Transcript Words - University of Waterloo

Syntax
Word patterns
English 306A; Harris
1
Syntactic arguments
Syntactic form
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•
•
•
Syntactic functions
Sentence patterns
Grammatical roles
Phrase structure rules
Hierarchical structure
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•
•
•
Event schemata
Semantic roles
Salience
“Energy” flow
S
NP
N
Homer preens
V
P
V
DOING
Agent: Homer
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
2
Linear Sequence
English basic sentence patterns (p.89)
V1
V2
V3
VCOP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
1 argument
Intransitive
2 arguments
Transitive
3 arguments
Ditransitive
Copulative
2 arguments (1= complement)
Complement 2 argument (1=complement)
Transitive-complement 3 arguments
(1=complement)
English 306A; Harris
3
S  NP VP
NPs VPs
V1
Homer preens.
V2
Homer loves his blanket.
V3
Homer throws the dog a bone.
VCOP
Homer is sexy.
VCOMP
Homer goes to the bar.
VT-COMP Homer throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
4
S  NP VP
NPs VPs
V1
Homer preens.
V2
Homer loves his blanket.
V3
Homer throws the dog a bone.
VCOP
Homer is sexy.
VCOMP
Homer goes to the bar.
VT-COMP Homer throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
5
Basic English phrase structure
S  NP VP
NP  (Det) (AP)* N (PP)
AP  (Deg) A
PP  P NP
VP  (Aux) V (NP) (NP) (PP)*
VPCOP  (Aux) VCOP AP
NP
PP
English 306A; Harris
6
Phrase Structure Rules
XY
XY
(X)
X*
X
Y
X
X
X
X
X
“is a” Y
precedes Y
is optional
iterates: 1 - ∞ Xs
or Y
English 306A; Harris
7
Phrase Structure Rules
Hierarchy
S  NP VP
Linear Sequence
English 306A; Harris
8
Structural analysis
Lexical
Syntactic
Noun
NP
AP
Adjective Noun
A
blackboard
N
black board
English 306A; Harris
9
Phrase structure
Syntactic analysis
NP
AP
Det
A
N
the black board
English 306A; Harris
10
Phrase structure
Syntactic analysis
NP
AP
Det
Deg
the very
A
N
black board
English 306A; Harris
11
Sexy Homer
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
12
Linear Sequence
Sexy Homer
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
13
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
NP
VPCOP
AP
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
14
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
S
NP
VPCOP
AP
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
15
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
Copular verb phrase
S
NP
VPCOP
AP
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
16
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
Copular verb phrase
S
NP
VPCOP
NP
N
VCOPDet
N
Homer is a sexpot
English 306A; Harris
17
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
S
NP
N
Copular verb phrase
VPCOP
PP
VCOP P
NP
N
Homer is in trouble
English 306A; Harris
18
Phrase structure
Hierarchical & Linear Structure
NP
Det
Deg
the very
A
N
Hierachy
AP
black board
Linear sequence
English 306A; Harris
19
Phrase structure
Hierarchical & Linear Structure
NP
Det
N
Deg
A
Hierachy
AP
la planche très noire
Linear sequence
English 306A; Harris
20
Linear Sequence
The preening Homer
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
21
Linear Sequence
The preening Homer
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
22
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
NP
VP
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
23
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
S
NP
VP
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
24
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
Intransitive verb phrase
S
NP
VP
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
25
Linear Sequence
The loving Homer
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
26
Linear Sequence
The loving Homer
N
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
27
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
28
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
VP
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
29
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
S
VP
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
30
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
Transitive verb phrase
S
VP
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
31
Linear Sequence
Homer’s eating habits
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
32
Linear Sequence
Homer’s eating habits
Det Adj
Adj
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
33
Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
NP
AP
AP
Det Adj
Adj
NP
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
34
Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
NP
VP
AP
AP
Det Adj
Adj
NP
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
35
Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
S
NP
VP
AP
AP
Det Adj
Adj
NP
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
36
Structural ambiguity
I saw the man from the store.
1.
2.
I was in the store, I looked out the window, and I saw the man:
“from the store” modifies ‘saw’.
The man is associated with the store, and I saw him: “from the
store” modifies ‘the man’.
English 306A; Harris
37
Structural ambiguity
Same linear sequence same, different hierarchy
S
S
VP
NP
VP
N
P
NP
Pro V Det N
P
P NP
N
P
P Det N Pro V Det N
I saw the man from the store.
P
P NP
P Det N
I saw the man from the store.
English 306A; Harris
38
Structural ambiguity
Same linear sequence same, different hierarchy
S
S
VP
VP
N
P
NP
NP
P
P
N
P
Pro V
Pro V
I saw the man from the store.
I saw the man from the store.
English 306A; Harris
39