Transcript Approximately how many radioactive atoms are present in a

Approximately how many radioactive atoms are
present in a tritium sample with an activity of 0.4
x 10-6 Ci and a half-life of 12.3 years? (1 Ci =
3.7 x 1010 decays/s)
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2.
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13 x 107
7 x 108
3 x 1010
8 x 1012
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What is the binding energy per nucleon of Au-197 (atomic
number = 79)? (The following information regarding
atomic masses will be needed: Au-197, 196.966560;
hydrogen, 1.007825; neutron, 1.008665; also 1 u x c2 =
931.5 MeV)
25% 25% 25% 25%
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7.3 MeV
7.7 MeV
7.9 MeV
8.3 MeV
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Approximately how many half-life periods must
elapse if the activity of a radioactive isotope
sample is to be reduced to 0.004 of the original
value?
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2.
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3
6
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60
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Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. What
proportion of its original radioactivity will a
sample have after 9 years?
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2.
3.
4.
0.55
0.60
0.73
0.84
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The activity of a newly discovered radioactive
isotope reduces to 96% of its original value in
an interval of 2 hours. What is its half-life?
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10.2 hrs
34.0 hrs
44.0 hrs
68.6 hrs
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If there are 128 neutrons in Pb-210,
how many neutrons are found in the
nucleus of Pb-206?
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2.
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4.
122
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130
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The existence of the neutrino was postulated
to account for which basic conservation laws
during the beta decay process?
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2.
3.
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conservation of energy
conservation of
momentum
both of the choices are
valid
none of the choices are
valid
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A radioactive isotope which emits a
gamma quantum will change in what
respect?
1. atomic number
increases by one
2. atomic number
decreases by one
3. atomic mass number
decreases by one
4. none of the choices
are valid
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A radioactive isotope which emits an
alpha particle will change in what
respect?
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2.
3.
4.
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atomic number decreases
by four
mass number decreases
by four
both atomic number and
mass number decrease
by four
none of the choices are
valid
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Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. How many
years will elapse when the radioactivity of a tritium
sample diminishes to 10% of its original value?
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4.
31 years
41 years
84 years
123 years
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A pure sample of Ra-226 contains 2.0 x 1014
atoms of the isotope. If the half-life of Ra-226 =
1.6 x 103 years, what is the decay rate of this
sample? (1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/s)
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2.7 x 10-12 Ci
3.4 x 10-10 Ci
7.5 x 10-8 Ci
9.6 x 10-6 Ci
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What energy must be added or given off in a reaction where
one hydrogen atom and two neutrons are combined to form
a tritium atom? (atomic masses for each: hydrogen,
1.007825; neutron, 1.009665; tritium, 3.016049; also, 1 u x c2
= 931.5 MeV)
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8.5 MeV added
8.5 MeV given off
10.3 MeV given off
10.3 MeV added
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An ancient building was known to have been built 3000
years ago. Approximately what proportion of C-14 atoms
are yet in the building's wooden framing compared to
the number which were present at the time of its
construction? (half life of C-14 = 5800 years)
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4.
0.425
0.500
0.517
0.698
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The isotope Zn-64 has a nuclear radius of 4.8 x 10-15
m. Which of the following is the mass number of an
isotope for which the nuclear radius is 7.2 x 10-15 m?
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3.
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144
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A pure sample of Ra-226 contains 2 x 1014 atoms of
the isotope. If the half-life of Ra-226 = 1.6 x 103
years, what is the decay rate of this sample?
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4.
6.7 x 109 decays/yr
8.7 x 1010 decays/yr
9.4 x 1010 decays/yr
12.6 x 10-10 decays/yr
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The beta emission process results in the
daughter nucleus differing in what manner
from the parent?
1. atomic mass
increases by one
2. atomic number
decreases by two
3. atomic number
increases by one
4. atomic mass
decreases by two
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The gamma radiation first detected by
Becquerel was in fact which of the
following?
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2.
3.
4.
helium nuclei
high energy quanta
electrons
positrons
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The alpha emission process results in the
daughter nucleus differing in what manner
from the parent?
1. atomic mass
increases by one
2. atomic number
decreases by two
3. atomic number
increases by one
4. atomic mass
decreases by two
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If the sum total mass of reactants in a nuclear
reaction is greater than that of product particles,
then which of the following statements best
describes the conditions of the reaction?
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4.
reaction is exothermic
reaction is endothermic
atomic number of each
reactant must be greater
than 40
atomic number of each
reactant must be less
than 80
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The isotope Zn-64 has a nuclear radius of 4.8
x 10-15 m. Approximately what is the nuclear
radius of an isotope of Al-27?
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4.
2.0 x 10-15 m
2.7 x 10-15 m
3.6 x 10-15 m
4.0 x 10-15 m
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The ratio of the numbers of neutrons to protons in
the nucleus of naturally occurring isotopes tends to
vary with atomic number in what manner?
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2.
3.
4.
increases with greater
atomic number
decreases with greater
atomic number
is maximum for atomic
number = 60
remains constant for
entire range of atomic
numbers
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The atomic mass number of a nucleus is
equivalent to which of the following
numbers?
1. # neutrons present
2. # protons present
3. difference in
neutron and proton
numbers
4. sum of neutron and
proton numbers
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Of the main types of radiation emitted
from naturally radioactive isotopes, which
of the following is the most penetrating?
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4.
alpha
beta
gamma
positron
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Samples of two different isotopes, X and Y, both contain
the same number of radioactive atoms. Sample X has a
half life twice that of Y. How do their rates of radiation
compare?
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2.
3.
4.
X has a greater rate than Y
X has a smaller rate than Y
rates of X and Y are equal
rate depends on atomic
number, not half life
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The beta radiation first detected by
Becquerel was in fact which of the
following?
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2.
3.
4.
helium nuclei
high energy quanta
electrons
positrons
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The alpha radiation first detected by
Becquerel was in fact which of the
following?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
helium nuclei
high energy quanta
electrons
positrons
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The atomic number of a given element
is equivalent to which of the following?
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2.
3.
4.
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proton number in the
nucleus
neutron number in the
nucleus
sum of the protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
number of electrons in the
outer shells
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Chromium-55 (54.9279 u) emits an electron (0.0005 u)
leaving a daughter nucleus of manganese-55 (54.9244
u). How much energy is released in this reaction? (1 u x
c2 = 931 MeV)
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2.
3.
4.
5.59 MeV
2.79 MeV
1.40 MeV
0.70 MeV
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An endothermic nuclear reaction occurs as a result of the collision
of two reactant nuclei. If the Q value of this reaction is -2.17 MeV,
which of the following describes the minimum kinetic energy
needed in the reactant nuclei if the reaction is to occur?
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1. equal to 2.17 MeV
2. greater than 2.17
MeV
3. less than 2.17 MeV
4. exactly half of 2.17
MeV
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If a fossil bone is found to contain 1/8th as
much Carbon-14 as the bone of a living animal,
what is the approximate age of the fossil? (halflife of C-14 = 5800 years)
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4.
8,000 years
17,400 years
23,000 years
46,400 years
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Rutherford's experiments involving the use of
alpha particle beams directed onto thin metal
foils demonstrated the existence of which of the
following?
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2.
3.
4.
neutron
proton
nucleus
positron
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The components of natural radiation, in
order of least to most penetrating, are
which of the following choices?
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2.
3.
4.
alpha, beta and gamma
gamma, beta and alpha
beta, gamma and alpha
alpha, gamma and beta
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42
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47
48
49
50
A radioactive material initially is observed to
have an activity of 800 counts/sec. If four hours
later it is observed to have an activity of 200
counts/sec, what is its half life?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 hour
2 hours
4 hours
8 hours
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
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48
49
50
The experiment which gave the first
evidence for the existence of the atomic
nucleus involved which of the following?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. X-ray scattering
2. radioactive dating
3. cosmic ray
detection
4. alpha scattering
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
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47
48
49
50
The nucleus of an atom is made
up of which of the following?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. electrons and protons
2. electrons and
neutrons
3. protons, electrons and
neutrons
4. protons and neutrons
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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11
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32
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35
36
37
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41
42
43
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45
46
47
48
49
50
Radium-226 decays to Radon-222
by emitting which of the following?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
beta
alpha
gamma
positron
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
When bismuth-214 emits a beta
particle, the remaining daughter
nucleus is which of the following?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
lead-213
actinium-215
polonium-214
bismuth-215
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
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47
48
49
50
Certain stars at the end of their lives are thought to collapse combining
their protons and electrons together to form a neutron star. Such a star
could be thought of as a giant atomic nucleus. If a star of mass equal to
that of the sun (M = 2 x 1030 kg) collapsed into neutrons (mn = 1.67 x 10-27
kg), what would be the radius of such a star? (HINT: r = r0A1/3)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25.4 km
18.7 km
12.7 km
6.4 km
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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15
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Calculate the binding energy of the tritium nucleus,
given that the mass of the tritium nucleus is 3.01605 u.
(mp = 1.007276 u, mn = 1.008665, and 1 u = 931.5
MeV/c2)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.24 MeV/nucleon
2.45 MeV/nucleon
2.66 MeV/nucleon
2.86 MeV/nucleon
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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19
20
21
22
23
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25
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28
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31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The half-life of radioactive iodine-131 is 8 days. Find the
number of 131I nuclei necessary to produce a sample of
activity 1.0µ Ci. (1 Curie = 3.7 x 1010 decays/second)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.6 x 109
3.7 x 1010
7.6 x 1012
8.1 x 1013
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
How much kinetic energy must an alpha particle
(charge = 2 x 1.6 x 10-19 C) have to approach to within
10-14 m of a gold nucleus (charge = 79 x 1.6 x 10-19 C)?
[k = 9 x 109 N-m2 /C2 and 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J]
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
11.70 MeV
14.55 MeV
18.15 MeV
22.75 MeV
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.33
years decaying into
with low-energy
electron emission. If we have a sample of 3 x
1018 tritium atoms, what is its activity in
7 s)
decays/second? (1 year = 3.15
x
10
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.20 x 1010/second
5.35 x 109/second
3.69 x 108/second
6.64 x 107/second
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
14
15
2
16
17
3
18
194
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
An alpha particle (mass = 6.68 x 10-27 kg) is emitted
from a radioactive nucleus with an energy of 5 MeV.
How fast is the a-particle moving in m/s? (1 MeV =
1.6 x 10-13 J)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.40 x 107 m/s
1.55 x 107 m/s
3.70 x 106 m/s
1.85 x 106 m/s
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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33
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38
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41
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45
46
47
48
49
50
A 1-gram sample of petrified wood is taken from a
petrified forest. If the Carbon-14 activity of the sample is
12.5% that of present-day organic material, what is the
age of the petrified wood? (T1/2 for C-14 is 5,730 years)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
4,460 years
8,600 years
13,150 years
17,200 years
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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31
32
33
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35
36
37
38
39
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41
42
43
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46
47
48
49
50
In the beta decay of 14C, the existence of the
anti-neutrino was required to maintain?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. energy conservation.
2. charge conservation.
3. conservation of the
number of nucleons.
4. all of the choices
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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15
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The fact that the binding energy per
nucleon doesn't depend very strongly on
the volume of the nucleus indicates that?
1.
2.
3.
4.
the strong nuclear force
saturates.
nucleons don't move
throughout the nucleus.
all nuclei have the same
volume.
the radius of a nucleus is
directly proportional to the
number of nucleons.
25% 25% 25% 25%
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
According to the shell model of the
nucleus, radioactive decay which
produces beta rays occurs because?
1.
25% 25% 25% 25%
there is a vacant energy level for a
neutron and as a neutron drops down
to this lower energy level it gives up its
energy to an electron.
there is no vacancy in a neutron
energy level so the neutron goes to an
energy level previously occupied by an
electron.
the neutron must change to a proton
before it can go to a lower energy level.
the neutron gets rid of excess angular
momentum by giving it to ejected
electron.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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15
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32
33
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35
36
37
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41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Some nuclei are not spherical and
this can best be explained by the?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
liquid drop model.
shell model.
collective model.
model of nuclear
tunneling.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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28
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
If the stable nuclei are plotted with neutron number vs.
proton number, the curve formed by the stable nuclei
does not follow the line N = Z. This is predicted by
examining how the binding energy is influenced by?
1. the volume of the
nucleus.
2. the size of the nuclear
surface.
3. the Coulomb
repulsion.
4. the proton-neutron
mass difference.
25% 25% 25% 25%
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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28
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The binding energy of a
nucleus is equal to?
1.
2.
3.
4.
25% 25% 25% 25%
the energy needed to remove
one of the nucleons.
the average energy with which
any nucleon is bound in the
nucleus.
the energy needed to separate
all the nucleons from each
other.
the mass of the nucleus times
c 2.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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23
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25
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The gram molecular mass for chlorine is not a multiple
of the mass of hydrogen but is about 35.5 times the
mass of hydrogen. This is primarily because?
1.
2.
3.
4.
25% 25% 25% 25%
the proton and neutron
have different masses.
there are several isotopes
of chlorine.
of the binding energy of
the chlorine nucleus.
the chlorine nucleus has
35.5 nucleons.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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25
26
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28
29
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31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The mass of 238U is not quite an integer
multiple of -H. This is primarily because?
1.
2.
3.
4.
25% 25% 25% 25%
the proton and neutron
have different masses.
there are several isotopes
of uranium.
of the binding energy of
uranium.
uranium is radioactive.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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20
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22
23
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25
26
27
28
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The neutron is radioactive and can beta
decay to form a proton. This can occur
primarily because?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. the proton has less
mass than a neutron.
2. there are several
hydrogen isotopes.
3. of the binding energy
of hydrogen.
4. the neutron is neutral.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
For every stable nucleus except hydrogen, if
the number of nucleons is doubled, the
quantity that will change least is the?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
mass.
charge.
volume.
density.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
What particle is emitted when P-32
decays to S-32? (atomic numbers of P
and S are, respectively, 15 and 16)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
alpha
beta
positron
gamma quantum
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
What particle is emitted when Pu-240
decays to U-236? (atomic numbers of Pu
and U are, respectively, 94 and 92)
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
alpha
beta
positron
gamma quantum
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The original nucleus and the final nucleus
will be isotopes for which decay scheme
of the original nucleus?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. alpha decay followed
by two beta decays
2. two gamma decays
3. a beta decay followed
by an alpha decay
4. a beta decay followed
by neutron emission
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The mass of 12C is 12 u where 1 u =
1.660559 x 10-27 kg. This mass is equal to?
1.
2.
3.
4.
25% 25% 25% 25%
12C
the mass of the
nucleus.
the mass of the 12C
nucleus plus 6 electrons.
the mass of the 12C
nucleus plus 12 electrons.
the mass of 6 protons and
6 neutrons.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
A proton is captured by an oxygen-16 atom
which in turn emits a deuteron. What is the
element and mass number of the product
isotope?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
nitrogen-15
oxygen-17
oxygen-15
fluorine-15
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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31
32
33
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36
37
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41
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48
49
50