Transcript Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?

Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to
Other Languages?
Ch 5.2 Why is
English Related to
Other Languages?
Languages that
are related can
be organized
by using a tree
for a diagram.
Accent
Dialect
Language
Language Group
(clump of leaves)
Language Branch
Language Family (trunk)
Super Language Families (roots)
Indo-European
Language Families
(about half the
world speaks)
All these
languages are
related
through a
common
ancestral
language that
existed before
recorded history.
http://www.nature.c
urnal/v449/n7163/fi
5a_F1.html
Indo-European
Language Families
8 Branches
Germanic
Romance (Latin)
Indo-Iranian
Balto-Slavic
Greek
Celtic
Albanian (Anatolian)
Armenian
5.2 Bellwork
Organize the language classification
categories from largest (most
inclusive) to the smallest
(most specific). Then arrange
the specific examples of each
category in their correct places.
Possible Categories You can use a chart
OR
Language branch
Language group
You can use a tree.
Language subgroup
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
Categories
Language
Example
Language branch
classification
Language group
Language subgroup
Language family
Dialect
Examples
Language
Northeastern
Accent
English
Indo-European
Boston
Low Germanic
Germanic
West Germanic
Language
classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Germanic
Language Group
West Germanic
Language Subgroup
Low Germanic
Language
English
Dialect
Northeastern
Accent
Boston
Indo-European
Germanic
Western Germanic
Low Germanic
English
Northeastern dialect
Boston accent
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
Examples
German
Indo-European
High Germanic
Germanic
West Germanic
Language
Example
classification
Language
classification
Language Family
Example
Indo-European
Language Branch
Germanic
Language Group
West Germanic
Language Subgroup
High Germanic
Language
German
Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
High Germanic
German
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
Examples
Norwegian
Indo-European
Germanic
North Germanic
Language
Example
classification
Language
classification
Language Family
Example
Indo-European
Language Branch
Germanic
Language Group
North Germanic
Language
Norwegian
Indo-European
Germanic
North Germanic
Norwegian
Indo-European Language Family Germanic Branch
West Germanic (cool colors-blue)
•English (514 million)
•German (128)
•Dutch (21)
North Germanic (warm colors-red)
•Danish (5)
•Norwegian (5)
•Swedish (9)
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Examples
Urdu & Hindi
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indic (Eastern)
Language Example
classification
Language
classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Indo-Iranian
Language Group
Indic
(eastern group)
Language
Urdu (Pakistan)
Hindi (India)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indic
Urdu & Hindi
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Language Example
classification
Examples
Persian (Farsi)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian (Western)
Language
classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Indo-Iranian
Language Group
Iranian
(western group)
Language
Persian (Farsi)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Persian
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Examples
East Slavic
Indo-European
Russian
Balto-Slavic
Language Example
classification
Language
classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Balto-Slavic
Language Group
East Slavic
Language
Russian
Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
East Slavic
Russian
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Examples
South Slavic
Indo-European
Serbian
Balto-Slavic
Language Example
classification
Language
classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Balto-Slavic
Language Group
South Slavic
Language
Serbian (also
Bosnian, Croatian)
Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
South Slavic
Serbian
Categories
Language branch
Dialect
Language group
Language family
Language
Examples
Castilian
Romance
Indo-European
Spanish
Language Example
classification
Language
classification
Language Family
Example
Indo-European
Language Branch
Romance
Language Group
--
Language
Spanish
Dialect
Castilian
Indo-European
Romance
Spanish
Castilian
Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch
Like English, these
1. Spanish (425 mil.)
languages have spread 2. Portuguese (194)
by Colonialism (mostly
- most in Brazil
in Latin America).
3. French (129)
4. Italian (62)
5. Romanian (26)
Indo-European Family - Romance Branch
The Roman Empire, at its height in 2nd century A.D., extinguished
many local languages. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century,
communication declined and languages evolved again.
Literature was all written in Latin until the 13th and 14th centuries.
Vulgar Latin: (non-standard / slang version of Latin) spread by Roman soldiers
and spoken in many Roman provinces.
CREOLE - a language that results from
the mixing of a colonizer’s language
with an indigenous language and
becomes the mother tongue of people.
Can you guess which colonizing language is the
base for each of the following creoles?
1. mo pe aste sa banan
2. de bin alde luk dat big tri
3. a waka go a wosu
4. olmaan i kas-im chek
5. li pote sa bay mo
6. dis smol swain i bin
go fo maket
New Orleans’
French Quarter
I am buying the banana
French
they always looked for a big tree English
English
he walked home
the old man is cashing a check French
he brought that for me
German
this little pig went to market English
Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Languages
1. It can not be proven that there was a single
ancestor to the Indo-European language family
but there is evidence that a Proto-Indo-European
language did exist.
2. Evidence is found in similar words in different
languages such as oak, bear, deer, and pheasant
and other words that could have been a part of
daily life.
3. Indo-European languages share similar words for
winter and snow, but not for ocean. Linguists
believe that the Proto-Indo-European language
came from a cold climate that did not have
contact with the ocean.
Kurgan Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
(by Marija Gimbutas)
CONQUEST
theory
Started in
Russia/Kazakhstan
Nomadic herders
& warriors used
domesticated
horses to conquer
Europe and Asia
Anatolian Hearth Theory (by Renfrew)
AGRICULTURAL theory
From Turkey, diffused throughout Europe along with
agricultural practices, not warfare
Origin and Diffusion of IndoEuropean Language Theories
Because language groups were isolated,
distinct languages developed.