Transcript İndustrial pollution control CEV 421 E

Industrial Pollution
Control CEV 421 E
Department of Environmental
Engineering
Fall Semester (3+0)
Prof. Dr. İlhan TALINLI
Course description
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Definitions
Process survey
Industrial categorization
Waste survey
Pollution profile
Data collection
Management of industrial systems
Standards for industries, legal aspects
Waste management, pretreatment
Industrial case studies
Team works and presentations
Fundamental textbook(s) and
other course material
1. Freeman, H.M. , Industrial Pollution
prevention handbook , New York :
McGraw-Hill, c1995.
2. Eckenfelder, W.W., “Industrial Water
Pollution Control”, McGraw-Hill, 1966.
3. Talınlı, İ., unpublished course notes and
documents in:
http://www.ins.itu.edu.tr/cevre/personel
/talinli/dersler.htm
Course objectives and relationship
to ABET program outcomes
The objective of this course is to make pollution
profiles of the industries, categorization, control
methodologies and technologies, system design,
ethic concepts and solving of the engineering
problems on industrial systems
Topics covered each week
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Week 1: Introduction, aim, scope, establishing study groups for team
works
Week 2: Definitions of industrial pollution and industrial systems
Week 3: Categorization and sources of industrial waste
Week 4: Industrial categorization
Week 5: Industrial pollution control approaches
Week 6: Environmental management systems for industries
Week 7: System design approaches
Week 8: Organized industrial estates
Week 9: Industrial case studies
Week 10: Case study presentations
Week 11: Case study presentations
Week 12: Case study presentations
Week 13: Case study presentations
Week 14: Case study presentations
Definitions of industrial pollution
and industrial systems
• Production: All processes to obtain certain product
by a/any raw material
• Process: All reactions having certain kinetics and
taking place in certain conditions
• Process working conditions are continuous, batch
and semi-batch
• Wastes are non-products or undesirable outputs
which can not be evaluated for any purpose.
Definitions of industrial pollution
and industrial systems (continued)
• Continuous process: Raw material is fed as
continuous and product is taken
simultaneously.
• Batch process: Raw material is fed at zero
time and product is taken at the end of the
process time (e.g. fill and draw).
• Semi-batch process: When raw material is
continuously fed, product is taken at certain
periods (batch).
Definitions of industrial pollution
and industrial systems (continued)
• Schedule of the enterprises (shifts):
• Work time or production can be daily, weekly
and seasonal.
• It is known “shift”.
• 3 shifts can be usually arranged at 8 a.m.-16 p.m.,
16 p.m.-24 p.m., and 24 p.m.-8 a.m.
Global view to industry
Figure1 Input and output in an industrial system and
Figure 2. Management concept based in an industry
STEPS INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING A POLLUTION PROFILE MONITORING PROGRAM
AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
SELECT
ANALYTICAL
METHODS
SELECTION OF IN
HOUSE STAFF
MANAGEMENT
AWARENESS
PROCESS
ANALYSES
WASTE
SURVEY
CONTACT
OUTSIDE
ASSISTANCE
SELECT
PARAMETERS TO
BE MONITORED
DESIRED
PROPOSAL
CONTRACT
ENV.
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
CHECKING
TREATMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN
REVIEW &MODIFY
PROGRAM
CONTINUAL
OPERATION
POLLUTION
PROFILE AND
STANDARDISATION
EXPERIMENTAL
TREATABILITIES
ANALYSIS
EXECUTE
PROGRAM
Inputs and Outputs in Environmental Systems
ACTIVITY
Raw Material
industry, agriculture,
urbanization, mining etc.
Energy
Product, Service
By Product
Reuse
Non-product
output
Recovery
Waste
Hazardous Solid
Waste
Waste
Air Radioactive Wastewater Noise
Emission Waste
Hospital
Waste
Management Concept on Industrial Process Basis
Source
Source Management
Product
PROCESS
Emission
Emission Management
Product Management
Industrial Management Organization for Total
Management Concept
Raw Material
Additives
Energy
Water
Air
Land
Effects to Inputs
The network
of processes
containing
labor, man
power and
other sources
Outputs
Product
By Product
Non-product
-Wastes
-Emissions
-Consumption of
Sources
-Risks
-Impacts etc.
Environmental
Effects
Threats
-Direct
-Indirect
-During
Usage
-After
Usage
-Other
Mass and energy balance
• For each process, mass and energy balance
are made to reach waste characterization
and species and amounts of the pollutants.
• It is important that which pollutants should
be analyzed and selected as analytical
methods.
Mass and energy balance (continued)
• For example, in milk and milk product
industry, if A process (pasteurization unit)
does not use CN material as input, this
pollutant should not be characterized in
waste analysis.
• Mass and energy balance supplies the
integration of the process and waste survey.
Mass and energy balance (continued)
• In other words, nobody can do waste survey
unless doing mass and energy balance
related any process.
• For example, air pollutants can not be
characterized without knowing the type of
energy and incineration process.
Commonly used dimensions
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Volume
Concentration
Load
Are used as main units in pollution profile
Volume is used especially for wastewater
based on time or product such as m3/h,
m3/day, m3/product
Commonly used dimensions
(continued)
• Product dimension which are produced in
certain periods such as m3/m2 textile, m3/m
metal, m3/ton cows, m3/kwh, m3/oil equ.
energy, m3/m3 beer etc.
• Question: For dimensions above, which
parameters are based. Product, raw material,
energy?
Pollution Load
• Based on time
• Based on production
• Load means mass unit of a specific pollutant
per time unit or product characteristic.
• For instance, it expresses the loaded specific
pollutant to environment.
Pollution Load (continued)
• Based on time: Lt=Q*C, V/t*m/v,
m3/day*kg/L
• Based on production: m3/day*g/L beer
• Commonly used units for organic matter of
wastewaters in Environmental Engineering
• kg BOD5/h, kg COD/day, kg phenols/day
Pollution Load (continued)
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Industrial pollution sources and loads
Weaved textile dying kg BOD5/m fabric
Slaughterhouse
kg SS/ton carcass
Metal finishing
kg Cd/m2 metal
Beer or beverages
kg BOD5/m3 beer
Pulp and paper
kg COD/ton pulp
Oil refinery
kg TKN/kWh
Concentration
• Concentration is the numerical value of mass per
unit volume
• Pollution load is amount of discharged pollutant
per unit time from industry
• Question: When organized industrial estate
(leather) discharges to river 10 000 m3/day treated
wastewater including 2 mg/l Cr, another industry
discharges to same river 50 m3/day raw wastewater
including 5 mg/l Cr. Compare two industries as
pollution load. Which industry should be
controlled according to this profile?
Population equivalency of pollution load
• This is a parameter calculating population number
which is equivalent to pollution load.
• Water usage per person= 200 l/person-day,
domestic wastewater BOD5= 250 mg/l
• Pollution load per person= 50 g BOD5/day
• Question: Industry A discharges 100 kg BOD5/day
to a lake. Calculate the population equivalency for
this load.
• Solution: 100 000 g BOD/day/ (50 g/person-day
population equivalency) = 2000 person
Waste Classification
Definition: Industrial waste classification is made
in based on 8 types of waste. These are;
• Wastewater
• Air emission
• Solid waste
• Hazardous waste
• Medical or hospital waste
• Radioactive waste
• Noise pollution
• Sludge & Slurry
Wastewater Classification
• Waste in form of liquid(but water) is known as waste water
in industry and it is taken out.
• Wastewater generated by processes and other units
• Condensation water
• Cleaning and washing tool ,equipment and building water
• Off water of steam generator , boiler condensation water
softening process and its regeneration waters originated by
supplementary processes
• Domestic, social facilities, such as shower, toilet, cafeteria
and laundry
• Field drainage and rain water
Wastewater Classification
(continued)
Classification of Industrial Wastewater
based on pollution:
• Process wastewater
• Associated processes wastewater
• Domestic wastewater
Hazardous Waste
Definitions:
• These wastes are defined as any material that are no longer
desired and has no current or perceived value at a given
place. Among variety of waste , hazardous waste is a
hazardous substance that has been discarded or otherwise
designated as a waste material , or one that may become
hazardous by interaction with other substances.
• Generally, hazardous waste is defined as any waste which
has hazard potential and hazardous effects to human health
and environment. They required different management
system from other conventional and traditional waste.
Hazardous Waste (continued)
A “solid waste” was defined by Congress as :
• Any garbage, refuse sludge from a waste treatment plant , water supply
treatment plant, air pollution control facilities and other discarded
materials, including solid, liquid, semi solid or contained gaseous
material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural
operations and from community activities.
A “hazardous waste” was defined by Congress as :
• Solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its
quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious
characteristics may• cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in serious irreversible,
or incapacitating reversible, illness; or
• pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the
environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed
of, or otherwise managed.
Hazardous Waste (continued)
From this definitional beginning, Congress
directed EPA in RCRA Section 3001 to follow a
two-step process leading to the identification of
hazardous wastes. First, EPA was directed to
establish “criteria” to be used to identify the
characteristics of hazardous waste and to actually
list hazardous wastes. Factors that EPA had to
consider in establishing the criteria included:
• toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature;
• potential for accumulation in tissue, AND
• other related factors such as flammability,
corrosiveness, and other hazardous characteristics.
Hazardous Waste (continued)
• Their effects in two ways;
- short-term effects (acute)
- long-term effects (chronic)
• These are considered in four criteria;
- toxicity
- corrosiveness
- flammability
- reactivity
Management of Hazardous Waste
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definition of hazardous waste
determination of hazardous waste
listing hazardous waste
T/S/D Treatment technologies / Storage/
Disposal
• Biological treatment
• Physical- chemical treatment
• Incineration
Management of Hazardous
Waste (continued)
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In addition;
deep well injection
spent mining filling
dumping to oceans
dumping to space by rockets, etc.
controlling the hazardous waste sites
Definition of Hazardous Waste
• Wastes which have environmental acute or chronic
hazard potential can be flammable, reactive,
corrosive and toxic with their compositions,
including material amount, physical forms,
dispersion and diffusion in environment, usage
styles going to environment by human activities,
therefore; differing from conventional treatment
and disposal methods and requiring management
systems that includes environmental system’s
(ecosystem) politic, social and economic concepts
and identifying by specification and listing.
• (furthermore reading: Zararlı Atıkların Tanımı ve
Yönetimi Projesi İ. Talınlı, 1995)
Air Emissions
Assessment of the air pollutants in two ways;
• Emissions (in chimney)
• Emissions (in process area, open and closed)
Emission sources in industries;
• Incineration of the fuels to provide the
energy for processes, offices and closed area.
These emissions are evaluated in chimney
according to thermodynamic conditions,
boilers specifications and capacity.
Air Emissions (continued)
• Emissions in open and closed area may be sourced
by volatile materials used in process in gaseous
form or dust and smog. They can be collected by
vacuum or aspiration through chimney to
atmosphere. They are known as controlled
emissions in media however some gaseous
pollutants may be still stay in the process
atmosphere or in he labor or human lung. Indoor
air quality should be evaluated according to
occupational safety health.
Air Emissions (continued)
• Some particulate air pollutants are also
uncontrolled emissions. For example, storage of
the refractor materials in open area, dust occurs
and is transferred to atmosphere. Materials such as
clinkers and refractors are stored in open area and
transferred to atmosphere by wind.
• Chimney emissions: Incineration gases, volatile
gases to chimney by asp., particulate materials to
chimney.
• Medium emissions: Uncontrolled air pollutants
and hazardous gases by inhalation.
Pollution based industrial
categorization
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The categorization approach is based on;
Production type
Materials used in production
Occupational branches
Pollution
SIC (standard industrial classification) index-main
headings
Aim of the classification based on pollution is to
determine the homogenous groups of industries
with similar pollution profiles, on which control
methods will depend on.
Main and sub-categorization
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Main factors for sub-categorization;
Production process and technology
Raw materials
Product
Water usage
Plant capacity
Plant age and efficiency
Personnel groups (shifts)
Pollution profiles (waste characteristics)
Treatment technologies
Investment costs
Question
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Write an appropriate main factor for each subcategory
given below;
Main head: Textile industry
Spring wool cleaning
Wool fabric finishing
Broad-woven fabric finishing
Knit-woven finishing
Carpet fabric finishing
Stock ad fiber fabric finishing
Process modified for reduced water usage
Non-woven fabric finishing
Felt fabric finishing
Silk finishing
Question (continued)
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Main head: Metal finishing
Ordinary metals
Precious metals
Complex metals
Hexavalent chromium plating
Cyanide used processes
Oily wastewater
Wastewater including solvents
Question (continued)
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Main head: Milk and milk production industries
Milk reception
Milk preparation and cream production
Yoghurt and ayran production
Butter
Cheese
Ice-cream
Concentrated milk
Milk powder production
Concentrated cheese water
Cheese water drying
Question (continued)
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Main head: Pharmaceutical industry
Fermentation processes
Chemical synthesis
Formulation
Biological extraction and anti-biotics
Conceptual design of wastewater
treatment system
The scope of this chapter is to make
interpretations for the treatability test results
and to build the optimum treatment system
variations by building relationships between
the parameters that are acquired from the
waste water characterization which will be
the basis for conceptual design in treatment
of industrial waste water and pollution
profile with the basic performance of the
treatment system units.
Conceptual design of wastewater
treatment system (continued)
In the frame of this goal:
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The concept of
total management application
industries is taken as basis,
Wastewater pollutant parameters are examined,
approach in
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The basic units used in wastewater treatment system and the
cooperative units are
examined and the basic functions and
performances are evaluated
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The relationships between the collective and individual parameters
are stated,
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In order to calculate the treatment plant performance in the basis
of parameters with integration in the whole system and between
the unit performance and the parameter that is supposed to be
removed, a matrix and a method are developed
By this way, it is hoped that without the treatability tests that are
necessary for the appropriate and right system especially in
wastewater treatment system design, a concept design and
variations will be built for environmental engineering.
TOTAL MANAGMENT
APPLICATION IN INDUSTRIES
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Reasons for implemented a waste monitoring program
include:
To assure the regulatory agencies that the industry is in
compliance with the effluent quality requirements in the
discharge permit;
To ensure cognizance of product and material losses to
the sewer;
To maintain sufficient control of plant operations so
that violation of permit specifications are minimized; and
To develop the necessary data needed to ensure proper
operation of the wastewater treatment facilities
Process and Waste Survey
In conducting a monitoring program,
existing knowledge of the waste flow is
usually insufficient to provide the basis
for establishing comprehensive study.
The process and waste survey will
provide material balance of the flow of
pollutants through a system.
Process and Waste Survey
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The requirements of a useful flow diagram are
summarized below:
Detailed
information
concerning
each
production
process
The type of operations should be identified as
continuous, batch, or intermittent, with
frequency of waste releases given for the latter
two.
Raw materials, products and wastes should be
listed on the flow diagram.
The waste characteristics, such as flow,
temperature and pH, should also be included.
Process and Waste Survey
(continued)
Important factors to be considered in
selecting the sampling stations are:
1. The flow of the waste stream should be
known or easily estimated or measured.
2. The sampling station should be easily
accessible with adequate safeguards.
3. The wastewater should be well mixed.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The basis for any plant pollution abatement program
or anticipated design criteria depends on information
obtained by sampling.
Thus, all subsequent decisions may be based on
incorrect information if this step is not accurate;
implemented.
If a few basic principles are observed, and if those
persons responsible for sampling are forewarned,
reliable results can be obtained without expensive
and costly re sampling.
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A good sampling program should:
Ensure that the sample taken is truly representative
of the waste stream;
Use proper sampling techniques; and
Protect the samples until they are analyzed waste
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is
an estimate of the amount of oxygen
required to stabilize biodegradable organic
materials in a sample of wastewater by
heterogeneous microbial population.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a
measure of the oxygen equivalent of the
organic fraction in the sample which is
susceptible to permanganate or
dichromate oxidation in an acid solution.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(continued)
Generally, one would expect the ultimate BOD of a
wastewater to approach the COD There are many factors
which would negate this statement, however, especially
when determining the BOD and COD for complex
industrial wastes. These factors include:
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Many organic compounds, which are dichromate
oxidizable, are not biochemically oxidizable.
Certain inorganic substances, such as sulfides, sulfites,
thiosulfates, nitrites, and ferrous iron are oxidized by
dichromate, creating an inorganic COD, which is
misleading when estimating the organic content of a
wastewater.
The BOD results may be affected by lack of seed
acclimation, giving erroneously low readings. The COD
results are independent of this variable.
Certain organic compounds (e.g. straight chain,
saturated aliphatic acids and alcohols) are not efficiently
oxidized by Cr2072-. A silver sulfate catalyst is added to
ensure efficient oxidation of these compounds.
Total Organic Carbon
The organic carbon determination is free of the
many variables, which plague the COD and BOD
analyses, with more reliable and reproducible
data being the net result.
The total organic carbon concentration in a
wastewater is a measure of organic content.
While TOC measurements give no indication of
the oxidation state of the carbon, correlations can
often be made between TOC and occasionally
BOD values for individual wastes.
Total Organic Carbon (continued)
In summary, it can be stated that
COD/TOC and BOD/TOC are both
valid measures of the organic
character and both can be correlated
to COD values in many applications.
Commonly used treatment units
in wastewater treatment systems
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Neutralization Tank
Coagulation& Flocculation
DAF
Activated Carbon Adsorption
Ion Exchange
Chemical Oxidation
Granular Filtration
Activated Sludge
Anaerobic Treatment
Reverse Osmosis
Neutralization
• Many wastewaters contain acidic or alkaline
substances which must be neutralized prior
to being discharged into receiving bodies of
water or conveyed to subsequent unit
treatment processes.
• Neutralization, or adjustment of pH, may be
used in the later case not only to protect
downstream processes, but also to optimize
their effectiveness.
Coagulation and Precipitation
• Coagulation has been defined as the addition of a
chemical to a colloidal dispersion which results in
particle destabilization by the reduction in forces
which tend to keep particles apart.
• Coagulation involves the reduction of surface
charges and the formation of complex hydrous
oxides.
• The process involves forming either flocculant
suspensions of compounds which entrap desired
pollutants and carry them out of solution or the
formation of insoluble precipitates of the
pollutants themselves.
Coagulation and Precipitation
(continued)
• Examples of former include organic
suspended materials and examples of the
latter include precipitates of phosphorus and
heavy metals.
• After coagulation to destabilize the particles
and flocculation to generate large particles,
the materials can subsequently be separated
from the wastewater by sedimentation,
flotation, or filtration.
Dissolved Air Flotation
• Dissolved air flotation (DAF) has been used for
many years in the treatment of wastewaters for
separation of suspended solids, oils, greases, fibers,
and other low density solids from the carrier liquid
as well as for the thickening of activated sludge and
flocculated chemical sludges.
• The flotation process is accomplished by
introducing pressurized wastewaters to atmospheric
pressure and releasing the dissolved gas in excess of
saturation. This reduces the specific gravity of SS or
oily material by the attachment of fine gas bubbles to
the particulate matter, enhancing gravity separation.
Activated Sludge
• The AS process is a continuous system in which
aerobic biological growths are mixed with
wastewaters then separated in a gravity clarifier.
• This process should provide an effluent with a
soluble BOD5 of 15 to 40 mg/l, although the
organic concentration of the effluent in terms of
COD in the industrial sector may be as high as 500
to 1000 mg/l, depending on the concentration of
non-biodegradable compounds originally in the
wastewaters.
Activated Sludge (continued)
• There are many impurities in industrial
wastewaters that must be removed or altered by
preliminary operations (pretreatment) before
subsequent AS treatment can be considered.
• High concentrations of SS discharged directly to
secondary biological processes can decrease
overall process efficiency, either by reducing the
active biological solids fraction or by creating a
sludge less amenable to sludge handling.
• Removing oil by gravity separation is required in
many industrial plants because oily waters have a
deleterious effect on most secondary and tertiary
treatment process.
Anaerobic Treatment of
Organic Wastes
• Traditionally, anaerobic degradation of organic
materials has been associated with digestion of
wastewater sludges which resulted from primary
sedimentation of degradable organic solids or were
generated during biological oxidation of soluble and
colloidal organic materials.
• Anaerobic processes are also very effective for treating
soluble and colloidal organic materials and to
biologically reduce nitrogen in the form of nitrate to
harmless nitrogen gas.
• Since the anaerobic system can obtain 50 to 70 percent
organic destruction at a relatively low energy input, it
may also be utilized very effectively for pre-treating
soluble organic wastewaters prior to aerobic systems.
Activated Carbon Adsorption
• Activated carbon adsorption is most often
employed for the removal of organic
constituents from wastewater.
• Although carbon is sometimes used as a
catalyst for decholorination or oxidation of
cyanide and for the removal of certain heavy
metals, these special cases have limited
applications to wastewater treatment.
Activated Carbon Adsorption
(continued)
• The principal applications of carbon adsorption for
the treatment of organic wastewaters include the
removal of non-degradable substances, such as
color producing compounds and pesticides, and
the reduction of specific organic constituents, such
as phenols, in waste streams which contain
relatively small concentrations of specific organic
species.
• This process may be performed in combination
with biological treatment for the removal of either
degradable or refractory organic constituents.
Ion Exchange
• Ion exchange is a process in which ions,
held by electrostatic forces to functional
groups on the surface of a solid, are
exchanged for ions of a similar charge in
solution.
• Ion exchange is more often applied for the
removal or exchange of dissolved inorganic
salts in waters or wastewaters, such as
hardness (calcium and magnesium) or heavy
metals.
Chemical Oxidation
• The vocabulary of some regulatory authorities is
rapidly evolving to include such terms as
“resistant,” “refractory,” “incompatible,” and
“perdurable” to describe those constituents which
are not removed by conventional wastewater
treatment methods.
• The objective of chemical oxidation in water and
wastewater treatment is to transform undesirable
chemical constituents to a more oxidized state
which reduces the pollution potential.
Chemical Oxidation (continued)
• It is often unnecessary to carry the oxidation of a
compound to completion since, depending on the
oxidant and oxidizing conditions, the intermediate
oxidation products which may be formed will be of
much lower toxicity or less objectionable
characteristic than the original materials.
• Complete oxidation may not only be impractible
from a treatment standpoint, but also represents a
non-justified economical outlay.
Chemical Oxidation (continued)
• Subsequently, chemical oxidation might be
considered as a selective modification or
elimination of objectionable or toxic
substances, including :
• Inorganic constituents, such as Mn(II), Fe(II),
S2-, CN-, SO32- and
• Organic compounds, such as phenols, amines,
humic acids, other taste, odor, or color
producing or toxic compounds, bacteria and
algae
APPROACH FOR THE TREATABILITY OF THE
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS
In fact, this approach depends on the predictions on which
parameters and in what efficiency will the treatment units
will work while the consideration that the effects of these
units on the other units in the system is taken account, by
using the table of unit removal efficiency.
At this point it is important to realize that, the relationships
between the parameters are have to be taken account.
For instance if the parameter of COD is to be removed than
the parameters such as Oil & Grease, Suspended Solids and
all the other organic and inorganic parameters should be
evaluated carefully.
At this point, the most important parameters are collective
parameters such as COD, BOD, SS, Oil& Grease, Phenols
CONCLUSION
In the frame of the approach that is discussed above:
First of all, process survey must be done for the industrial wastewaters
in order to learn about the inputs and outputs in the industry.
A waste survey should be prepared according to process survey and
then pollution profile must be done without any mistake.
Only with a perfect characterization of a wastewater can an efficient
design be done.
Relationships between the parameters should be evaluated, especially
the collective parameters must be considered as the most important
ones
For all the industrial wastewaters, treat ability tests must be done.
However with a good characterization and perfect unit performance
knowledge it is possible to have conceptual design in a very short
period of time and in a safe way.
All the units that will be used as the base of the design of the treatment
system should be well defined.
The effects of the treatment units on the other units in the system
should be well evaluated.
CONCLUSION (continued)
• “if you don’t satisfy by your solutions and
answers, imagine that your brain is the best
ecosystem and you have to balance some
ethical pollution in it.”
• “each quantity has a quality of its own
which was never reached before and which
shall never be reached again.”
CONCLUSION (continued)
• “Your destiny can behold for a good future,
if you have a scientific thinking in your brain
and clarity in your heart.”
• “taking an exam is nothing, thinking and its
quality is everything. All achievements have
quality of their own.”
İ. TALINLI
CONCLUSION (continued)
• Do not hate multiple choice because you
will have to choose during your life, even
your partner.
• The choices you made by your wisdom will
always be much more effective than
everything will.
İ. TALINLI
CONCLUSION (continued)
• “we can make several things
clearer, but we can not make
anything clear.”
Frank P. RAMSEY