Transcript CH 11 WWII - Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District

CH 11 WWII
CHAPTER 11, Section 1 The Causes
• Hitler’s ideas and goals: “cancer of democracy,”
“create the highest authoritarian state,” forge a
new
domestic unity, “only a struggle can
save us,’ everything else must be subordinated
to this idea,” the
youth must be trained “to
fight with all means,” Germany must rearm
and institute a military draft, men must not
be “poisoned by pacifism, Marxism, or
Bolshevism” for “the conquest of new living
space in the east and its ruthless
Germanization.”
Hitler defies Versailles
• 1935 creation of the Luftwaffe
(air force), the
• draft -army from 100,000 to
550,000 troops.
• Saw Western states as weak &
would not enforce the
restrictions of Versailles
• sent troops into the
demilitarized Rhineland.
• Britain began policy of
appeasement.
• What are the Western nations scared of?
(France and G B)
Italy becomes
Aggressive
• Mussolini -new Roman
Empire.
• In 1935, he invaded Ethiopia
& was condemned by
Western powers
• LoN does nothing
AXIS Alliances are formed
• In 1936, Germany & Italy helped created
Rome-Berlin Axis.
• in Nov. Germany also signed theAnti-Comintern
Pact w. Japan
Anschluss
• 1938, Hitler forced the Austria to put Nazis in
power.
•
Hitler annexed Austria
Munich Conference:
• Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (German
speaking area of Czechoslovakia.)
• Western powers appeased Hitler in return for
his “promise” to not make more demands.
• British PM Neville Chamberlain called it “peace
for our time.”
• But in 1939, Hitler took ALL of western
Czechoslovakia
White Board
• What pieces of land has Germany taken as their
own and what has the L O N done.
Hitler wants Poland
• After Hitler demanded port city of Danzig,
Britain promised to protect new independent
country of Poland from Nazi aggression.
Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Fearful of a two-front
war, Hitler signed the
peace alliance with
Communist USSR
• Stalin was promised
east Poland and the
Baltic states
• September 1, 1939
Hitler attacked Poland.
Britain & France
declared war. WWII
had begun!
Discuss
• Why does Hitler want this land and why would
he make a deal with Stalin
Invasion of Poland
• September 1, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland.
Britain & France
declared war.
• WWII had begun!
Japan Increases aggression
• Back in 1931, seizure of
mineral rich Chinese
region of Manchuria and
created the puppet state
of Manchukuo.
• League of Nations
condemned, soJapan
withdrew!
China weak due to civil wAR
• Chiang Kai-shek- Nationalist Leader
• Mao Ze Dong-Communist
Japan Invades China
• Nationalist leader Chiang Kaishek tried to appease Japan by
allowing it to govern areas in
northern China.
• But as Japan moved
southward, in 1936
• Chiang stopped fighting Mao
& the communists & created a
united Chinese force vs.
Japanese expansion.
• In 1937, Japan began the
“Rape of Nanjing.”
Japan’s Asian Empire
• Tokyo had hoped to force Chiang into a “New
Order”, with Japan as the modern leader of East
Asia.
• Japan began to cooperate w. Nazi Germany and
planned on a joint attack vs. the Soviet Union.
• after the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed, Japan
had to look to Southeast Asia for needed
resources.
11.2 A The Axis Powers Advance
THE TWO ALLIANCES
ALLIES
• USA- Franklin D
Roosevelt
• G.B-Winston
Churchill
• USSR- Stalin
•
•
FRANCE-De Gaulle
CHINA- Mao
AXIS POWERS
• Italy- Mussolini
• Japan-TOJO (Hirohito)
• Germany- Hitler
Invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939
• blitzkrieg to conquer in only four
weeks
▫ -Lighting War quick attack from land
and air
• Hitler addressed Reichstag
• “I am going into this struggle strong
in heart. My whole life has been
nothing but a struggle for
Germany… I myself am ready to
risk my life…
I demand the same
of everyone else…Anyone who
thinks that he can oppose this
national commandment… will
die!”
• Sept. 28, 1939, Germans & Soviets
divided a conquered Poland.
White Board
• Based on Hitler's speech, what does he expect of
his people.
Nazis Advance
• blitzkrieg attack took-Denmark ,Norway ,Netherlands, Belgium
& France.
• Germans went around the Maginot Line.(line of French
fortification)
• French & British troops caught off-guard & trapped at beaches.
• “Miracle of Dunkirk.”- thousands of boats sail to rescue
soldiers bring to GB
France Conquered
• France signed armistice on June
22. Most of France occupied by
Nazis.
• Authoritarian regime set up in
south, called Vichy France.
• Britain stood alone vs. Nazis &
began to appeal to U.S. for help.
White Board
• How is the German Attack on France similar to
that of WWI and how is it different?
US Stays Out
• Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced
aggressors but U.S. followed
strict policy of isolationism.
• U.S. passed a series of neutrality
acts,
• Policies relaxed to provide
supplies to Britain (eg. LendLease Act- give and sell weapons
to allies
Germans Wants Britain
Battle of Britain
• Aug, 1940 the Luftwaffe launched major offensive vs.
key British sites.
• Britain developed radar & had broken German
military code w. captured Enigma machine.
Luftwaffe
Churchill Takes Charge
• Royal Air Force was outnumbered but fought
bravely.
• “Never before in the course of human history,
have so many, owed so much, to so few.”
(Winston Churchill)
• Churchill’s Elected prime minister of Britain.
• “We shall never surrender!”
Discuss
• Who was Churchill and what are his quotes
trying to say?
Britsh fight off the
Nazi’s
• bombing unified British vs.
enemy, civilians slept in the
Underground.
• British quickly rebuilt air
strength & began inflicting
major losses vs.German
bombers.
Axis focus on Eastern Europe
• Hitler took
Greece &
Yugoslavia 1941.
▫ Italy tried but
failed
• Began to attack
USSR
• Hitler thought
Soviet army was
weak and could
be defeated
before winter.
Germans Attack the Soviets
• Germany captured two million
Soviet soldiers!
• An early winter & fierce Soviet
resistance stalled advancing
German soldiers, who were wearing
summer uniforms!
Japan Advances on the Pacific Front
• December 7, 1941 Japan
attaked US Navy at Pearl
Harbor.
▫ US stopped selling Steel
and Oil and was the only
major force in the Pacific
• “A date thatwill live in
infamy” (F.D.R.)
• Congress declared war on
Japan.
• Pearl was devastated but
aircraft carriers survived.
Japanese take the Pacific
• Japan attacked
Philippines, Malaya,
Dutch East Indies &
other Pacific islands.
• Defeated US and
Filipino forces
• Bataan Death March
• 1942, Japan
ControlledS.E. Asia
• Named Greater East
Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere.
White Board
• Good or bad idea to attack Pearl Harbor for
Japan? 1 reason why.
Attack united American people
• U.S. joined Allied Powers to fight the Axis
Powers in European Theater& Pacific
Theater
• Grand Alliance of USSR, USA, & GB
11.2 B Allied Road to Victory
• Gen. Erwin Rommel led
Afrika Korps to victories
vs. British in N. Africa.
▫ Hitler “British Empire
will collapse.”
• British stopped Rommel
in 1942 at Battle of El
Alamein, in Egypt
(turning point in war.)
• BRT & U.S. troops forced
GRM & ITL to surrender
in N. Africa in 1943.
White Board
• What vital Natural resource in in North Africa
and the Middle East?
Battle of Stalingrad
-Soviets Advance E Front
• (industrial city deep inside the
Soviet Union.) was
▫ extremely bloody. Soviets limited
weapons
▫ Night Witches (female Soviet
pilots.)
• Feb.1943 Soviets launched
counterattack that encircled
German forces & supply lines
were cut off
• in frigid winter conditions.
Entire German Sixth Army
surrendered!
White Board
• Why is this battle a turning point of the war?
Allies Advance in Pacific
• In Pacific, Battle of the Coral
Sea, May, 1942 stopped
Japanese advance and saved
Australia from invasion.
• Battle of Midway, U.S. planes
destroyed four Japanese
aircraft carriers (US broke
Japanese secret military
code.)
▫ U.S. naval supremacy.
Allied forces in Pacific led two
offensive campaigns
• 1.One commanded by U.S. general Douglas
MacArthur would reclaim Philippines,
▫ “I shall return.”
2.“island hop” selected islands until
Japan.
reaching
Discuss
• Why use Island hopping instead of taking every
single Island the Japanese controlled?
Italy is attacked From N
Africa
• 1943 Sicily fell,
•
•
•
•
Mussolini arrest by
Victor Emmanuel III.
Italian govt.
surrendered,
Mussolini escaped
prison w. help of Nazi
commandos,
Rome was finally
captured in June,
1944.
Mussolini killed April,
1945
D-Day & Liberations of France
• Largest amphibious invasion in world history on June
6, 1944 (D-Day.) Crossed EnglishChannel & landed on
beaches of Normandy FR,
• German resistance was heavy, but slow to respond
• Paris was liberated by Aug, 1944.
Battle of the Bulge
• Nazis launched last all-out offensive in Dec.
• Highest number of American casualties in war,
but Germans were stopped & began to retreat.
• Spring 1945 Allies crossed Rhine River & linked
up with Soviet forces in northern Germany.
White Board
• Which battle in Europe had the greatest impact
on the outcome of the war
• Give one reason to justify you answer.
Soviets advanced from East
• advancing into German-held territory ever since
1943.
• By Jan. 1945 the Soviets had taken Warsaw,
Poland & in April they entered German capital
of Berlin.
Yalta Conference 1945 Feb-Leaders
USSR,GB, US meet
-USSR help fight Japan after defeat Germany
▫
agree to split Germany 4 zones controlledFR, GB, US, USSR
White Board
What things did GB, US, and USSR
have in common and what is a major
difference between them?
Fall of NAZI Germany
• Hitler had been directing war
from bunker deep under Berlin.
• In Hitler’s final testament, he blamed Jews forthe
war! He commanded German leaders :
▫ continue“the laws of race and to merciless opposition to
the universal poisoner of all peoples, international
Jewry.”
• Hitler & his mistress/wife committed suicide on April,
30. On May 7, 1945, German commanders
surrendered (VE-Day!)
April, 1945 F.D.R. died. VP Harry S.
Truman -new president.
• top-secret atomic
bombs.(Manhattan Project)
• He decided to use bombs vs.
Japan to avoid an invasion of
Japanese mainland and loss of
huge numbers of Allies.
White Board
• What are positives and negatives for the US of
using the A bomb in Japan.
A BOMBS
Hiroshima
• Aug 6 1945- Air Plane “Enola
Gay” drop A-bomb“Little Boy” on
Hiroshima
▫ killing 70,000 people
Nagasaki
• Aug 9 1945- Air plane “Bockscar”
drop “Fat Man” city- Nagasaki
▫ Killing 40,000 people
• many more died later of wounds
and/or radiation poisoning.
(VJ- Day!)
• Emperor Hirohito forced
his military generals to
surrender unconditionally
on August 14, 1945 (VJDay!)
Casualties
ALLIES
Country
Military
Civilian
Britain
264,000
93,000
France
213,000
350,000
China
1,31,000
1,000,000
Soviet
Union
7,500,000
15,000,00
0
US
292,000
AXIS
Country
Military
Civilian
Germany
3,000,000
780,000
Italy
242,000
53,000
Japan
1,300,000
672,000
Women had been active in espionage
(spies) during WWII.
• Yoshiko Kawashima born in China but raised in
Japan. Sent to China by Japanese authorities to
gather info. for invasion of China. Disguised as
young man, she was effective spy until her arrest &
execution. Egyptian dancer Hekmath Fathmy was a
Nazi spy. Sang & danced for British at nightclub &
then seduced officers to gain info. Arrested, but
spent only one year in prison.
• Violette Szabo spied for Allies to avenge her
husband’s death. She joined British Intelligence
& parachuted into France. Caught by German
Gestapo, tortured & executed.
11.3 Nazi and Japanese Control During
WWII (New Order)
• “Nazi occupied
Europe” organized
two ways:
• 1. some regions
directly annexed &
made German
provinces (eg.
W. Poland,)
• 2. most areas ruled
by military or
civilian officials w.
help from local
collaborators.
White Board
• What areas were annexed and what were simply
under Nazi control.
Nazis “crimes vs. humanity” against
those “unfit” for the Third Reich.
• “The prisoners would be marched
by one of the doctors who would
make spot decisions… Those who
were fit for work were sent into
the camp. Other were sent
immediately to the extermination
plants. Children of tender years
were invariably exterminated
since by reason of their youth
they were unable to work.”
(Rudolph Hoss, commandant of
Auschwitz, the largest death
camp.)
Heinrich Himmler (SS)
• charge of “resettlement” plans to Germanize these
lands and to enslave and exterminate the Slavs.
• “Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death
interests me only insofar as we need them as slaves
for our culture. Otherwise it is of no interest.”
Final Solution= genocide of all
European Jews.
• Reinhard Heydrich,
head of SS’s Security
Service, was put in
charge
• Gestapo- police
searched out Jews
• Einsatzgruppen special
strike unit, forced
Polish Jews into ghettos
▫ Find Jews, execute
them and bury them in
mass graves, dug by the
victims.
White Board
• What actions did the Nazi Take prior to WWII
that gave signs of the holocaust coming?
Concentration Camps
• slave labor & mass extermination in gas chambers and
crematoriums.
• Jews packed in freight trains to camps.
• Cruel “medical” experiments performed.
Holocaust
• 14-16 million “undesirables”
murdered (Jews, Gypsies,
Slavs, “political enemies,”
homosexuals,
“intellectuals,” “people of
conscience,” certain
P.O.W.’s, etc.)
• Civilians
▫ some collaborated by
hunting down “undesirables,”
▫ most were apathetic,
pretended not to know.
Discuss
• Why would some people decide to work as
collaborators with the Nazi’s
“Asia for the Asiatics”, Japanese
slogan
• contact w. anticolonialists & promised local
govts. would be
established under Japanese
control,
▫ but real power rested w. Japanese military.
Resources taken from S E Asia
• Economic resources of
SE Asia used for
Japanese war
machine & native
peoples forced to
work.
• At first, many Asian
nationalists
cooperated w. Japan.
▫ Japanese true
intentions became
clear,Asian’s turned
vs. Japan.
Japanese Abuses
• Over a million Vietnamese
starved to death as Japan
forcibly took their rice and
other food products
• Japanese military spent several
days killing, raping and looting
Nanjing, China.
• Over 800,000 Koreans
became slave laborers. Over
100,000 P.O.W. and =
White Board
• Which nation was responsible for more war
atrocities in your opinion give a reason why.
1. Tehran Conference = “Big Three” (FDR,
Churchill, Stalin) Agreed to an American-British
(& Canadian) invasion through France. The
plan meant that Western Allies would meet up
w. Soviet Allies in a north-south dividing line in
defeated Germany, and then partition postwar
Germany.
Soviet Union
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soviet Union = 1.5 million civilians killed in Leningrad alone! As German army made advances,
Soviets
dismantled & shipped their factories from western region deeper into Soviet
Union. Machines were
placed on bare ground & work began, even before a factory was
built around machines!
“A battle of machines” (Stalin.) Soviets produced 78,000 tanks & 98,000 artillery! Food/housing
shortages.
Women & girls worked in industries, mines, railroads, dug antitank ditches & were air-raid
wardens. Soviets were only ones who used females in combat: snipers, aircrews, etc.
Germany
Nazi attitude towards women was that they were to keep out of the job market. But as the war
progressed,
women were encouraged to take on a job, but few German women wanted to.
City of Cologne attacked by 1,000 bombers. Dresden torched by incendiary bombs, firestorm
killed 100,000! Germans fought on driven by the desire to survive. Industrial production actually
increased
despite bombings, but destruction of transportation systems made difficult to
get materials to the front.
Germany = Hitler believed that Germany lost WWI because of a collapse of the will to win by
those on the
home front. So, Hitler refused to cut production of consumer goods.
But w. German setbacks in war, Hitler ordered massive increase in armaments production & size
of army.
Albert Speer, Hitler’s architect & prime minister for armaments, tripled production within 1 year,
despite Allied air raids!
• Widespread migration. Over a million African
Americans moved from rural South to urban
North & West.
• Japan = highly mobilized society, govt. control of
prices, wages, labor,, resources. Traditional values
of obedience and hierarchy exploited.
• Kamikaze (divine wind) were volunteer suicide
pilots used vs. U.S. ships.
• General Hideki Tojo, prime minister, opposed
female employment. Korean & Chinese slave
laborers were imported to fill the job shortage.
• Crowded cities made of flammable materials were
torched by U.S. B-29 bombers.
• Govt. ordered all people between 13 and 60 to join
the People’s “Volunteer” Corps!
• Atomic Bomb = A letter from Albert Einstein to
F.D.R. convinced him that the U.S. should develop
the atomic bomb before the Germans did. Top
secret Manhattan Project was an enormous task
that cost billions of dollars & employed 600,000.
Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the
center in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Three
bombs were developed. First one successfully
tested in July. On Aug. 6, 1945 Hiroshima was
flattened and hundreds of thousands killed.
Nagasaki destroyed on Aug. 9. Nuclear Age had
begun!
11.4 Home Front and Aftermath of
WWII
-New Weapon made the US the dominant
world Power
-Soviets feared the US and the West
White board
• What weapon
US Home Front
• United States = Not fighting on own soil. The
great arsenal of Allies (by end of war, produced
more war supplies than all of the other countries of
the world combined!)
Women
• Women filled the Jobs of many men off to war
• Women did traditional male jobs like
constructions and weapons manufacturing
African Americans
• Racial tensions resulted in some race riots.
Blacks were segregated in military.
• Tuskegee Airmen- African American Pilots who
broke racial barriers
Japanese Internment Camps
• Japanese Americans faced even more serious
discrimination. On West Coast, 110,000
Japanese-Americans(most of whom were U.S.
citizens) were removed to internment camps for
“security reasons.”
White Board
• What was hypocritical about these American
actions toward minorities?
2.Yalta Conference
• Russia was invading Germany from the East
with 11 million Soviet soldiers would occupy
Eastern & Central Europe.
• FDR favored having each nation having
democratic governments
• Issue of free elections became a dividing point.
• FDR wanted Soviet help vs. Japan, so in return
he agreed to allow Soviets to gain two Japanese
islands &warm-water ports plus railroad rights
in Manchuria.
White Board
• Which of these three nations is not like the other
and why?
3.Potsdam Conference
• Germany would be
partitioned into four zones
(GB, US, FR & USSR.)
• Harry S. Truman, who
demanded free elections in E.
Europe.
• Stalin responded, “A freely
elected govt. in any of these
East European countries
would be anti-Soviet,
and that we cannot
allow.”
Soviet leave troops in Eastern Europe
• Soviets
feared
invasion of
West
• Want border
of nations to
protect from
invasion
• Buffer States
• No Free
Elections
they would
be
communist
United Nations
• Creation of the United Nations was agreed upon
and first meeting set for April, 1945 in San
Francisco.
• US and USSR key nations
• Military support would be provided
• Goal to keep peace around the world
White Board
• What other organization is this similar to? What
is one major difference
Nuremberg Trials
• Nazi leaders were tried and convicted as war
criminals at the in 1945 & 46.
• Trial of 24 highest officials of the Nazi party
• Convictions led to death and life sentences for
war crimes and crimes against Humanity
(Holocaust)
Discuss
• Many of the men on trial never directly killed a
person why were they put on trial and not the
ground troops
Start of the Cold War
• Tension between Western Allies and
USSR decades-long global struggle
called the Cold War!
• West saw Soviet actions as plan for
worldwide communist domination.
• Soviets viewed western powers as
part of global capitalist expansion.
• “An iron curtain has descended
across the continent” dividing
Europe into two hostile camps.
(Former British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill)