syria-Palestine Simon bar Kochba on coin Cave of Letters Simon bar Kochba ruler 100 - 109 110 - 119 120 - 129 130 - 139 140 - 149 © 2004 Mark Poyser deposed killed 150 preaching - Greek; Greek-friendly Jewish Pauline redemptive 159 160 Antoninus Pius 138 - 161 150 AD – 199 AD theological elements - 169 170 Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus 161 – 169 - 179 180 161 – 180 - 189 190 Commodus 180 – 192 P D J 199 Septimius Severus 193 – 211 Rome church organization along lines of Roman Empire Phrygia Asia Minor illegal – but tolerated religion Priest of Cybele Syria cooperative with state Greece heretical Montanus Prisca Maximilla -179 Montanists dispensation of Holy Spirit apocalyptic Catholic church Carthage Tertullian Catholic theology 153-225 divine Idea / word / Logos body/soul Jesus divine Trinity Christ Jesus, Mary faith over Law Faith suffices baptism apocalypse teachings God as father life after death vicarious suffering Origen 185-254 Judea ruler 150 - 159 160 - 169 170 - 179 180 - 189 190 - 199 © 2004 Mark Poyser preaching deposed killed 200 - Greek; Greek-friendly Jewish Pauline redemptive 209 210 - Septimius Severus 193 – 211 200 AD – 249 AD theological elements 219 220 - 229 230 - 239 240 - 249 219 220 - 229 230 - 239 240 - 249 X 193 – 211 Rome Greece heretical Montanists Asia Minor dispensation of Holy Spirit Syria Tertullian Origen 153-225 185-254 Judea ruler 200 - 209 210 -