Transcript CIS162AB

CIS105
System Unit
05_cpu.ppt
Overview of Topics
 Binary Number System
 ASCII Code
 Motherboard
 CPU
 Memory types
 Buses
 Integrated Ports
 Expansion Slots
CIS105
2
Information Processing Cycle
Input
Raw Data
Process
(Application)
Output from one process can
serve as input to another process.
CIS105
Output
Information
Storage
3
Hardware Model
CPU
Input Devices
Memory (RAM)
The hardware configuration supports
the Information Processing Cycle.
CIS105
Output Devices
Storage Devices
4
Information Processing
 Processing is done by an Application (program).
 The instructions of a program are executed by
the CPU.
 The instructions need to be saved in machine
language format.
 The format is Binary (zeros and ones).
 What is the Binary Number System?
 First let’s review the Decimal Number System.
CIS105
5
Decimal Number System
 We are used to the Decimal Number System.
 Decimal is Base 10.
 Base indicates how many symbols are used in the
number system (0 – 9)
 Each symbol has a value associated with it.
 Number systems are also positional, which means
the placement of a number changes the value.

103
102
101
100
Thousands, Hundreds, Tens, Ones

CIS105
8
9
5
7
6
Decimal – Long Hand
How many ones, tens, hundreds, and thousands?
1000
100
10
1
7
CIS105
5
0
9
0
0
8
0
0
0
8
9
5
7
7
Binary Number System
 Binary is Base 2.
 Base indicates how many symbols are used in the number system
(0 – 1).
 Each symbol has a value associated with it.
 The first four place values for binary are:
 23 22 21 20
8 4 2
1
 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1 = 1 (decimal)
0 = 2 (decimal)
0 =?
1 1
1
1 = 15 (decimal)
 With all 4 place values, the highest value is 15.
CIS105
8
Hexadecimal Number System
 Hexadecimal is Base 16.
 Base indicates how many symbols are used in the
number system (0 – 9, A - F).
 Each symbol has a value associated with it.
 The first four place values for Hex are:
 163
162 161 160
4096 256 16
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
9
A
F
0
= 9 decimal
= 10 decimal
= 15 decimal
= 16 decimal
 With just one symbol (F), the highest value is 15.
CIS105
9
Binary and Hex Relationship






BIT is short for Binary Digit.
A byte is a unit a measurement for data storage.
8 bits can be stored in a byte.
Characters are stored using different combinations of bits.
For example, the binary code for the letter M is: 0100 1101
A byte can be split in half into nibbles (4 bits), and the highest
possible value of each half is 15.
 Each half then can easily be converted to hexadecimal.
8 4 2 1
8 4 2 1
0 1 0 0 = 4 1 1 0 1 = D
 Together it would be 4D.
 Review ASC II Table.
http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d07/ascii_table.html
CIS105
10
ASC II & Unicode
 ASC II
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
 An ASC II character takes 1 byte (8 bits).
 With 8 bits, there are 256 possible characters (28)
 Unicode supports international languages.
 Each character takes two bytes (16 bits).
 65,536 possible characters (216)
 ASC II is considered a subset of the Unicode.
CIS105
11
Why the Binary System?
 Binary system has two values – zero and one.
 Computers are electronic devices, and it is
“easy” to represent zeros and ones in an
electronic format.
 If there is a charge, then it is a one.
 If there isn’t a charge, then it is a zero.
CIS105
12
Binary Editor
CIS105
13
Computer System
 In the next few slides, we’ll review the
– Motherboard
Integrated
– CPU
Ports
– RAM, ROM, CMOS
BUS
– System Bus
– Integrated Ports
– Expansion Slots
Expansion
– Hard Drive Controller
Slots
– Power Supply
CIS105
CPU
RAM
ROM
HD
Controller
14
Computer Cases
Desktop
Mini or Micro Tower
CIS105
Full Tower
Creative?
15
Empty Computer Case
CIS105
16
Motherboard
RAM Slots
CPU
Integrated ports
Expansion slots
CIS105
17
Motherboard
 The motherboard is a flat circuit board that is
made up of many chips and circuits.
 Some of the main things it has are:
–
–
–
–
–
CPU – Central Processing Unit
Memory (RAM) expansion slots
The System Bus used to transfer data
Integrated ports (keyboard, mouse, USB)
Expansion slots (Network, Video, Sound cards)
 If the CPU is the brains, the motherboard is the
nervous system: It provides the pathways that
allow the CPU to talk to the other components.
CIS105
18
Central Processing Unit - CPU
CIS105
19
Central Processing Unit - CPU
 The CPU is the main processor that handles most of
the computing activities on the computer.
 Manufacturers and processor names include:
– Intel: Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Itanium
– AMD: Athlon, Sempron , Opteron (Advanced Micro Devices)
– IBM: PowerPC (formly by Motorola)
 CPU’s are plugged into the CPU socket on the
motherboard.
 Co-processors help the CPU by doing some of the
processing. For example, a video card would render
an image instead of having the CPU do it.
 Intel’s Centrino and AMD’s Turion mobile
technology chips are for laptops and include low
power consumption to reduce heat dissipation and
battery consumption.
CIS105
20
CPU Units
CIS105
21
CPU Internals
Control Unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
 Directs and coordinates
 Executes instructions
 Fetches Instructions
 Can perform:
– Arithmetic operations
– Comparison operations
 Decodes Instructions
 Passes code to
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
CIS105
 Stores result in memory
22
Machine Cycle
 The time
required to:
–
–
–
–
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store result
 Measurement
used to
compare
CPU’s
CIS105
23
Computer Processing Speeds
 CPU speeds measured in






megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz).
One MHz represents 1 million machine cycles per second.
A microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz executes 200 million
machine cycles per second.
One GHz represents 1 billion machine cycles per second.
A microprocessor that runs at 3 GHz executes 3 billion
machine cycles per second.
Also may be measured in MIPS.
1 MIPS = 1 million Machine Instructions Per Second
Besides making faster chips, there are different techniques that
can be used to increase the throughput.
CIS105
24
Pipelining
 A method to increase processor speed.
 Feeds a new instruction into CPU at each step
of the machine cycle.
 Instruction 2 fetched when instruction 1 is being decoded,
rather than waiting until cycle is complete.
CIS105
25
Parallel Processors
CIS105
26
Parallel Processing
 Using multiple processors at once
 Control processor divides problem into parts
– Each part sent to separate processor
– Each processor has its own cache memory
– Control processor assembles results
 Dual-core and quad-core CPU’s have multiple
computing cores in one processor package.
 Applications need to be rewritten to take advantage of
the multiple CPUs.
 Some video and audio applications have already been
upgraded.
CIS105
27
RAM – Random Access Memory
 Volatile and temporary storage
 When the computer is turned off, all contents are lost.
 Referred to as working memory because it is used to
– load and store the OS and programs currently being executed,
– load and store data that is currently being manipulated.




CPU only gets and stores information to RAM
Measured in Bytes - Each Byte holds one character (8 bits)
Common Types: DRAM, SDRAM, DDR(2,3) SDRAM, RDRAM
Cache - used to stored recently and frequently used data or instructions
– L1 – Level 1 – inside CPU
– L2 – Level 2 – outside of CPU, faster than RAM
– L3 – Level 3 – on some new processors, L2 is also included on
the CPU chip and L3 is outside.
CIS105
28
Various RAM Modules (Sticks)
Snap into
slots on
Motherboard.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory
CIS105
29
Memory Module Types and Speeds
 RAM chips reside on a small circuit board call a
memory module.
 SIMM – Single Inline Memory Module have a single
set of contacts on the one side.
 DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module have two sets
of contacts – one on each side.
 RIMM – Rambus Inline Memory Module have
RDRAM chips which employ pipelining techniques.
 Motherboard design determines RAM module types
and speeds that are supported.
 Speeds include 400, 533, 677, 800 MHz
CIS105
30
Other Memory Types
 CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
– Requires very little electricity to maintain information
– CMOS in personal computers retain their data because it is
charged by a battery installed on the motherboard.
– Used to store a personal computer’s configuration:
hard drive info, amount of memory, date and time, etc.
 ROM – Read Only Memory
– Contains programs and data that are permanently recorded
at the factory.
– Boot routine that is activated when a computer is turned on.
– Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
 EEP ROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
can be updated with new software provided by manufacturer
CIS105
31
Storage Sizes
 KB - Kilobyte: 1024 (210) bytes
 MB - Megabyte: over one million (220) bytes
 GB - Gigabyte: over one billion (230) bytes
 TB - Terabyte: over one trillion (240) bytes
what we are growing to…
 PB - Petabyte: over one quadrillion (250) bytes
 EB - Exabyte: over one quintillion (260) bytes
 ZB - Zettabyte: over one sextillion (270) bytes
80) bytes

YB
Yottabyte:
over
one
septillion
(2
CIS105
32
The System Bus
 A bus line is a set of parallel paths to transfer
data throughout the motherboard.
 Data is transferred between input devices and
memory, and the processor and memory.
 The number of bits that can be carried at one
time is called the bus width, referred to as the
word size.
 The more paths there are, the faster data is
transferred between devices and RAM.
 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits
CIS105
33
System Bus Image
System Bus are
paths to transfer
data between devices.
CIS105
34
Integrated Ports
 The motherboard may have some integrated
ports for common devices.
–
–
–
–
–
Keyboard, Mouse
Video and Sound
Network
Printer
USB – Universal Serial Bus
 The ports are considered Serial or Parallel
(see next slide)
CIS105
35
Serial & Parallel Ports (Traditional Ports)
 Serial ports
– Transmit data one bit at a time
– Used for slow devices -115 Kbps
– Mouse and keyboards.
– Kbps – Kilo bits per second
Small b is bits, big B is Bytes.
 Parallel ports
– Transmit data 8 bits at a time – 1000 Kbps (average)
– Used for faster devices that require more data
– Printers and scanners
CIS105
36
USB & FireWire Serial Ports (New)
 USB and FireWire replacing traditional ports for
storage devices, printers, scanners, mouse, etc.
 USB – Universal Serial Bus  Firewire – IEEE 1394
– Video & digital cameras
– USB 1.0 – 12 Mbps
– 400 Mbps
– USB 2.0 – 480 Mbps
CIS105– USB 3.0 – 4.8 Gbps by (2009 or 2010)
37
Expansion Slots
 Expansion cards are plugged into the
motherboard’s expansion slots.
 The interface for the card is accessed through the
back of the computer.
– Network, Sound, Graphic cards
 Check the type of expansion slot before purchasing
cards.
 PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect
 AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port (Graphics cards)
 PCIe – PCI Express (faster than PCI and AGP)
CIS105
38
PCI Card and Slots
CIS105
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/
39
Power Supply
 400 Watt Power Supply
 None of the parts would
work without the power
supply.
 Size of the power supply
depends on the number
of internal devices and
CPU.
 Converts 120v AC to
5-12v DC.
 I feel a “Geek Fit”
coming on… 
CIS105
40
What to Learn More?
 BPC170 – Computer Maintenance I: A+ Prep
 BPC273 – Advanced Server Computer
Maintenance: Server + Prep
CIS105
41