Transcript Document
© NILE PMO 2002 1 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 PRESENTATION Dr. Kevin Buck NILE Program Manager CDR Antonio Scarciglia Italian Representative To The NILE PMO © INFORMATION NOT RELEASEABLE FOR COMMERCIAL USE OR BEYOND IMMEDIATE AUDIENCE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION OF THE NILE PMO NILE PMO 2003 2 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 OUTLINE LINK 22 Background Functional Architecture Operational Characteristics Technical Characteristics LINK 22 On-The-Air Test © NILE PMO 2003 3 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 BACKGROUND OBJECTIVE OF THE NILE PROGRAM Design a New Tactical Data Link System (Link 22) Consisting of a Computer to Computer Digital Data Link Among Tactical Data Systems Equipped Ships, Submarines, Aircraft and Shore Sites, which will Meet the Requirements of the NATO Staff Requirement, Dated 09 March 1990. © NILE PMO 2003 4 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 BACKGROUND (Cont.) REQUIREMENTS • • Operational: NATO Staff Requirement, Revised Mar 90 System, Functional and Performance: NATO Elementary Requirements Document, 12 December 94 GOALS • • • • © Replace Link 11 (Eventually) Complement Link 16 Improve Allied Interoperability Enhance Commanders’ War-fighting Capability NILE PMO 2003 5 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 BACKGROUND (Cont.) The Link 22 Has Been Developed Collaboratively by Seven Nations Under the Aegis of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Six of the Seven NILE Nations Are Conducting The In-Service Support (ISS) Phase Under a New MOU That Came Into Effect on July 2002 The Current ISS MOU Will Remain in Effect for Five (5) Years, Until July 2007 Spain Has Applied to Join NILE United States Is Host Nation © NILE PMO 2003 6 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE/LINK 22 SCHEDULE © NILE PMO 2003 7 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NATIONAL LINK 22 PROGRAMS NATION © NILE PMO 2003 IN SERVICE DATE CANADA 2006 FRANCE 2006 GERMANY 2006 ITALY 2006 NETHERLANDS 2007 UNITED KINGDOM 2007 UNITED STATES 2006 8 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 OUTLINE LINK 22 Background Functional Architecture Operational Characteristics Technical Characteristics LINK 22 On-The-Air Test © NILE PMO 2003 9 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Link 22 System NILE Communications Equipment (NCE) NILE Products T D S DLP SNC National Development L L C SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio National Development MLTT & NRS © NILE Products NILE PMO 2003 10 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Tactical Data System (TDS) – National Development Activity Data Link Processor (DLP) – National Development Activity (Based on Common Interoperability Requirements) System Network Controller (SNC) – Development Complete – Software Available Through NILE PMO and NILE Nations Link Level COMSEC Device (LLC) – Available By December 2003 – LLC Simulator Available © NILE PMO 2003 11 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Link 22 System NILE Communications Equipment (NCE) T D S DLP SNC National Development L L C SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio National Development MLTT & NRS © NILE PMO 2003 12 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Data Link Processing (DLP) Interfaces with National TDS Services Tactical Data (STANAG 5522) Implements ADatP-22 Procedures Interfaces with the SNC © NILE PMO 2003 13 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Link 22 System NILE Communications Equipment (NCE) T D S DLP SNC National Development L L C SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio National Development MLTT & NRS © NILE PMO 2003 14 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE SYSTEM NETWORK CONTROLLER (SNC) Common Software Development Ensures Interoperability Provides Message Delivery Service Provides Network Management Capabilities via Management Function (MF) Performs Dynamic TDMA, Relay & Routing, Late Network Entry Interfaces: DLP and LLC Portable to Standard COTS Hardware – Tested in WinNT, HPUX and Solaris Operating Environments © NILE PMO 2003 15 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Link 22 System NILE Communications Equipment (NCE) T D S DLP SNC National Development L L C SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio National Development MLTT & NRS © NILE PMO 2003 16 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE LINK LEVEL COMSEC (LLC) Provides Communications Security (COMSEC) Data Integrity Checksum Guards Against Undetected Message Errors Chipset Commonality with Link-16 Each LLC Supports up to 4 Nile Networks (NN) Using Same KEY SNC supports up to 4 LLCs with Same/Different KEY © NILE PMO 2003 17 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Link 22 System NILE Communications Equipment (NCE) T D S DLP SNC National Development L L C SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio National Development MLTT & NRS © NILE PMO 2003 18 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE SIGNAL PROCESSING CONTROLLER (SPC) National Development Responsibility Performs Modulation/Demodulation, EDAC (Error Detection and Correction) and Reception Quality Assessment Interface: LLC, Radio and Time Of Day Standard – TOD must be accurate to within 1 millisecond of UTC Transmits/Receives Data: – HF FF @ 1493 to 4053 bps – HF EPM @ 500 to 2200 bps – UHF FF @ 12,667 bps – UHF EPM @ Classified © NILE PMO 2003 STANAG-4539 STANAG-4444 STANAG-4205 STANAG-4372 19 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Link 22 System NILE Communications Equipment (NCE) T D S DLP SNC National Development L L C SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio SPC Radio National Development MLTT & NRS © NILE PMO 2003 20 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE RADIO SYSTEMS HF FF and UHF FF Utilize Existing Link 11 Radios – HF FF: 3 KHz Upper Sideband Audio Port on HF Radios – UHF FF: 16 Kbps (KY-58) Port on UHF Radios HF EPM and UHF EPM Require Frequency Hopping Radio Systems: National Development Responsibility – Link 22 Requirements Incorporated into EPM Radio STANAGs (4444 And 4372) – EPM Radios require Transmission Security (TRANSEC) Device to Control Frequency Hopping Patterns – EPM Radios May Require Interface to Time Of Day Standard © NILE PMO 2003 21 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 OUTLINE LINK 22 Background Functional Architecture Operational Characteristics Technical Characteristics LINK 22 On-The-Air Test © NILE PMO 2003 22 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 IMPROVEMENT OF LINK 11 Link 22 Overcomes The Following Link 11 Limitations: – Lack of Electronic Protection Measures (EPM) – Insufficient Capacity in Terms of Tactical Message Throughput – Insufficient Robustness (esp. Reliance on NCS) – Insufficient Error Detection and Correction – Inflexible and Slow Data Link Procedures – Message Standard Limitations – Limited Routing © NILE PMO 2003 23 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 11 OPERATION VICE LINK22 Differences – Link 22 Has No Net Control Station – Link 11 Does Not Distiguish Between Urgent and Routine Information – Link 22 Has Built In Relay Commonalities – The Same Frequencies (HF And UHF Fixed Frequency) – The Same Radios (HF And UHF FF) – That’s It! Link 22 Has More In Common With Link 16 Than Link 11 © NILE PMO 2003 24 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 Link 11 Roll Call 64 56 64 64 NCS 04 04 56 © NILE PMO 2003 25 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONS Multi-Network Multi-Network Membership Multi-Media SN NN1 - HF NN3 - UHF NU6 NU17 IS NN2 – HF EPM NN4 – UHF EPM NU14 © NILE PMO 2003 26 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS KEY FEATURES Dynamic Time Division Multiple Access Dynamic Congestion Management Multi-Media/Multi-Network Routing and Relay Mission Area Sub Networks Late Network Entry Dynamic Reconfiguration/Initialization © NILE PMO 2003 27 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) – NILE Units (NUs) Have Pre-assigned Time Slots – Interrupt Slot Available for Injection of High Priority Messages – Time Slots Can be Dynamically Exchanged or Modified (DTDMA) NU7 © NILE PMO 2003 28 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS The Group of all NUs is Known as the Super Network (SN) A SN Can Consist of a Maximum Number of 125 NILE Units (NU) SN Consists of up to 8 NILE Networks (NN) A NU Can Participate in up to 4 NN on Same Media/Different Media The Link 22 Message Consists of 72 bits Each Tactical Message Is Based on Link 16 Data Elements (STANAG 5522) © NILE PMO 2003 29 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Dynamic Congestion Management Use alternative route Too much information for the available capacity © NILE PMO 2003 Ask the DLP for message cancel authorization Ask for more capacity (DTDMA) Revise the amount of data to be transmitted 30 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Automatic Routing and Relay Control of Relayers Available NN 3 NN 1 © NILE PMO 2003 31 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Up to Twenty Three (23) Mission Area Sub Networks May be Established MASNs are an Addressing Scheme NILE NETWORK 2 MASN 1 SUPER NETWORK MASN 2 NILE NETWORK 1 NILE NETWORK 3 MASN 3 © NILE PMO 2003 32 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Late Network Entry (LNE) – The Purpose of LNE Is to Allow Units Which Were Not Present at the Start of a NN/SN to Join – LNE is Used when a NU is Completely New, i.e. It Was Not Listed in the Optask Link Message (OLM) and/or when Media Parameters Have Changed From That in the OLM – LNE Includes Now a “Silent Join” Option that Allows a Unit to Join the Network Without Making Any Transmission – Operator Input is Minimal – Considered to be an Automated Background Activity © NILE PMO 2003 33 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Dynamic Reconfiguration – Each NN can be reconfigured: DTDMA (On or Off) Network Cycle Structure (NCS) – The SN/NN Will Keep Operating During The Above Reconfigurations Re-Initialization – New NNs can be started after SN Initialization – Each NN can change Frequency, Waveform and Crypto Integrity Mode © NILE PMO 2003 34 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NETWORK CYCLE STRUCTURE CASE 1 NU 1: CN=LOW AD=SHORT 23 MS NCT = 2.59 sec NU 2: CN=MED-LOW AD=MED-SHORT NU 3: CN=MED-LOW AD=MED-SHORT NU 4: CN=MED-HIGH AD=MED-SHORT © NILE PMO 2003 35 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NETWORK CYCLE STRUCTURE CASE 2 NU 1: CN=HIGH AD=SHORT 30 MS NCT = 3.375 sec NU 2: CN=MED-HIGH AD=MED-SHORT NU 3: CN=MED-LOW AD=MED-LONG NU 4: CN=LOW AD=LONG © NILE PMO 2003 36 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office NCS COMPUTATION RESULTS 23 MS NCT = 2.59 sec © 30 MS NCT = 3.375 sec NU # CN AD NU # CN AD 1 LOW SHORT 1 HIGH SHORT 2 MED-LOW MED-SHORT 2 MED-HIGH MED-SHORT 3 MED-LOW MED-SHORT 3 MED-LOW MED-LONG 4 MED-HIGH MED-SHORT 4 LOW LONG NILE PMO 2003 37 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Multiple Link 22 Networks Supplement Link 16. Link 22 Extends Multi-media Communication Capabilities to HF and UHF Frequency Bands. Link 22 Provides Enhanced Networking Capabilities. Link 22 and Link 16 Utilize Common Data Structures. © NILE PMO 2003 38 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Multiple Link 22 Networks Complement Link 16 – Link 16 Is Primarily an AAW Data Link Frequently Relies on Airborne Relays – Link 22, Originally Defined as Primarily Maritime (ASW/ASUW), Is More a General Purpose Data Link Extended Surface Wave and Long Range Sky Wave HF Ship-Ship Relay Networking Extends Connectivity – Link 22 Can Free up Additional Capacity for Link 16 Conversely, Link 22 Is Essential for Carrying Data that will Be “Pushed Off” of Link 16 During High Intensity Conflicts © NILE PMO 2003 39 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Extends Multi-Media Communication Capabilities to HF and UHF Frequency Bands: – Cost Effective Use of Existing Link 11 HF and UHF Radios – Relaying via Multiple Link 22 Networks Remains Available When Airborne Relay Unavailable Also provides Time/Frequency/Angle-of-Arrival Diversity – Anti-jam capability via STANAG Compliant HF-EPM and UHF-EPM Radios (optional) © NILE PMO 2003 40 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Link 22 Provides Enhanced Networking Capabilities – Nodeless TDMA, Continues to Operate Without Network Managers – Enhanced Connectivity, Via Automatic Routing and Relay – Interrupt Slots to Report High Priority Messages – On-going Capacity Reallocation Via Dynamic TDMA – Automated Optimization of Time Slot Allocations – Automated Link Establishment and Re-configuration – Automated Late Net Entry © NILE PMO 2003 41 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Link 22 and Link 16 Utilize Common Data Structures: – Most are FJ-series Messages (Same as J-Series) – Efficient F-series Messages Use Many Common Data Elements – Common JU/NU and Track Number (TN) Schemes. – Supports Participant Location and Identification (PLI) Tracks – Same Geodetic Coordinate System – No Complicated Link 16 to/from Link 22 Data Translations © NILE PMO 2003 42 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 OUTLINE LINK 22 Background Functional Architecture Operational Characteristics Technical Characteristics LINK 22 On-The-Air Test © NILE PMO 2003 43 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Media Types: HF FF, HF EPM, UHF FF and UHF EPM Coverage: Up to 1000 nautical miles Jam Resistance: Signal Processing with Error Detection and Correction, Network Packet Encryption (COMSEC) and ECM resistance (TRANSEC) System Error Resistance: Goal of Bit Error Rate in Order of 10-4 Robustness: Non-nodal, Relay Available, Multiple Sub-Nets and Dynamic Route Selection Medium Access: Dynamic Time Division Multiple Access © NILE PMO 2003 44 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 BLOS TACTICAL DATA LINKS Link 22 HF BLOS JRE Link-16 Line of Sight Link 22 UHF LOS Link 22 Routing & Relay © NILE PMO 2003 45 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Throughput: HF FF (QPSK max) 31 messages/sec (8PSK max) 45 messages/sec UHF FF Approx 150 messages/sec (Multi-Network Capability Makes These Numbers Bigger) User Data Rate: HF FF: 1493 – 4053bps HF EPM: 500 – 2200bps UHF FF: 12667bps UHF EPM: Classified It’s a Good Data Rate Considering a Narrow Bandwidth (W) and a Noisy Channel (Shannon Theorem Tells Us What is the Best We Can Do) S © C W log2 1 N NILE PMO 2003 46 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS HF FF: 6 Waveforms QPSK/8PSK, RS Coding UHF FF: 3 Waveforms, 16 Kbps NRZ FM, RS Coding HF EPM: 4 Waveforms, QPSK, Dual RS Coding UHF EPM: 4 Waveforms, Convolutional Coding 1/2, 16 Kbps NRZ FM © NILE PMO 2003 47 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 LINK 22 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4 Different Modems, 4 Different Radio Systems, 17 Different Waveforms Make The Link 22 a Good Customer For JTRS The Modem And The Radio Can Be Combined in a Software Radio Based System With a Complete NILE Waveforms Library Link 22 With JTRS Will Make Easier The Enhancement of The NILE Waveforms © NILE PMO 2003 48 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 HOW IMPLEMENT LINK 22 IN JTRS? T D S © NILE PMO 2003 DLP SNC L L C JTRS SPC Radio SPC JTRS JTRS SPC Radio Radio SPC Radio 49 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 OUTLINE LINK 22 Background Functional Architecture Operational Characteristics Technical Characteristics LINK 22 On-The-Air Test © NILE PMO 2003 50 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 HF LINK 22 ON-THE-AIR TEST •Test Conducted From 6 Nov To 8 Nov 2001 •2 Radio Stations Located In Southern California •4 Test Frequencies Available •Link 11 Compatible Transmitters (500W – 1KW) Available At The Radio Stations © NILE PMO 2003 51 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 HF LINK 22 ON-THE-AIR TEST Several Variables Of The Test Environment Are Difficult To Control And The Test Results Are NonRepeatable: – Solar Activity – Geometry Of The Radio Link : Terrain/Superstructure Blockages – Relative Strength Of The Skywave And Groundwave (Multipath) – Electromagnetic Interferences From Other Radio Transmissions And Noise Level – Antenna/Radio Efficiency Status © NILE PMO 2003 52 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office HF LINK 22 ON-THE-AIR TEST • 8-Minute Test Scenario Running On The NRS SG Server • 2 Active NUs Each Assigned 5 Minislots • Net Cycle Time Of 1.25 Sec • 75 Tracks Per NU © NILE PMO 2003 53 LINK 22 IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 NILE Program Management Office HF LINK 22 ON-THE-AIR TEST Freq.: 2.2 MHz 5.4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz PLOMA Average PERCENT OF MESSAGES RECEIVED OK: SSC-SD 100.0 80.0 60.0 AVERAGE FOR SSC-SD 40.0 20.0 0.0 LINK -1 11 CLEW © NILE PMO 2003 LINK 0 11 SLEW 1 2 3 4 5 6 LINK 22 MEDIA SETTING NUMBER (MSN) 54 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 Access to NILE Information NILE Nations: Contact Steering Committee Member Non NILE Nations: Contact Program Manager Dr. Kevin Buck Phone: (619) 524 7718 Fax: (619) 524 7856 E-mail: [email protected] © NILE PMO 2003 55 LINK 22 NILE Program Management Office IDLS 2003 Newbury, UK 30 Sep – 2 Oct 2003 QUESTIONS? © NILE PMO 2003 56