說得容易,做得輕鬆:簡報的藝術與技術
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Transcript 說得容易,做得輕鬆:簡報的藝術與技術
Shakespeare's Language
“You speak a language that I understand not”
Three myths
The quantity myth (largest vocabulary)
The invention myth (invented 1/3 of English)
The translation myth (must be paraphrased)
Answers to the myths
Quantity
Invention
Translation
More than X4 as
many English words
today.
His vocab. WAS great
He invented app.
1700 words
About 50% stayed
(gloomy, lonely etc.)
5-10% difference in
grammar and vocab.
Editions of Shakespeare
Folios and quartos
Quarto editions prior to 1623
First folio 1623
Who dictated the texts to the printers?
Who typeset and printed them?
Good / bad editions – and problems of error
Why is it called a “role”?
A renaissance in Language?
First monolingual English dictionary: 1604
Many rules of language not yet formulated:
Spelling haphazard
Capitalization idiosyncratic
Abbreviations and contractions idiosyncratic
Punctuation random
Many new words (eg. from Greek & Latin)
introduced during the Renaissance
Major differences - spelling
Presence or absence of final -e (againe)
Apostrophe to replace letter (arm'd)
-ie instead of -y (busie)
Double/single consonant (royall)
ie or ee for sounds [ee] (neere)
No difference i/j u/v
70% of spelling is the same!
Major differences - Vocabulary
App. 1,000 completely unfamiliar (finical,
incony)
App. 200 “false friends” (“demand” means
“ask”)
Shakespeare likes to pun (words with several
meanings; cf. “Sonnet 135”)
Other important differences
Thou goest (you go)
She goeth, she hath (she goes/has)
-th already archaic at the time (-s)
Pronouns - singular
Thou, thee, thy, thine, thy selfe (intimate)
You, ye, your, yours, your selfe (polite singular)
Verse or prose?
Most plays are a mixture of verse and prose
Often associated with class distinction
High style → poetry (eg. about love)
Low style → prose (eg. teasing)
The characters can often accommodate
Shakespeare's verse
Iambic pentameter: (5 X u-)
“Oh, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”
Usually blank verse (rhyme spared for “special
occasions”)
Spelling often emphasizes rhythm:
“Profaners of this neighbour-stainéd steel”
“With Cupid's arrow, she hath Dian's wit”