Transcript TREE DIAGRAM - Kwary's Free Resources

Deny A. Kwary
http://www.kwary.net
Airlangga University
Ambiguity and
Transformations
Ambiguity: a word, phrase or sentence with
multiple meanings (p. 122)
Synthetic buffalo hides (NP)
Synthetic
buffalo hides
Buffalo hides that are synthetic.
Synthetic buffalo hides (NP)
Synthetic buffalo
hides
Hides of synthetic buffalo.
Ambiguities often lead to humorous results
 For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs
and large drawers.
 what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to?
The desk or the lady?
Structural Ambiguity (pp.143-144)
The boy saw the man with the telescope
S
NP
Det
Aux
N
VP
V
NP
Det
PP
N
P
NP
Det
The
boy
past
saw the
N
man with the telescope
Structural Ambiguity (pp.143-144)
The boy saw the man with the telescope
S
NP
Det
Aux
N
VP
NP
V
Det
N
PP
P
NP
Det
The
boy
past
saw
the
N
man with the telescope
Exercise # 4
p.166
Consider the following sentences:
1. Susie had a shower after she got up.
2. After she got up, Susie had a shower.
3. After Susie got up, she had a shower.
4. She had a shower after Susie got up.
Do the four sentences above contain the
same words? Yes, they do
In which sentences can the pronoun ‘she’
probably refer to Susie? Sentences #1, 2, & 3
The rule: An anaphor many not both precede
and command its antecedents
What does it mean?
 Jan and Larry drank whisky and sherry,
respectively
Jan and Larry drank whisky and sherry with respect.
Jan drank whisky and Larry drank sherry.
Transformation: A special type of rule that can
move an element from one position to another
Several types of transformations
1. Declarative – Interrogative
2. Active – Passive
3. There sentences
4. PP preposing
Declarative – Interrogative
 Move the auxiliary to the left of the subject.
The boy will leave.
S
NP
Det
Aux
VP
N
The boy
Will the boy leave?
S
Aux
V
will
leave
The deep structure
Will
NP
VP
Det
N
V
the
boy leave
The surface structure
The Wh Movement
 Surface structure: Which car should the man repair?
 Deep structure:
S
NP
Det
The
Aux
N
man
VP
NP
V
should repair
Det
N
which
car
Draw the deep structure of the following
sentences
Will the boss hire Hillary?
2. Is that player leaving the team?
3. Who should the director call?
4. What is Joanne eating?
1.
The syntactic rules in a grammar account for at least:
1. The grammaticality of sentences
2. Word order
3. Hierarchical organisation of sentences
4. Grammatical relations such as subject and object
5. Whether different structures have different
meanings or the same meaning
6. The creative aspect of language
Deny A. Kwary
http://www.kwary.net
Airlangga University
That’s All For Today
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