Transcript Bio-Energy Utilization in Developing Countries and Future

Bio-Energy Utilization in Developing Countries:
Past Experiences and Future Challenges
A.K.M. Sadrul Islam
Department of Mechanical & Chemical Engineering
Islamic University of Bangladesh (IUT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Low Carbon Energy for Development: Past Experiences and Future Challenges,
4-5 April 2012, Loughborough University, U.K.
Bio-Energy Use
• Biomass currently supplies about a third of the
developing countries’ energy varying from about
90% in countries like Uganda, Rawanda and
Tanzania, to 60% in Bangladesh, 45% in India,
30% in China and Brazil and 10-15% in Mexico
and South Africa.
• More than 2.5 billion people (83% rural and 23%
urban) are solely depended on biomass energy
[WEO 2006].
• The increasing demand of energy implies that
biomass energy will be with us forever.
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Applications of Bio-energy
•
•
•
•
Mostly used as cooking fuel in developing countries
Industrial use: heating and steam generation
Electricity generation
As Transport Fuel
Boiler operation in rice mill
Cooking in household
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GLOBAL BIOENERGY SCENARIO
Bio-energy share of global final energy consumption
in 2009
4
Source: www.ren21.net
Sources of Bio-energy
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agro-residues
Waste biomass
Energy crops
Municipal Solid waste(MSW)
Virgin wood from forest
Aquatic biomass (Algae)
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Agro- residue
&
Waste biomass
6
Agro-residue and waste biomass as traditional fuel
in Bangladesh (million tonne)
Source: BBS 2008
Improved Cook Stove
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Impact of the use of traditional stoves
• Traditional stoves cause serious indoor air
pollution and the smoke is hazardous to
health (e.g. eye ailment, bronchial diseases,
headache, even cancer).
• According to the WHO Report, 2004 acute
respiratory infections from indoor air
pollution (IAP – pollution from burning
wood, animal dung and other biofuels) are
estimated to kill a million children annually
in developing countries, inflicting a
particularly heavy toll on poor families in
South Asia and Africa.
• Wastage of fuel (efficiency: 5% - 10%)
• Consumption of biomass
 Household: 5 kg/day
 Bangladesh: 40 – 50 million tons/year
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Improved cook stove (ICS)
 Efficiency: 26%-29%
 Significant fuel saving: about 50%
 Reduction of indoor air pollution, especially for ICS with
chimney
 Reduction of GHG emission (1.8 ton/ICS/year)
 Affordable to people
 High acceptance level as there is no need to change
cooking habits, cooking utensils and cooking fuel
 Usable for all types of biomass available
 Locally available raw material for stove construction
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Challenges
Rural women are used to using traditional Stoves
Ego problem: Every woman can build mud stove;
it is difficult for her to accept that other build
better stove
Not ready to pay for a similar mud stove that she
can make
Some do not accept the technical aspects
Climbing on the roof to clean chimney is difficult
and not well seen by the traditional society.
Further improvement of stove will reduce the fuel
consumption and improve IAQ.
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RICE HUSK
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World Rice Husk Production in 2009
• Total husk potential is 137 million tonnes
Source: FAOSTAT
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Uses of Rice husk
•
•
•
•
Boiler operation for parboiling
Briquette fuel
Electricity generation
Cooking
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Comparison of traditional and improved rice parboiling boiler
Traditional Boiler
Consumes 120 kg husk to boil each
tonne of paddy
Improved Boiler (GiZ)
Consumes 49 kg husk to boil each
tonne of paddy
Challenge:
About 2 million ton of rice husk could be saved every year in Bangladesh if the
rice millers would adopt this improved rice parboiling system.
In doing so about 3.0 million tonne of CO2 abatement could be achieved.
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Potential of electricity generation
from rice husk
Steam Turbine
2010
2030
Reference
2134
3391
Scenario-1 2644
8356
Scenerio-2 2922
9704
CO2 abatement (million ton)
Reference
1.28
2.03
In GWh
Gasification
2010
2030
1366
2170
1692
5348
1870
6210
0.82
1.30
Scenerio-1: 90% of traditional boilers are replaced by efficient ones.
Scenerio-2: Scenerio-1 plus 50% rice are unparboiled.
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Source: A.K.M. Sadrul Islam and M. Ahiduzzaman, 2012
Bagasse
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Bagasse Production
• World
– Sugar cane production: 1.7 billion tonne*
– bagasse production: 422 million tonne
• Bangladesh
– Sugar cane crushed in mills 2.6 million tonne
– Bagasse production : 0.8 million tonne
– This bagasse is used for cogeneration (for process
heat and electricity).
– In 14 sugar mills about 49 MWh electricity is
generated per year.
*Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane, 8.3.12
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Challenges
• Replacing the existing inefficient low pressure boiler
turbine by high pressure Rankine cycle for combined
CHP using condensing-extraction steam turbine
would yield twice power. [ Zahid 2006]
• Use of wet bagasse reduces the burning efficiency.
• Improved design could save feed stock and generate
more electricity.
• CO2 emission can be brought down to half with the
improved design.
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Biogas
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Biogas in Bangladesh
• Total no. installed 38, 765 family–sized [ Dr. Eusuf
2011; New Age 29 Feb 2012]
• Size: 5 – 6 m3
• Fixed dome technology
• Mostly used for cooking purposes. A few are
used for electricity generation.
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Biogas potential in Bangladesh
Raw materials
1. Cow/Buffalo dung
2. Poultry droppings
3. Human excreta
4. Garbage
5. Water hyacinth
6. Pressed mud
Total
Organic
Fertilizer
(million
tons)
60.20
2.05
32.85
1.72
10.00
0.07
Yearly gas
production (million
cubic meter)
2971.10
191.60
1226.40
115.00
740.00
384.00
3628.10
http://www.buet.ac.bd/ces/nonconventional-energy.htm, accessed on 20.03.12
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Challenge: Lack of proper biogas engine at local
market of Bangladesh
• Old Toyota car engines of 1500
cc capacity with a dynamo is
used to produce electricity
from biogas.
• The maximum output: 7.5 kW.
• Biogas from the digester is fed
into the engine only through a
moisture filter unit to remove
the moisture content in the
gas.
Source: Ashraf 2008
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Biofuel
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Second generation biofuel
In Bangladesh and some other developing countries have a great
potential of Second generation biofuel (non-food crop).
Some non-food crops are:
– Jatropha (Botanical name: Jatropha cucas L)
– Castor (Botanical name: Ricinus communis )
– Pithraj (Botanical name: Aphanamixis polystachya )
– Karoch (Pongamiya pinata L.)
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Potential of Biofuel in Bangladesh
• Railway side, road side and some barren land
can be used for plantation of trees for biofuel.
• 1.76 million ha is available for this (Aminul Islam
2008)
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Potential Bio-diesel Production
Available land is 1.76 million ha. If 50% of this
land is used for energy crop, then estimated
production is [ Aminul Islam 2008]:
• Jatropha : 1.19 mil ton/year
• Castor: 0.15 mil ton/year
• Pithraj: 1.04 mil ton/year
• Karoch: 0.8 mil ton/year [M M Rahman 2011]
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Challenges
•
•
•
•
Land crisis and population pressure.
Food security.
Lack of awareness.
Lack of technical know-how.
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Rice Husk Briquette
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Biomass Briquetting in Bangladesh
-First introduced in 1990; now there are over 1000 m/c
-It replaces fuel wood and improves IAQ.
Restaurant
114 kg/day
Tea stall
Street food stall
12 kg/day
16 kg/day
Household use
1 kg densified fuel = 1.63
kg wood
2.5 kg/day
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Improvement of rice husk briquette production
technology
Briquette is coming out from
new die-heater
Briquette prepared using die-stove
instead of electric heater
Existing die heater is replaced by briquette stove to reduce
electricity consumption in briquette production
Ahiduzzaman 2011
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Improvement of rice husk briquette production
technology
Briquette
Briquette
production consumption in
rate, kg/h
die stove,
kg/tonne
Existing 86 to 90
0
system
Improved
88.87
75.77
system
Electricity
consumption,
kWh/tonne
CO2 abatement
in comparison
to wood fuel
152
1110kg/ton
79.33
1154kg/ton
Ahiduzzaman 2011
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Challenges
• Maintenance of briquette machines is a
problem. The screw head needs frequent
repair.
• It needs electricity that can be optimized by
improved design.
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Wood fuel production and
consumption
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2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
1990
Wood fuel production (billion m3)
Global production of wood fuel
Year
Source: FAOSTAT
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2.3
160
2.2
150
2.1
140
2
130
Forest area
1.9
120
Population
1.8
110
1.7
100
1.6
90
1.5
80
1.4
70
1.3
60
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Population (million)
Forest area (million ha)
Population and deforestation in Bangladesh
Source: World Bank 2012, NFA 2007, FRA 2000, FAOSTAT 2011
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Population and deforestation in Philippines
Source: J.C. Elauria et al (2003) 37
Challenge: How to combat deforestation?
-Introduction of rice husk briquette with
the excess amount of husk can reduce it.
Production
of rice husk
biquette,
million tonne
Quantity of
wood fuel
replaced by
briquette,
million tonne
Reduction of
CO2 emission,
million tonne
Reduction
of
deforestati
on, 000
hectare
(ha)
3.00
4.90
7.8
25.41
Source: M. Ahiduzzaman and A.K.M. Sadrul Islam, 2011
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Municipal Solid Waste
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Methane Emission from MSW landfill in
Bangladesh
Urban Centers
Annual DOC
landfilled, ‘000’ ton
Methane Emission/yr
‘000’ ton CH4
106 m3 CH4
Dhaka city
Chittagong city
Khulna city
Rajshahi city
Other Municipalities
111.82
31.80
5.54
4.38
34.38
57.40
16.32
2.84
2.25
17.65
80.09
22.77
3.96
3.14
24.63
Total
187.92
96.46
134.59
In Bangladesh, recovery of biogas from well designed MSW
landfills has good potential.
-A supply of substitute fuel
-Reduction of GHG
-Sound disposal of waste
Source: M. F. Ahmed 2003
Aquatic Biomass (Algae)
• Algae does not affect fresh water resources, can be
produced using ocean and wastewater, and are
biodegradable and relatively harmless to the
environment if spilled.
• Algae can yield between 10 and 100 times more
energy per unit area than other second-generation
biofuel crops.
• But it is very costly (US$5000/ton)
• According to the Algal Biomass Organization algae
fuel can reach price parity with oil in 2018 if granted
production tax credits.
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Conclusions
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Challenges of bio-energy promotion in
developing countries
• Traditional use of biomass is often linked to degradation of
forests and woodland resources as well as soil erosion.
• Traditional fuels leads to emissions of greenhouse gases and
soot (black carbon) due to poor combustion. These emissions
are believed to represent on the order of 5% of total global
warming derived from human activities*.
• The problems associated with traditional use of biomass are
complex, as they are highly correlated with people's income
levels, living habits, village structures and gender roles.
• Lack of awareness of bio-energy in public, industry, utility,
financial institutions and policy-makers.
*Source:http://www.unep.fr/energy/bioenergy/issues/traditional.htm
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Challenges……
• Absent of favorable policy. This includes lack of financial
incentives, legal regulatory framework for the marketoriented awareness, utilization, and commitment to
encourage bio-energy development as well as promotion.
• Lack of standardization and quality control of technology.
• Lack of information about bio-energy resources,
technical/economic information about technologies,
equipment suppliers, and potential financiers.
• Promising 3rd generation biofuel from aquatic biomass (Algae)
is almost absent in the developing counties. How to reduce
the cost and transfer the know-how and technology to these
countries is a great challenge.
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References
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