Transcript Case Studies

The Global Environmental Industry and
its Relationship to Monitoring &
Compliance in Developing Nations
Grant Ferrier, President
Jim Hight, Research Project Manager
Environmental Business International Inc.
EBI Inc. is an independent research & publishing company
(Environmental Business Journal) specializing in the environmental
industry since 1988, based in San Diego, California, USA
OECD funded project to identify and profile examples of monitoring &
compliance programs involving imports of environmental goods & services;
detailed results to be published in early 2006
Case Studies in Monitoring & Compliance
Project Summary:
• Monitoring & compliance programs are undeveloped and
require technology and assistance in set-up and operation
• Trade barriers are not insurmountable, but most projects are
test projects allowing special considerations for imports
• Use of technology, experience of project managers and
resulting information flow to agencies and the public inspires
program managers that compliance objectives can be
enforceable and attainable, and creates pressure for
administrations to launch enforcement initiatives
• Projects demonstrate capacity building in technical ability to
collect & analyze monitoring data
Case Studies Profiled
1. Jorf Lasfar Energy Company Coal Power Plant Air
Quality Monitoring Project, El Jadida, Morocco (130 km
west of Casablanca)
2. Metro Manila Air Quality Monitoring Project, Philippines
3. Malaysia Air Quality Monitoring Network
4. Jakarta Health Risk Monitoring Project: Exposure to
Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide, Indonesia
5. Fuel Testing for Air Quality Project, Tamil Nadu, India
Morocco Coal Power Plant
• Jorf Lasfar Energy Company Coal Power Plant: 1,350
MW power plant was built in 1996 with funding from
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) and USA-based Overseas Private Investment
Corporation (OPIC).
• $1.5 billion project budget included $250,000 for air
monitoring equipment and related services
• Air monitoring station established with continuous
monitors for SO2 and NOx and highball samplers for
total suspended particulates (TSP) and respirable
particulates (PM10).
• Two meteorological stations also established.
Morocco Coal Power Plant: 2
• Consultants from URS Corp. audit the station’s
performance and train staff as needed.
• Over 10 years, the system consistently achieved valid data
capture rates above 90%.
• Data have shown the plant meets World Bank or WHO
guidelines for air quality.
• Data have also identified another nearby industrial source
of air pollution.
• The government and plant operators know that electricity
is generated without significant adverse impacts on the
environment.
Metro Manila Air Quality
• Metro Manila Air Quality Monitoring Project (Philippines)
• In 2004, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) contracted with TRC Environmental
Corp. for a three-year Outsource Sampling Program as part
of Metro Manila Air Quality Improvement Sector
Development Project (MMAQISDP).
• $2.3-million project was funded by Asian Development
Bank.
• TRC’s Filipino partner, Technical Experts on Environmental
Management (TEEM) provide manpower for data collection.
• Four teams of technicians are deploying mobile testing sets
to measure stack emissions of PM10, SO2, NOx, CO and
heavy metals from 1,000 sources.
Metro Manila Air Quality: 2
• At conclusion, monitoring gear and lab equipment will be
turned over to DENR, whose staff are being trained to use
the equipment.
• 60% of the 500 emitters tested so far have failed one or
more criteria of the Philippine clean air law.
• Data will assist the government in enforcing its 1999 clean
air law, which is comparable to the U.S. Clean Air Act.
• $170,000 worth of equipment was imported from Japan
and the United States.
• Tariffs for the equipment were waived because of
government sponsorship, but clearing shipments through
customs required specialized consultants working about
40 person-hours per shipment. For six shipments, approx.
240 consultant hours have been expended.
Malaysia Air Quality Monitoring Network
• ASMA joint venture was created in 1995 by Bovar
(Canada) and PIC Corp. (Malaysia) to finance, build, own
and operate a national air quality monitoring system.
• Under 20-year contract, ASMA earns revenues by selling
data to Malaysia Dept. of Environment, the media and
others; manages Environmental Quality Data Center for
air and water.
• The $6 million system includes 51 continuous monitoring
stations for CO, SO2, NOx, PM10 and O3, and 25 manual
stations (checked every six days) for TSP, PM10 and
heavy metals.
• Equipment is mostly U.S.-made (Teledyne API and Met
One) including analyzers, calibraters, sampling systems,
telemetry infrastructure, etc.
Malaysia Air Quality Monitoring Network
• Imports were exempted from tariffs for first four years, but
ASMA required special license to import gauges with lowlevel radioactivity.
• System provides real-time updates every 15 minutes with a
data capture rate of more than 95%. (Audited by USEPA)
• During 1997 smoke & haze crisis, government temporarily
banned air quality data release to media, but used data to
target public health response toward worst effected areas.
• Full disclosure policy now in force again.
• ASMA data provided evidence for Malaysia Univ. of Science
and Technology study which recommends:
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Expand network and facilitate greater public access.
Create air quality standards, rather than guidelines.
Require periodic emissions inspections for vehicles.
Jakarta Health Risk Monitoring Project
• Monitor citizens’ exposure to Particulate Matter and
Carbon Monoxide (PM and CO): pollutants of concern in
Jakarta due to leaded gasoline and lack of catalytic
converters in vehicles. (Respiratory illness is #1 killer of
children under 5 in Indonesia.)
• $200,000 budget from US-Asia Environmental
Partnership (USAID) and partners: University of
Indonesia, University of California (Berkeley and UCLA)
and Swisscontact. Manpower was provided by University
of Indonesia staff and students, trained by U.S. partners.
• Using portable equipment in backpacks, investigators
shadowed 50+ individuals -- students, traffic officers and
others -- for 8-hour and 24-hour periods.
Jakarta Health Risk Monitoring Project
• State-of-the-art equipment for measuring PM (from 0.1
microns to 2.5 microns) and CO was borrowed and
purchased; most items from TSI: Data is in process, but
preliminary results show very hazardous exposure levels.
• Identifies pollutant sources -- gasoline & diesel vehicles,
garbage burning, etc. -- with high degrees of specificity,
allowing the targeting of regulations or enforcement action to
protect public health.
• The project is inspiring local staff with a vision of effective air
quality regulations in city and national environmental
agencies; but a lack of resources constrains their capabilities.
• To avoid the delays associated with Indonesian customs,
project equipment was imported with U.S. embassy
diplomatic privileges. Importing the equipment commercially
would have caused 8 to 12 week delays and added costs.
Fuel Testing for Air Quality, India
• A laboratory and sampling program in Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India, to detect and report cases of adulterated vehicle fuels,
a major source of air pollution in India.
• The project was organized by CONCERT (Center for
Consumer Education, Research Teaching, Training and
Testing) with funding from the U.S. Council of State
Governments and US-Asia Environmental Partnership, and
technical support from the California Air Resources Board.
• All equipment was manufactured in India, but budgetary
constraints made it impossible to purchase the most
sophisticated analytical equipment, which is commonly used
by oil companies for quality control.
• After analyzing more than 60 retail gasoline and diesel fuel
samples, data suggests contamination of adulterants at high
levels.
Fuel Testing for Air Quality, India
• CONCERT intends to expand sampling program, upgrade
and procure additional lab equipment, establish a mobile
laboratory to collect and test samples in the field, seek
greater enforcement by government agencies and increase
outreach to retail fuel dealers.
• Widespread fuel testing, coupled with greater enforcement,
would significantly improve air quality throughout India.
• While monitoring equipment is available within India, what is
needed is a funded network of facilities and sampling
programs. At present CONCERT is the only NGO in India that
has established such a facility and sampling program.
• CONCERT and prospective fuel testing entities also need
funds to purchase more modern, sophisticated equipment to
increase the speed and efficacy of testing.