Transcript Photosynthesis SL
Photosynthesis
Topic 3.8
Key points…..
Photosynthesis involves conversion of LIGHT energy (usually from the sun) into CHEMICAL energy (in food).
(Microsoft Clip art) The overall equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy → Glucose + Oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
Sunlight consists of WHITE light but is actually made up of a range of wavelengths (c o l o u r s ) including red , blue and green .
http://mirror-in-bom1.gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/natural-science/prism-and-refraction-of-light-into-rainbow-AJHD.jpg
http://quarknet.fnal.gov/quarknet-summer-research/QNET2010/Astronomy/em_spectrum.jpg
More key points….
Pigments in the leaves can absorb light. The main photosynthetic pigment is CHLOROPHYLL . (There are a few others too, such as the carotenoids .) Chlorophyll absorbs red well, but reflects green leaves appear green .
and blue light light. This is why Some of the energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to produce ATP.
http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/fig5.gif
Absorption Spectra
show how much light is taken in by pigments.
In chlorophyll this light energy is used to drive photosynthesis. This is shown in the
Action Spectra
which shows how much Photosynthesis reactions take place
Some of the energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.
This is called PHOTOLYSIS .
H + H + H H Light Energy O O 2 The hydrogen is used later on in the process of photosynthesis.
The oxygen is released as a waste product.
Lets look at the equation for Photosynthesis again…….
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + Energy
→
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2 Where do these “C’s” come from?
Where do these “O’s” come from?
What about these “O’s”?
Where do this “H’s” come from?
The carbon is used to make glucose initially, and a range of organic substances.
Conversion of carbon in a gas (CO 2 ) to carbon in a solid (glucose) is called CARBON FIXATION.
Carbon fixation involves the use of hydrogen from photolysis and energy from ATP.
The leaf is the organ responsible for photosynthesis. So how do all the necessary ingredients for Photosynthesis meet up in the leaf?
http://s2.hubimg.com/u/746729_f520.jpg
Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the leaf via the stoma / stomata.
Oxygen leaves by the stoma.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/leafstru.gif
Water comes up from the roots via tubes called
Xylem
Glucose that is produced is taken to the rest of the plant in the phloem tubes.
Look at the picture of the leaf structure on the previous slide – then fill in the labels on this one A Air space B Spongy mesophyll C Vascular bundle D Palisade layer http://www.bioclix.org/images/leaf_2.jpg
E Stomata
Your task:
In the next 3 slides think about what you would have to do to measure the Rate (speed) of Photosynthesis. Draw how you would set up the apparatus (equipment) for the 3 different ways of measuring the rate mentioned.
Measuring rate of Photosynthesis
Production of oxygen Aquatic plants (eg. oxygen during photosynthesis. These bubbles can either be counted or collected and the volume measured to give an indication of rate.
Elodea ) give off bubbles of
Production of Oxygen Experiment
Measuring rate of photosynthesis 2
Uptake of carbon dioxide Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air or water, but this is difficult to measure directly. CO 2 is an acidic gas, so when it is removed from water by photosynthesis, the pH rises. This can be measured with indicators and pH meters.
Uptake of Carbon Dioxide Experiment
Measuring rate of photosynthesis 3
Increase in biomass Biomass is the biological mass of organisms. If batches of plants are harvested at different times, and the biomass is determined, the rate of increase in biomass gives an indirect measure of rate of photosynthesis.
Increase in Biomass Experiment
What affects how fast Photosynthesis occurs? Why and how does it affect it?
Amount of CO 2 and H 2 O.
If you don’t have raw materials………..
Light Intensity You need energy to make the chemical reactions happen…….
Temperature Photosynthesis needs enzymes……..
Draw and annotate graphs to explain each.
Production of oxygen set up
http://moodle.schoolnet.lk/file.php/21/assets/images/ks4/elodea.gif
You could either count the number of bubbles in a set amount of time or measure the volume of gas produced over a longer period of time.
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate provides CO 2 to the plant.
Uptake of Carbon Dioxide set up
http://c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000xQykazfHOUU/s Put an aquatic plant in the water with a known amount of CO2 dissolved in it. Monitor the pH levels (using a pH probe) over time to measure CO2 uptake. pH should increase with time. Rate of change of pH is a measure of Rate of P/S .
Increase in Biomass set up
Weigh the dry aquatic plant, carry out the experiment and weigh the dry plant again. % change in biomass over time can be a measure of Rate of P/S.
(Microsoft Clip art)