Some New Developments in Computer Hardware, Software and
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Transcript Some New Developments in Computer Hardware, Software and
Current Developments in
Computer Hardware,
Software and
Communication
Dr. Gu Wei
Senior engineer
Intel Corporation
``Overview´´
Hardware
Software (System)
Software (Application)
Communication
Birth of a Chip (ICs)
Transistors / Die
0.18 to 0.13 micron technology
200mm to 300mm wafers
Gordon Moore‘s Law
The number of transistors that
would be incorporated on a
silicon die would double every
18 months for the next several
years
IA-32 Architecture
Intel‘s 32-Bit (Incl. 16-Bit) Architecture
Function Units
Connections
Machine Instruction Sets
Intel 4004, 8085/8080, 8086/8088, 286, 386, 486,
Pentium, P6, Penium Pro, PentiumII, PeniumIII,
Penium4...
Compatibility of software (object code created in
1978 can still executed on newst processor)
Every new generation deliver significantly higher
performance
Intel
Processor
Date
Freq.
(MHz)
Trans.
(/Die)
E.Bus Addr.
(Bits)
Caches
8086
1978
8
29 K
16
1 MB
None
286
1982
12.5
134 K
16
16 MB ??
386 DX
1985
20
275 K
32
4 GB
??
486 DX
1989
25
1.2 M
32
4 GB
L1: 8 KB
Pentium
1993
60
3.1 M
64
4 GB
L1: 16 KB
Pentium Pro
1995
200
5.5 M
64
64 GB
L1: 16 KB
L2: 256 KB
Or 512 KB
Pentium II
1997
266
7M
64
64 GB
L1: 32 KB
L2: 256 KB
Or 512 KB
Pentium III
1999
500
8.2 M
64
64 GB
L1: 32 KB
L2: 256 KB
Or 512 KB
Pentium 4
2000
1.5
GHz
42 M
64
64 GB
12 K op Trace
8 KB L1
256 KB L2
TM
MMX technology
Introduced with Pentium family
Addtional 64 bits Registers, Instructions,
SIMD execution model,
Paralle computation on packed 64 integer data
for multimedia applications
Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE)
Introduced with Pentium III
Addtional 128 bits Registers, Instructions ...
Multiprocessorsystem
2 or 4 processors (with shared memory)
Pentium 4 Processor
1. Imp. of Intel NetBurst micro-architecture
Rapid Execution Engine
Hyper Pipelined Technology
(Instruction prefetch, Branch prediction...)
Advanced Dynamic Execution
(Out of order core...)
New cache subsystem
Streaming SIMD Extension 2 (SSE2)
...
400 MHz NetBurst system bus
...
Support for system programming
Control Registers
Debug Registers
Performance monitoring Counters
Time-Stamp Counter
IA-64: Itanium
Intel‘s 64-bit architecture
Goals:
Overcome the limitations of today‘s
architecture
Provide world class floating point performance
Support large memory needs with 64-bit
addressability
Protect existing investments with IA-32
compatibility
Support growing high-end application
workloads for e-business, enterprise, &
technical computing
IA-64: Data types & Registers
Data:
Integer: 8, 16, 32, 64
Floating-point: 32, 64,
82
Registers
128 General
128 Floating-point
128 Application
64 Predicate
8 Branch
1 Instruction Pointer
IA-64: Boosting Performance
Increases instruction level parallelism
Instruction bundle/group
supporting hyper software pipelines,...
Improves branch handling
more branch register
predicate register before an instruction,...
Hides memory latencies
more general registers for temporary data
Nat-bit, register stack, ...
Supports modular code
data/control dependencies
preloading,...
Connecting system units
Bus & Port
Pins (number & function)
Access signals and timing
Size
Internal bus & port
ISA/ESIA, PCI, mini PCI,... (P&P)
Parallel ATA Serial ATA (flexible,thin cable)
AGP
External bus & port
SCSI, -2, -3, PCMSIA,
RS-232, PS-2, FireWire, USB,...
(Com-P&P, hot P&P)
Software
Compiler optimization
Benefiting from new processor
Use of new registers & instructions
Exploitation of paralelism
Pro - Program analysis and restructuring
...
Software
Operating System (e.g. Windows 2000, Whistler)
Benefiting from new processor
Advanced I/O Subsystem
Fast boot & application launch
Advanced resource (memory, devices,etc.) & power management
More supports for error detection & debugging, system file
protection
Support for programming in multi-thread/processor
Interlocked-Operations (inc, dec, exchange,...)
Spinlocks, synchronization objects,...
API
(Opened or Closed, Documented/Undocumented)
For writing programs & Libraries
For writing drivers
Software
Advanced Installation
Monitoring & Administration
Events view
Log files
Error detecting & recovering
Detecting enviroment (processor, memory,...)
Selecting the optimized version
Configuration
SFP
LastKnownGood
...
Saving current system& appls. status by shutdown
Software
Standalone or combination of
Server-Client
Expert system
Database
Management
Communication...
Multimedia (Game, Hoppy,...)
E- and I-Business
Security
Software
Middleware
used to integrate incompatible applications
Vaporware
Announced long before it is ready to be shipped
Interpreter & Execution
Java
HTML XML
...
Communication
Physical channels
Wire
Phone line
• high frequence (1 – 2 M bits) xDSL
Cable
Glass Fiber
• Multiwavelength sources, ultra-switch,...
Wireless
Ground stations
Satelite
Communication
Channel allocation
Voice band, . . .
Transfer Technology
Analog v. Digital
Circuit/Packet switching
ATM
Multiple Access Control
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Communication
Protocols
A set of rules govering the information flow
within a communication infrastructure
Symbols (characters), format, timing, error
correction, and running order
Examples:
HDLC, X.25, „Internet“(TCP/IP), HTTP,
WAP, ...
Communication
Networking
Connectionless vs. Connection-oriented
Communications
LAN (ethernet, token ring/bus)
WAN
Communication network/Computer network
X.25
ISDN, B-ISDN, SONET,...
Internet, Intranet, Extranet, Evernet
Communication
More powerful DSP & Controller
Intended to embedded systems/devices (Set-Top Box,
Handy, HPC,...)
Example:
100MBits ethernet controller with many integrated
protocol implementations, a mini-pci interface and a
interface for attaching a DSP (LAN+Modem
Combo-Card for Notebooks)
Simple & cheep ICs
Intented as an extension of a PC‘s (normally as a buildin card)
Use of PC‘s CPU power (vi´a a driver)
Examples:
Controllerless modem, software modem,...
IXA: Intel Internet Exchange
Architecture
A combination of solutions for network and
communication system manufacturers (OEMs)
Building blocks
Processors (PentiumIII, IXP1200 network
processor, ...)
Supporting chip sets
Software from third party and Intel labs
DriversSDKs & DDKs
For quickly developping various networking and
communications products
LAN: Use of power line
More than one PC at home
Most used lines and plug-in interface in a
building
Problems:
Different goals in USA and Europe
Disturbances
Standards
WAN: Mobile + Internet Service
One in fours PCs now sold are notebooks
WAP & Bluetooth
UMTS
`Anytime/Anywhere´ communications