Transcript SAMPLING OPTIONS FOR INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS

TOOLS OF THE TRADE
FOR EVALUATING
INDOOR AIR
WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON
DATA INTERPRETATION
1
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
A Global Concern in:
• Workplaces
• Homes
• Schools
• Commercial Buildings
2
FACTORS AFFECTING IAQ
• Building materials and furnishings
• Chemicals used in the building
• Activities done inside
 Hobbies and work
• Equipment used inside the building
• Level of housekeeping, maintenance, and
ventilation
• Contaminants underground that may permeate
into the overlying structure
3
SPOTLIGHT ON:
RECOGNITION AND
EVALUATION OF INDOOR
AIR CONTAMINANTS
SPOTLIGHT ON:
MOLD
5
MOLD: A MOISTURE PROBLEM
• Mold can grow on any
substance including
wood, paper, carpet,
and foods providing
moisture is present.
• Most microorganisms
can thrive in the
temperature range
and on the nutrient
sources in buildings.
6
MOISTURE INDICATORS
• Water marks on ceiling tiles and other
surfaces
• Visual presence of mold
• Musty smell of microbial VOCs
• White, powdery, or crystalline substance on
the surface of concrete, plaster, and
masonry which are soluble salts dissolved
from the building materials
7
TOOLS OF THE TRADE
FOR MOLD INVESTIGATIONS
8
MOISTURE METERS
• Used to survey
moisture in any
non-conductive
porous material to
which the probes
can be applied
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ceiling Tiles
Gypsum Board
Carpeting
Wood
Plaster
Concrete (special
meter required)
9
MOISTURE METERS
ECONOMY MODEL
• Operates by
measuring the
electrical conductance
between two probes
inserted into the test
material
SKC Cat. No. 753-006
10
MOISTURE METERS
PINLESS MODELS
• Measures resistance
between two lowfrequency signals
transmitted from
conductive pads
without the need for
insertion into the test
material
• Several models are
available.
SKC Cat. No. 759-101
11
DATA INTERPRETATION
MOISTURE METERS
• Moisture in lumber may contribute to mold growth
even while the building is being constructed.
• The best protection against mold growth is to
keep the moisture content of lumber low.
• The Western Wood Products Association
recommends that moisture in lumber be kept
below 20%.
• See www.wwpa.org/moldff2.htm for a Fact
Sheet on this subject.
12
DATA INTERPRETATION
MOISTURE METERS
• Moisture levels can be compared from wall to wall
to determine where moisture intrusion is
occurring.
• Once the location of the moisture is found, an
investigation can be made as to the cause and a
control strategy can be developed.
13
SAMPLING FOR MOLD
• A more thorough evaluation will be necessary to
positively confirm the presence of mold, to
identify the genus/species of the spores, and to
confirm the absence of mold following
decontamination.
• This evaluation will involve the collection of bulk,
surface, or air samples followed by analysis at a
qualified environmental microbiology laboratory.
• See a list of commercial labs at
www.skcinc.com/links.asp#labs.
14
SURFACE SAMPLING
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
• To confirm the presence or absence of mold on
test surfaces
• To determine whether fungal levels in test areas
are greater than background levels
• To identify the types of mold present
• To determine possible sources of fungal
contaminants
15
SURFACE SAMPLING ON CARPET
MICROVACUUM CASSETTES
• Carpeting can serve as a reservoir for fungal
spores and be a source of exposure for crawling
infants.
• To sample fungal spores in carpeting, a vacuumstyle cassette is available with a 0.45 µm
polycarbonate filter loaded into a 3-piece styrene
cassette with 2-inch tubing nozzle. Sample at flows
up to 16 L/min.
• Work the inlet tube as deep as possible into the
carpeting to collect a good sample of the dust.
16
CARPET SAMPLING KIT
SKC Cat. No. 225-9540
17
DATA INTERPRETATION
CARPET SAMPLES
A 2003 AIHCE paper by MidWest Microbiology
gave some numerical guidelines for fungal spores
in settled dust from porous surfaces, like carpet,
using microvacuum cassettes:
• Normal - < 5000/1000 cm2 or < 50,000/g
• Borderline - 25,000/1000 cm2 or 200,000/g
• Elevated - 75,000/1000 cm2 or 1,000,000/g
18
SURFACE SAMPLING
STERILE WIPES
• A swab or filter wetted
with sterile water or
wash solution is used
to wipe a specified
area.
• Typically, the swab is
then used to inoculate
a culture plate.
SKC Cat. No. 225-2402
19
DATA INTERPRETATION
SWAB SAMPLES
The November 2001 AIHA Synergist guidelines
for fungal spores in swab samples:
• Normal: < 10,000 cfu/in2 or < 1500 cfu/cm2
• Probable Contamination: > 10,000 cfu/in2 or
> 1500 cfu/cm2
20
SURFACE SAMPLING
LIFT TAPE
• Collected by placing clear adhesive or packing
tape or commercially available sampling strips
onto a surface and removing it with slow, steady
force
• Following collection, the tape is attached to glass
slides and examined using light microscopy.
21
SURFACE SAMPLING
LIFT TAPE ON A SLIDE
• Flexible plastic
microscopic slides
with a sticky adhesive
sample area can be
used like lift tape.
• Press on the test
surface, place the
slide in the provided
mailer, and send to a
qualified laboratory.
Stick-to-it Slides
SKC Cat. Nos. 225-9808/9
22
DATA INTERPRETATION
LIFT TAPE SAMPLES
The November 2001 AIHA Synergist guidelines for
fungal spores in tape samples:
• Normal: No significant fungal material or biomass;
1 to 5% spores
• Probable Contamination: 25 to 100% spores
23
SURVEY METERS
TOTAL MOLD (VIABLE + NON-VIABLE)
LASER PARTICLE COUNTERS
• The instrument reads in
particles/ft3 or particles/m3 of
air.
• The particle counter can be
used like a Geiger counter to
guide the user closer to the
source of mold contamination.
SKC Cat. No. 745-3886
24
DATA INTERPRETATION
PARTICLE COUNTERS
• Particle counters sold by SKC have 5
channels, which mean they count 5 sizes of
particles.
• If the particle count is high in the 2 to 10
micron range, mold contamination is often
present.
• Data interpretation is done by comparing the
particle counts inside, outside, and in various
test zones.
25
AIR SAMPLING
TOTAL MOLD (VIABLE + NON-VIABLE)
SPORE TRAP CASSETTES
• Easy, inexpensive screening device
• Use with a pump at 15-30 L/min for up to 10
minutes.
• Spores impact onto a microscopic slide with a
sticky surface.
• Slide is stained and analyzed microscopically.
26
VERSATRAP® CASSETTES
SKC Cat. Nos. 225-9820/1
27
SKC VERSATRAP CASSETTES
• At 15 L/min, the
performance of
VersaTrap is
equivalent to other
spore traps.
• The size of spore that
is collected with a
50% efficiency is
2.3 µm.
• The VersaTrap offers
users the advantage
of minimal particle
bounce at flows from
25 to 30 L/min.
• Smaller spores can be
collected at these
higher flows:
-1.7 µm at 25 L/min
-1.5 µm at 30 L/min
28
AIR SAMPLING PUMPS
FOR USE WITH SPORETRAPS
• Constant flows from
10 to 30 L/min
• User selectable
sampling times
• Lithium-ion battery
powered up to 4 hours
• Indefinite run time
from AC adapter
• Optional sampling
wand
SKC Cat. No. 228-9530
29
DATA INTERPRETATION
SPORE TRAPS
• Spore trap analysis
will provide the total
number of spores and
the genus of the
spores found.
• This information can
be used to compare
the test area to control
areas of the building
and to the outdoors.
• The genus of the
spores should be
similar inside and out.
• The numbers,
however, should be
lower inside.
30
DATA INTERPRETATION
SPORE TRAPS
November 2001 AIHA Synergist guidelines for air samples:
Residential Buildings:
Normal: < 5000 spores/m3
Probable Contamination: > 10,000 spores/m3
Commercial Buildings:
Normal: < 2500 spores/m3
Probable Contamination: > 10,000 spores/m3
31
AIR SAMPLING
VIABLE MOLD
VIABLE CASCADE IMPACTOR
• Specified in NIOSH Methods 0800 and
0801
• Used with a pump at 28.3 L/min for typical
sample times of 2 to 5 minutes
• Mold impacts onto growth medium (agar).
• Agar plates are shipped to a
microbiological laboratory for growth and
culture.
32
SKC BIOSTAGE®
SURELOCK DESIGN
SKC Cat. Nos. 225-9610/11
STANDARD MODEL at 28.3 L/MIN
BIOSTAGE 200 MODEL at 14.15 L/MIN
33
BIOSTAGE
SAMPLER PREPARATION
34
SKC BIOSTAGE
WITH QUICKTAKE® 30 PUMP
SKC Cat. No. 228-9530K
35
AIR SAMPLING
VIABLE MOLD
STERILE FILTERS
• Air is passed through a membrane filter
such as a polycarbonate or mixed
cellulose ester filter to collect the fungal
spores.
• Gelatin filters (SKC Cat. Nos. 225-9551/2)
will help to maintain viability by minimizing
dehydration of the spores.
• Samples are collected with a portable
pump at 1 to 4 L/min for 5 to 30 minutes.
36
AIR SAMPLING
VIABLE MOLD
COLLECTION INTO LIQUID
• Pumps are used to pull mold spores into glass
impingers filled with a liquid collection medium,
typically a dilute buffer solution or mineral oil.
• Portions of the collection liquid can be placed
onto nutrient agar and incubated. The resulting
colonies can be evaluated.
• Alternatively, analyses for viable or total mold can
be done on liquid samples using biochemical,
immunological, and biological assays.
37
AIR SAMPLING
VIABLE MOLD
BIOSAMPLER®
• Resembles an all glass impinger
• Design modifications to maintain viability of
collected organisms
• Vacuum pump at sonic flow is used to pull air
through the inlet and into the collection liquid for
sample times up to 8 hours
• Developed by researchers at University of
Cincinnati; manufactured by SKC
(SKC Cat. No. 225-9595)
38
DATA INTERPRETATION
VIABLE AIR SAMPLES
November 2001 AIHA Synergist guidelines:
Residential Buildings:
Normal: < 500 cfu/m3
Probable Contamination: > 1000 cfu/m3
Commercial Buildings:
Normal: < 250 cfu/m3
Probable Contamination: > 1000 cfu/m3
39
SPOTLIGHT ON:
FORMALDEHYDE
40
RECOGNITION OF FORMALDEHYDE
• Formaldehyde is frequently used as a
preservative and adhesive.
• Formaldehyde gas can be released indoors from
particle board, veneered or laminated furniture
and cabinets, furniture and floor finishes,
paneling, permanent press fabrics, and drapes.
• Formaldehyde is a strong irritant that can cause
burning in the eyes, nose, and throat.
• In a June 2004 press release, the IARC classified
formaldehyde as carcinogenic.
41
AIR SAMPLING
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
SKC UMEx 100
• Based on 2,4-DNPH
chemistry
• Indoor air sampling up to
24 hours
• Measures from 5 ppb to
5 ppm
• HPLC laboratory analysis
• ISO Standard Method
16000-4
• OSHA Method 1007
SKC Cat. No. 500-100
42
AIR SAMPLING
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
SKC Indoor Air Formaldehyde Sampler
• 5 to 7 day sampling
• Colorimetric laboratory analysis
based on NIOSH Method 3500
• Detection limit of 0.01 ppm
• Includes ribbon to hang the sampler
in the test area
SKC Cat. No. 526-100
43
AIR SAMPLING
SORBENT TUBES
SORBENT TUBES
• Sorbent tube with 2,4DNPH-treated silica gel for
EPA Method TO-11A
• Sorbent tube with HMPtreated XAD®-2 for
OSHA/NIOSH Methods
• Laboratory analysis using
HPLC (EPA) or GC
(NIOSH/OSHA)
SKC Cat. Nos. 226-117/118/119
44
DATA INTERPRETATION
FORMALDEHYDE
The Indoor Air Quality Association, Inc. (IAQA) has
published recommended guidelines for physical,
chemical, and biological parameters in indoor
environments. The U.S. Green Building Council has
specified formaldehyde limits in their LEED rating
system.
IAQA Formaldehyde Limit = 50 ppb
LEED Green Building Limit = 27 ppb
45
SPOTLIGHT ON:
PESTICIDES
46
RECOGNITION OF PESTICIDES
• Indoor pesticide exposures may result from
pesticides applied indoors or from pesticides
inadvertently brought in from the outdoors on
shoes.
• Pesticides may accumulate on carpeting and
other flooring materials and become an exposure
source for children who spend considerable time
in close proximity to the floor.
47
AIR SAMPLING
SORBENT TUBES
OVS TUBES
• Sorbent tubes with an internal prefilter and 2 layers of XAD-2 sorbent
• Simultaneously collect pesticide
vapors and aerosols
• GC or HPLC analysis following
NIOSH/OSHA methods
SKC Cat. Nos. 226-30-16/226-58
48
AIR SAMPLING
SORBENT TUBES
LOW VOLUME PUF
TUBES
• EPA and ASTM specify
the use of polyurethane
foam sorbent contained in
a glass tube with flows
from 1-5 L/min for 4-24
hours for pesticide
measurements in indoor
air.
SKC Cat. No. 226-92
49
DATA INTERPRETATION
PESTICIDES
Government agencies have published exposure limits
for individual pesticides in various environments.
Ex. Chlordane
• 7 µg/m3-Minnesota Health Department’s Health
Risk Values (HRVs)
• 0.2 µg/m3 for exposures from 14 to 364 daysAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry Minimal Risk Level (MRLs)
50
SPOTLIGHT ON:
VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
(VOCs)
51
RECOGNITION OF VOCs
• Many common
cleaning and
household products
contain solvents that
can result in airborne
concentration of a
variety of VOCs that
can cause problems
for some people.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Furniture cleaners
Wood preservatives
Carpet shampoos
Disinfectants
Cleansers
Paint/paint strippers
Moth repellants
Hobby supplies
52
AIR SAMPLING
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
575-SERIES SAMPLERS
• SKC research studies have
documented reliable
sampling for some VOCs in
indoor air at ppb levels with
24-hour sampling times and
solvent extraction.
• Chemicals include benzene,
hexane, toluene, 1,1,1trichloroethane, xylenes on
Cat. No. 575-001 and
acetone using Cat. No.
575-002.
SKC Cat. Nos. 575-001/2
53
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
DESIGNED FOR THERMAL DESORPTION
• For sub-ppb detection limits,
SKC has developed a passive
diffusive sampler called the
SKC ULTRA.
• The SKC ULTRA uses thermal
desorption and GC analysis to
enhance sensitivity.
• U.S. OSHA tested the ULTRA
with Chromosorb® 106 for 20
of their most requested solvent
analytes and they were shown
to be an effective means to
sample the solvent mixtures.
ULTRA III
Sampler
(SKC Cat. No.
690 Series)
54
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
DESIGNED FOR THERMAL DESORPTION
• The ULTRA III Passive Sampler is an alternative to
stainless steel canisters for low-level VOC sampling.
• Provides data in very low ppb range (µg/m3)
• Allows for trace level VOC measurements from a few
hours to 7 days in duration
• Includes a blank section with each sampler for blank
correction and certification
55
THE ULTRA DESIGN
• Note that sorbent
transfer is done by
pouring the sorbent
from the back of the
sampler housing into a
standard (empty)
thermal desorption tube
for GC analysis.
56
AIR SAMPLING
SCREENING TUBES
SCREENING SORBENT TUBES
• Screening tubes contain multiple layers of
different sorbents.
• Different classes of chemicals are trapped by
different sorbents depending on their physical
and chemical properties.
• Thermal desorption is typically employed for
analysis due to the low levels being measured.
57
DATA INTERPRETATION
VOCs
IAQA Total VOC Indoor
Air Limit:
3.0 mg/m3 (0.64 ppm)
LEED Total VOC Limit:
500 µg/m3
58
SPOTLIGHT ON:
COMBUSTION
POLLUTANTS
59
RECOGNITION OF COMBUSTION
POLLUTANTS
• Any device that burns fuel can introduce a
combustion pollutant into the indoor environment
if not properly vented. Common sources include
gas stoves and ovens, space heaters,
automobiles in adjacent garages, and burning,
welding, and soldering activities.
• Combustion pollutants include carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
and particulates.
60
AIR MONITORING
DIRECT-READING INSTRUMENTS
ELECTRONIC
MONITORS
SKC Cat. No. 753-007
for CO2
• Direct-reading monitors can
measure gaseous combustion
pollutants over a wide range.
• Shown on this slide are
portable monitors for carbon
dioxide using an NDIR sensor
and carbon monoxide using
an electronic sensor.
SKC Cat. No. 753-005
for CO
61
AIR SAMPLING
SORBENT TUBES
SORBENT TUBES
Sorbent sample tubes containing specially treated
sorbents are available for:
- Sulfur dioxide by OSHA Method ID 200
(SKC Cat. No. 226-80)
- Nitrogen dioxide by NIOSH Method 6014 and
OSHA ID 182 (SKC Cat. No. 226-40-02)
62
DATA INTERPRETATION
CARBON MONOXIDE
IAQA
9 ppm
LEED
9 ppm and no greater than 2 ppm above outdoor
levels
Health Canada Agency Guideline
11 ppm for 8 hours
25 ppm for 1 hour
63
DATA INTERPRETATION
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
WHO Indoor Air Guideline
0.08 ppm for 24 hours
0.21 ppm for 1 hour
Health Canada Indoor Air Guideline
0.25 ppm for 1 hour
64
AIR MONITORING
DIRECT-READING INSTRUMENTS
REAL-TIME
PARTICULATE
MONITORS
• SKC EPAM-5000
measures PM10, PM2.5, or
PM1.0 using light
scattering technology with
various sampling heads
• Has internal sampling
pump for concurrent
gravimetric samples
using a 47-mm filter
SKC Cat. Nos. 770-201/3
65
AIR SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATES
CHALLENGES TO PRACTITIONERS
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INDOOR
SAMPLING OF PARTICULATES
• Higher flow rates are required since mass
concentrations are low.
• Small, quiet samplers are necessary for sampling in
occupied homes, schools, and office buildings.
66
THE CHALLENGE MET
LELAND LEGACY® PUMP
• HIGH FLOWS
Up to 15 L/min
• LONG RUNS
Up to 24 hours
• FOR LOW LEVELS
In indoor air using
impactors or 37-mm filter
cassettes
SKC Cat. No. 100-3002
67
LELAND LEGACY
PERFORMANCE PROFILE
• High-power lithium-ion battery pack
• Patented* internal flow sensor
• Automatically compensates for changes in
temperature and atmospheric pressure
• 3-button manual operation
• PC programmable
• History downloadable
• Nylon case with sound reducing material (55 dB at
10 L/min)
* U.S. Patent No. 5,892,160
68
PARTICULATE CHARACTERIZATION:
SIOUTAS CASCADE IMPACTOR
Four impaction stages
and after-filter at
9 L/min flow rate:
• 2.5 to 10 µm
• 1.0 to 2.5 µm
• 0.5 to 1.0 µm
• 0.25 to 0.5 µm
• < 0.25 µm
SKC Cat. No. 225-370
HIGH FLOW PARTICULATE SAMPLING
PM 10 OR PM2.5 IMPACTORS
• Impactors for PM10
or PM2.5 at 10
L/min (SKC Cat. Nos.
225-390/292) can be
partnered with the
Leland Legacy
sampler and run for
24 hours to
enhance sensitivity.
IMPACT
SAMPLER
70
DEPLOYABLE PARTICULATE
SAMPLER SYSTEM
SYSTEM INCLUDES:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leland Legacy Pump
IMPACT sampling head
Filter cassettes
Calibration adapter
Rain cover
Impaction discs
Accessories
SKC Cat. Nos. 100-3901/3903
71
PARTICULATE SAMPLING
WITH PERSONAL PUMPS
• SKC personal sampling
pumps can be partnered
with various size-selective
samplers including
impactors for PM10 or
PM2.5.
• Shown here is the SKC
Personal Modular Impactor
(PMI) used at flow rates of
3 L/min.
• The SKC AirChek®
XR5000 will provide run
times of 10+ hours with the
PMI.
SKC Cat. Nos. 225-350/352
72
DATA INTERPRETATION
PARTICULATES
IAQA Respirable
Particulate
Indoor Air Guideline
50 µg/m3
LEED Limit
50 µg/m3 as PM10
73
SPOTLIGHT ON:
BUILDING PARMETERS
FOR OCCUPANT
COMFORT
74
ILLUMINATION LEVELS
• The amount of lighting in
homes, schools, and
workplaces can affect
quality and quantity of
output and overall wellbeing of occupants.
• Improper illumination
levels can result in poor
performance and health
effects, including
headache and eyestrain.
75
ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENTS
LIGHT METERS
• SKC Light Meters use a
photo diode that converts
incident light into an
electrical signal.
• Readings are displayed on
the meter in either lux or
footcandles.
SKC Cat. No. 753-003
76
DATA INTERPRETATION
LIGHT METERS
The Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America
publishes guides for office
and industrial lighting as the
ANSI Secretariat.
Available from SKC:
 Office (Cat. No. 877-612)
 Industrial (Cat. No. 877-611)
77
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Improper control of physical parameters can result
in adverse health effects that mimic chemical
exposures. Physical parameters include:
•
•
•
•
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air Movement
Ventilation
 Carbon dioxide
78
INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS
USING ELECTRONIC MONITORS
CARBON DIOXIDE
• Direct-reading monitors
with non-dispersive
infrared (NDIR) sensors
can typically measure
CO2 levels up to several
thousand ppm without the
need for frequent
calibration.
• This monitor also
measures temperature
and relative humidity.
SKC Cat. No. 753-007
79
MULTIPLE PARAMETERS
USING ELECTRONIC MONITORS
• SKC offers electronic instruments to measure
multiple parameters in the indoor environment.
• The HAZ-SCANNER IEMS measures and
displays data for up to 14 critical air quality
parameters including particulates, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, temperature, and
relative humidity.
80
MULTIPLE PARAMETERS
USING ELECTRONIC MONITORS
• The HAZ-SCANNER IEMS,
Indoor Environmental
Monitoring Station, has a
variety of plug and play
sensor options for
particulates along with
gaseous air contaminants.
Various meters can also be
attached to measure air
velocity, light intensity,
noise, and radiation.
81
MULTIPLE PARAMETERS
USING ELECTRONIC MONITORS
3M/QUEST® EVM-7
MEASUREMENT
OPTIONS:
•
•
•
•
•
VOCs using PID
Toxic gases
CO2
Particulates
Relative humidity and
temperature
• Air velocity (with probe)
SKC Cat. No. 755-EVM7
82
DATA INTERPRETATION
BUILDING COMFORT PARAMETERS
IAQA INDOOR AIR GUIDLINES
Temperature in Summer: 73 to 79 F
Temperature in Winter: 68 to 74.5 F
Relative Humidity:
30 to 65%
Air Movement:
0.8 ft/s or 0.25 m/s
83
DATA INTERPRETATION
BUILDING COMFORT PARAMETERS
IAQA INDOOR AIR
LIMITS
Ventilation (as Carbon
Dioxide)
650 ppm over ambient
84
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Your source for
IAQ Sampling Equipment
www.skcinc.com
800-752-8472
724-941-9701
85