Transcript Chapter 12 Review - Baldwinsville Central School District

AP BIOLOGY
Chapter 14 & 15
Review
http://www.fisterra.com/human/3arte/pintura/temas/enanos/enanos.asp
http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm
If a person has Type A blood what possible genotypes
could she/he have?
IAIA or IAi
autosomal recessive
MALES can be carriers for _______________________disorders
A. autosomal recessive
B. X linked recessive
C. neither of these; males can never be carriers
DOWN SYNDROME
Trisomy-21 is also called ______________________________
What is the genotype of an organism used in a
testcross with an unknown dominant looking
parent? HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
Name an X-linked genetic disorder you
learned about.
Hemophilia, colorblindness,
Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
A person who has a copy of the gene for a recessive
disorder but doesn’t show the disorder is called a
carrier
_________________
This diagram is called a
karyotype
__________________
This person is a __________
male
female
Female
There are 2 X and no y chromosomes.
If a person has Type B blood what possible
genotypes could she/he have?
IBIB or IBi
The cell that forms when an egg and a sperm
join together is called a _______________
zygote
Name the molecules on the surface of cells that are involved in
“recognition of self” and which produce blood type.
glycoproteins
Type of mutation in which a deleted fragment joins a
nonhomologous chromosome
translocation
http://ascensionparish.net/forum/messages/14/2493.jpg
Explain why male calico cats can
only have one color of spots.
Spot color gene is carried on the X chromosome and
males only have one X….
so can only have one color of spots
Chromosomes that DON’T determine sex are
autosomes
called ____________________
A trait that is controlled by several genes
(like skin color or height) is called
Polygenic
______________
Give an example of an autosomal dominant
lethal genetic disease that you learned about.
Huntington’s ;
Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
A trait in which there are three or more choices
for a single gene (like A, B, and O blood type) is a
Multiple
allele trait.
____________
polygenic
multiple allele
Give an example of Y linked gene.
Hairy ears
(pinna)
SRY
EPISTASIS
________________
is when the gene at one locus
alters the expression of a gene at another
locus.
Name the pattern of inheritance in which
heterozygous individuals show a blended
phenotype like when crossing pure red and pure
white flowers produces pink flowers.
Incomplete dominance
PLEIOTROPY
________________
is when one gene produces
multiple phenotypic effects.
Name the pattern of inheritance in which
both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous
individual like A and B alleles producing AB
type blood.
Codominance
Type of mutation in which a chromosome
receives extra copies of a gene
See a Video
duplication
A body cell is also called a ______________
SOMATIC
cell.
LETHAL
______________
mutations cause death
often before birth.
Twins which don’t separate entirely and remain
CONJOINED
attached by some body part are called ______________
Tell the sex of a human or other mammal with
the Xy genotype male
Tell the sex of a bird with ZW genotype.
Females are ZW;
males are ZZ
True or false.
Male bees don’t have fathers.
TRUE;
Male bees are haploid. They develop from unfertilized eggs
Female bees are diploid
A
B
E
C
D
Which person(s) shows the genetic
trait?
A
Which person(s) is/are male?
A, C, E
Which person(s) is/are female?
B, D
Which person(s) is/are carriers for this
trait?
D
Which person(s) DO NOT show the
trait? B, C, D, E
Name this diagram used to
show how traits are passed in
families.
pedigree
Show up more frequently in males
X-linked genes _______________
A. Only show up in females
B. Show up more frequently in males
C. can be heterozygous in males
D. only pass from mothers to daughters
Which pattern would you expect to see when
crossing parents that are heterozygous for two
genes?
9:3:3:1
9 – Dominant Trait 1; Dominant Trait 2
3- Dominant Trait 1: Recessive Trait 2
3 – Recessive Trait 1; Dominant Trait 2
1- Recessive Trait 1: Recessive Trait 2
Name the disease that individual’s who are
heterozygous for the sickle cell allele show
resistance to. malaria
males females
African Americans
Jewish/Middle Easterners
Caucasians
Sickle cell anemia is more common in
African Americans
_____________
Caucasians
Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________
Jewish/
Tay Sachs disease is more common in _______________
Middle Easterners
males
X-linked traits are more common in ___________
What would the blood cell of a
person with IBi genotype look
like?
A person with this type of blood
could DONATE to Type _________
B or AB
A gene that is carried on the X chromosome
X-linked
is called __________________
trisomy
2n + 1 chromosomes = _________________
Name the functional group added to DNA
when a gene is imprinted.
Methyl – CH3
Mutation in which a piece of DNA breaks off
and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
translocation
See a Video
is called _________________
monosomy
2n-1 chromosomes = ________________
Phenomenon in which repression of an allele in
offspring depends on whether the allele is
inherited from the mother or father
Genomic imprinting
Dark spot in the nucleus made when one of the
X chromosomes in females is inactivated =
BARR BODY
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate
nondisjunction
during meiosis = ________________
Two genes that are close together on the same
low
chromosome would show a _______
crossing over frequency.
high
low
Technique in which a needle is inserted into the
amniotic sac and fluid containing embryonic cells
is removed for analysis
amniocentesis
Which of the following is NOT visible
in a karyotype ?
Sickle cell is a point mutation;
Sex of baby
not visible in a karyotype
Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Sickle cell disorder
Name disorders that are:
Autosomal Dominant
________________
Huntington’s
________________
Achondroplasia
Autosomal
Codominant
___________________
Sickle cell disease
What would the blood cell of a
person with IAIB genotype look
like?
A person with this type of blood
could DONATE to Type ________
AB only
Which parent determines the sex of the baby?
father
What is the difference between a germ cell
mutation and a somatic cell mutation?
Somatic cells are body cells and mutations in these cells
are NOT passed on to offspring.
Germ cells are reproductive cells. Mutations in these cells
CAN be passed on to offspring.
Other name for “Dwarfism”
Achondroplasia
TRUE or FALSE
Females can be carriers for X linked genes.
True; they have 2 X chromosomes. So they can have
one normal gene and one mutant gene.
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms
not directly involving the nucleotide sequence
(includes gene methylation and imprinting)
Epigenetic inheritance
Name 3 disorders that are:
Autosomal recessive
_______________(PKU)
Phenylketonuria
Tay-Sach’s
________________
Cystic
fibrosis
________________
X linked recessive
_______________
Hemophilia
Colorblindness
_______________
Muscular
dystrophy
_______________
Name 3 disorders that is caused by nondisjunction:
___________________
Down syndrome
___________________
Turner’s syndrome
___________________
Klinefelter’s syndrome
The cell that forms when an egg and a sperm
zygote
join together is called a _______________
Technique in which a narrow tube is inserted
through the cervix and a sample of tissue from
the placenta is removed for analysis
Chorionic villi sampling
Greater reproductive success of heterozygous
individuals compared to homozygotes which
tends maintain the presence of alleles for genetic
disorders in the gene pool
Heterozygote advantage
Why do X-linked recessive disorders show up
more in males than females?
Males only have one X. If they get the gene it will
show.
Females have a 2nd X that can “hide” the disorder
gene. They need 2 copies of the gene to show
disorder. Males don’t have a “back up” X.
How are monosomic and haploid cells different?
Monosomic cellshave two of every chromosome except one (2n-1)
Haploid cells have one of each chromosome (1n)
Exchange of genetic material between
homologous chromosomes during prophase I
Crossing over
Organisms with two identical alleles for a trait
homozygous
are called ________________
What disorder is it?
Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes
Hemophilia
person unable to stop bleeding after an injury _______________
Mutation in hemoglobin causes red
blood cells to change shape and ____________________
Sickle cell anemia
leads to a variety of symptoms
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Mutation causes mental retardation
if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten _____________________
Three #21 chromosomes are present
causing mental retardation
Down syndrome
_______________________
Mutation in ion channel protein causes
thick mucous to clog up lungs and
Cystic fibrosis
digestive organs
_______________________
How is a trait different from an allele?
Traits are the observed characteristic (EX: flower color)
Alleles are the alternative choices for a trait (EX: red or white)
Crossing individuals from the P1 generation
F1 generation
produce the ____
Organisms with two different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
are called ________________
Allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of
a heterozygote DOMINANT
Crossing individuals from the F1 generation
F2 generation
produce the ____
An organism’s genetic makeup =
genotype
_______________
What would the blood cell of a
person with ii genotype look
like?
Type O has neither A or B
Glycoproteins
A person with this type of blood
could DONATE to Type _________
O, A, B
O is the universal donor and AB
Dominant/recessive?
Autosomal/X-linked/nondisjunction
Turner syndrome
Nondisjunction
____________________
Cystic fibrosis
____________________
Autosomal recessive
Hemophilia
_____________________
X-linked recessive
Colorblindness
X-linked recessive
__________________
Autosomal recessive
Phenylketonuria ___________________
X-linked recessive
Duchenne muscular dystrophy ________________
Allele that is not expressed in the phenotype of a
heterozygote and requires two copies to show
recessive
phenotype
An organism’s appearance = _______________
Another name for heterozygous =
hybrid
Mutation in which a chromosomal fragment
breaks off and reattaches backwards inversion
See a Video
The following recombination frequencies were
found. Determine the order of these genes on
the chromosome.
A, C = 10%
A, D = 30%
B, C = 24%
B,D = 16%
Campbell and Reece Ch15 ?’s
What disorder is it?
Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes
Hemophilia
person unable to stop bleeding after an injury _______________
Mutation in hemoglobin causes red
blood cells to change shape and ____________________
Sickle cell anemia
leads to a variety of symptoms
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Mutation causes mental retardation
if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten _____________________
Three #21 chromosomes are present
causing mental retardation
Down syndrome
_______________________
Mutation in ion channel protein causes
thick mucous to clog up lungs and
Cystic fibrosis
digestive organs
_______________________
A
I
ii
B
A
B
B
I I I I i
A
ii I i ii
F
F
T
T
F
T
The alleles for blood
type show 2 patterns of
inheritance.
The following statements
are TRUE or FALSE?
A is dominant over B. A & B are codominant
O is dominant over A. O is recessive to both A & B
A is dominant over O.
B and A are co-dominant
A is incompletely dominant over O.
O is recessive to A and to B
What disorder is it?
Conjoined twins
Twins that are born joined together ____________________
Klinefelter syndrome
Males with an extra X chromosome ______________________
(XXY) karyotype; some female features;
infertility
Lipids build up in brain causing
Tay-Sachs
blindness, retardation, & early death _________________________
Achondroplasia
Disorder in bone growth so torso __________________________
and head are normal size but arms
and legs are short
Twins born at the same time but which are
produced from two different sperm and eggs
DIZYGOTIC or FRATERNAL
are called ___________________
Tell the type of mutation that causes sickle
cell disease substitution
AB blood is called the “universal
Type ____
recipient”
Identical twins produced from one sperm and
one egg are called ___________________
MONOZYGOTIC or MATERNAL
Tell the type of mutation that causes
Huntington’s disease Duplication/insertion;
extra CAG repeats
O blood is called the “universal donor”
Type ___
What would the blood cell of a
person with IAi genotype look
like?
A person with this type of blood
could DONATE to Type _________
A or AB
Dominant/recessive?
Autosomal/X-linked/nondisjunction
Phenylketonuria
Down syndrome
Autosomal recessive
____________________
nondisjunction
____________________
Sickle cell anemia
Klinefelter syndrome
Autosomal
CODOMINANT
_____________________
nondisjunction
____________________
Autosomal dominant
Huntington’s disease ______________________
Autosomal recessive
Tay-Sachs _________________
Name the X-linked genetic disorder found in a
pedigree of the royal families of Europe
HEMOPHILIA
Which of the following human diseases is inherited
as a simple recessive trait?
Tay-Sachs
A. Tay-Sachs disease
B. cancer
C. diabetes
D. Alzheimer’s disease
E. cardiovascular disease
Campbell and Reece Chap 15 ?’s
In guinea pigs, brown coat (B) is dominant over
red (b) and solid color (S) is dominant over
spotted (s). What proportion of the offspring of
a heterozygous dihybrid cross would be
expected to be
3/16
brown and spotted? ____
9/16
brown and solid? ____
1/16
red and spotted? ____
3/16
red and solid ? ____
http://pettalk.com.au/blogs/media/blogs/PetBlog/14469822_7-guinea-pig_b.jpg
What is the critical value used when calculating
Chi-square?
0.05
How are degrees of freedom calculated when
determining Chi-square?
# of groups - 1
A Chi-square value that is less than the p-value
ACCEPT
means you should __________
the null hypothesis.
accept reject
For the following crosses, determine the
probability of the indicated genotype in an
offspring.
AAbb X AaBb
AAbb
1X½ X1X½=¼
AaBB X AaBb
aaBB
½ X ½ X 1 X ½ = 1/8
AABbcc X aabbCC AaBbCc 1 X 1 X ½ X 1 X 1 X 1 =1/2
AaBbCc X AaBbcc
aabbcc
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/32
Campbell and Reece Chap 14 ?’s
What disorder is it?
Gradual deterioration of the brain
that appears during middle age resulting
in nursing home care and early death Huntington’s
____________________
disease (HD)
Progressive weakening of muscle
proteins resulting in inability to walk
Duchenne
Muscular dystrophy
and eventually death
_________________________
Inability to distinguish between
the colors red and green _____________________
Colorblindness
syndrome
Females with only one X chromosome Turner
____________________
resulting in infertility
When crossing two individuals that are
heterozygous for a completely dominant trait,
what phenotypic pattern would you expect to see
in the offspring?
3 dominant:1 recessive
If you see a 2:1 ratio instead,
what should you suspect.
The trait is a dominant lethal trait.
After flipping 2 heads from two coin tosses, what
is the probability of tossing the coin and
obtaining heads?
½; past events don’t influence the next flip
Compare and contrast polyploidy and aneuploidy.
ALIKE:
Both describe cells with changes in chromosome number
Both can result from nondisjunction
DIFFERENT:
Polyploidy-cell with extra whole sets of chromosomes
(3N, 4N, etc.)
Aneuploidy- cell with missing or extra chromosomes
(Ex: 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n + 2)
Caleb has a double row of eyelashes, which he inherited from
his mother as a dominant trait. His maternal grandfather is the only
other relative to have the trait. Veronica, a woman with normal
eyelashes, falls madly in love with Caleb, and they marry. Their
first child, Polly, has normal eyelashes. Now Veronica is pregnant
again and hopes they will have a child who has double eyelashes.
a. What chance does a child of Veronica and Caleb have of inheriting
double eyelashes?
b. Draw a pedigree of this family.
Caleb’s mom is Ee since her dad is the only
other relative to show the dominant trait.
She passed her E allele to Caleb so he is Ee too
Veronica must be ee since she is normal.
So Caleb (Ee) X Veronica (ee)
Child #2 has a ½ or 50% of having
double eyelashes
http://scioto.dublin.k12.oh.us/academics/science/mckenzie/mckweb/APbio/activities/genetics/Practice%20Pedigree%20Problems.pdf
A genetic map that is based on the percentage of
cross-over events = _________________
Linkage map
1
A map unit = ___%
Type of mutation in which a chromosomal
fragment is lost resulting in a chromosome with
missing genes deletion
See a Video
What would the blood cell of a person with
O+ phenotype look like?
What problem can result during pregnancy if
a mom is Rh- and her baby is Rh+?
After 1st pregnancy mom’s immune system can be
sensitized to baby’s cells. In subsequent
pregnancies her immune system can attack the
embryo. (Erythroblastosis fetalis)
http://www.fisterra.com/human/3arte/pintura/temas/enanos/enanos.asp
http://www.usmagazine.com/colin_farrell_and_son
Individuals with Prader-Willi and Angelman’s syndromes
are both missing the same piece of chromosome #15.
Explain how it is possible for the same mutation to
produce 2 different phenotypes.
Due to genetic imprinting. In Angelman’s syndrome
the missing piece is inherited from the mother.
In Prader-Willi syndrome it is inherited from the
father.