Transcript Imam Ali (a.s.)

Imam Ali (a.s.), Part II
Chronology: after the Prophet (pbuh)
A.S. Hashim, MD
After The Prophet: The Aftermath
Without a job, Ali finds a job at an orchard
belonging to a Jewish person
Fatima is sick
Ali Tutors his children, along with Ibn Abbas
Ali buys one slave each week then set him free
Ali Writes the Quran according to the order the
Ayahs were revealed
After the Prophet: The aftermath
Ali Under pressure to give allegiance to Abu Bakr
Fatima campaigns for Ali
Fatima gives a stirring speech at the Masjid of
the Prophet
Fatima’s health deteriorates fast
Tough times:
– Financially
– Politically
– At home
Ali during Khilaafah of Abu Bakr
Ali Finishes writing the chronology of the
Quran
Fatima dies: Ali left with four children
Fatima buried at night according to her
Will
Only few are notified and attend burial
Ali gives Allegiance to Abu Bakr
War of the renouncers! ‫حروب الرده‬
For sake of Islam’s wellbeing, Ali gives
support to Abu Bakr
Ali begins writing Tafseer of the Quran
called Mus’haf Fatima in Fatima’s honor
Continues tutoring his children
Continues to tutor Ibn Abbas after work
Continues to buy then free a slave every
week
Ali during Abu Bakr’s reign
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain learn to write
Ibn Abbas heads toward being scholarly
Ali the Marji' (the Reference)
Ali frees an average of one slave per week
(about 100 during Abu Bakr’s Khilaafah)
Condition of the Ummah seems to
stabilize
Omar appointed as Khalifa
Abu Bakr appoints Omar to Khilaafah
Ali gives support to Omar
Ali active in Omar's Council
Ali teaches and educates
Ali now married again
Ali's family expands, he teaches at home
Ali’s during Omar’s reign
Ali finishes off writing Tafseer of the Quran
Ali writes the wealth of Hadith
Ali starts writing the Ah'kaam
Al-Hasan helps his father in the writing
Omar marries Ali’s daughter: Umm
Kalthoom
Ali continues to buy then free one slave per
week (520) during Omar's Reign
Ali’s writings
Ali’s writings during
Abu Bakr and Omar’s
Khilaafah:
Corpus of Knowledge
consists of the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quran in chorological
order
Tafseer (Mus’haf
Fatima)
Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
Ah’kaam
Ali during Uthman’s Reign
Ali advises Uthman at first
Ali detects a mellow ruler in Uthman
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain are married
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain in North Africa's
campaign against the Byzantine. They
reach Carthage in Libya to-days.
Carthage battle decisive, Muslims
victorious
Ali and Umm Al-Baneen
Ali Marries Umm Al-Baneen
Ali has 5 boys through Umm Al-Baneen:
– Al-Abbas, 13 Years younger than Al-Husain
– One (nicknamed) Abu Bakr
– One (nicknamed) Omar
– One (nicknamed) Uthman
– Ali
Uthman in mid-term I
Uthman listens to his relative Marwan,
Ali’s advice is ignored frequently
Uthman appoints corrupt relatives as State
Governors
Uthman mistreats Ibn Masood and Abu
Dhar
Uthman in mid-term II
People object to Uthman’s rule and revolt
Ali tries to help Uthman
Uthman surrounded by the rebels, is
defended by Al-Hasan and Al-Husain
among others
Al-Hasan gets wounded defending
Uthman
Uthman is killed by the rebellious men
Ali is upset to the extreme
Ali during Uthman’s reign I
Ali finishes writing Al-Ah'kaam
Ali writes the Jafr:
– White Jafr
– Red Jafr
Ali compares the Quranic text he wrote
with the one written during Khilaafah of
Uthman. Surahs were the exact replica
Ali’s writings
Ali’s writings during:
Abu Bakr,
Omar, and
Uthman’s Khilaafah:
Corpus of Knowledge
consists of the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Quran in chorological
order
Tafseer (Mus’haf
Fatima)
Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
Ah’kaam
Al-Jafr
1. White Jafr: Prophets and
early times
2. Red Jafr: Rules of war in
Islam
Ali during Uthman’s reign II
Worrisome conditions of the Ummah
Ali trying to diffuse discord
Continues to be the Marji’
Tutors the new children born to him
Ali continues to buy then free one slave
per week. He freed 600 during Khilaafah
of Uthman.
Imam Ali (a.s.) the Khalifa
Ali's administration: Exceptionally fair
Wants to distribute the wealth fairly but
many wealthy people object
A'isha, Talha, and Zubair agitate
A'isha, Talha, and Zubair revolt, claiming
to avenge Uthman’s blood
Benu Umayya join the rebels full force
Mu’awiya rebels in a sneaky way
Confrontation at Basra
Ali’s Forces
12,000
Includes numerous
Sahaaba (said 300)
– Al-Hasan and AlHusain
– Muhammad son of
Abu Bakr
Ali’s forces Prevail
The other side:
– Includes Talha, Zubair,
and A’isha
– Local people of
Basrah
– Most of Benu Umayya
clan
– The fired governor of
Yemen who stole the
treasury of Yemen
Jamal Battle
Protracted negotiations
Persuades Zubair not to fight
Zubair quits
The battle: Goes fast and about to end
A’isha: On top of a camel urges to go on
fighting
People rally around the camel
Incapacitating the camel ends the fight
Jamal Sequence
Negotiations to stop fight fail
1. Zubair quits
2. Fight with many casualties
3. A’isha on camel urging to fight
4. A’isha’s camel is incapacitated
5. Battle ends abruptly
Jamal Battle II
Ali lets A’isha be at home in Basrah to rest
40 Guards in company of A’isha on her way to
Medina
Brother of A’isha in charge of the escorting
guards (Muhammad son of Abu Bakr)
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain escort A’isha to the
boundary of Basrah
The 40 guards turn out to be women dressed as
men
Jamal Battle III
Benu Umayya, forming large part of the
forces
– Set free after the Battle
Talha: was Killed by Marwan ibn Hakam
Zubair: Did not participate
The casualties: Fairly high
The aftermath: Benu Umayya now join
Mu’awiya to fight Ali in Siffin
Kufa the Capital
Kufa the New Capital because:
– Kufa is central in the Islamic Ummah
– Center of the bread basket of the area (Iraq)
– Closer to areas of revolts
– Possibility of better support to Ali
Proved less disciplined and less reliable
Mu’awiya and Siffin
Mu’awiya claiming revenge for Uthman’s
blood
Mu’awiya’s forces move north to Siffin
Mu’awiya cuts off water supply to Ali
Ali’s forces reach Siffin, overpower guards
preventing water
Ali’s side generously allows water to
Mu’awiya forces
Siffin
Ali, trying to prevent bloodshed, sends
negotiating delegates to Mu’awiya
Negotiations continue for one month
Negotiations fail
Battle of Siffin starts
Siffin II
Siffin Battle:
– Duration: 9 Days
– Severity: Severe in many days
– Casualties: Thousands dead and wounded
Ammar Unique Role.
Siffin Sequence
Negotiations to stop fight fail
1. 9 days fighting severe
2. Ammar charges
3. Numerous casualties
4. Ali almost winning
5. Qurans on tip of spears
6. Arbitrations to take place
Importance of Ammar
Ammar was in Ali’s camp
The Prophet (pbuh) told Ammar 30 Yrs earlier:
‫يا عمار سوف تقتلك الفئة الباغيه‬
”O’ Ammar, you will be killed by the malicious
group.”
Ammar along with 400 companions fought
Mu’awiya bravely until Ammar was killed.
A lot of Commotion was the result in Mu’awiya’s
camp.
Near the end of battle
As Ali’s forces reach near Mu’awiya’s
Headquarters in victory:
– Mu’awiya knows how religious Ali’s side is
– Mu’awiya gives commands to lift 500 Qurans
on tips of Spears (thus desecrating them)
– Mu’awiya asks for arbitration
– Commotion is the result in Ali’s Camp
Ali is forced for Arbitration by his troops
Tricking Ali’s forces
Ibn Ash’ath and other undercover agents
in Ali’s camp cajoled and bribed by
Mu’awiya, they work for him
Ibn Ash’ath and Khariji insist on their
demands to arbitrate
Ali is forced toward Arbitration
Ali chooses the brilliant Ibn Abbas to
represent him
Arbitration
Ali wanted Ibn Abbas, but Khariji insisted
instead on Al-Ashari to represent Ali
Al-Ashari was not so bright
Ali had to consent
Mu’awiya chose Ibn Aas to represent him
Ibn Aas is very cunning
Both sides met a year later in a far away
place to negotiate
Arbitration II
The cunning Ibn Aas tricks Al-Ashari
– Ibn Aas let Al-Ashari proclaim both Mu’awiya
and Ali are to leave office then let people
choose a Khalifa
– Ibn Aas followed by saying: Ali should leave
office but Mu’awiya is to stay in Power
Commotion was the result because of the
lies and deception of Ibn Aas
They return disappointed and disillusioned
Khariji
Khariji revolt against Ali
Ali argues with Khariji, many decide not to
fight against Ali
3000 Khariji insist of fighting Ali in
Nahrawan, in Iraq
Ali Defeats Khariji in Nahrawan
Looks for the crippled man the Prophet
foretold: They find him after 3 day search
Nahjul Balaaghah
Nahjul Balaaghah is a collection of 54 Sermons,
212 sayings, and 48 letters by Ali
Collected by Al-Shareef al-Radhee
Full of Gems of Wisdom, it deals with numerous
subjects:
– Theology
– History
– Human Relationship
Taught all over in universities over the past
centuries
Prediction of the Prophet About Ali’s end
30 years earlier, the
Prophet said to Ali:
The most evil of
evildoers is the one
who will wet this (beard)
with the blood From this
(forehead)
‫إنَّ أشقى األشـقـيين َمن‬
‫يُخضِّبُ هذه بهذه‬
‫وأشار إلى لحيته ثم رأسه‬
Ibn Muljim, the Khariji
Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji),
Along with 2 others planned to kill
– Ali
– Mu’awiya
– Ibn Aas
These Khariji were involved in Nahrawan
They planned to avenge
Mu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being
killed
Ali assassinated
Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in
hiding to kill Ali
Ali in Kufa Masjid had come to lead
morning prayer, it was dark with poor
visibility
It was the 19th of Ramadhan, Yr 40 Hijri
While Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayer
Ibn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head
Ali’s assassination I
Upon being so wounded Ali said:
‫فزت ورب الكعبه‬
I have won by the Lord of the Ka’ba
A lot of commotion ensued
Taken home Ali gave final advice to his
son Al-Hasan, and other children
Two days later he died on Leilatul Qadr
21st of Ramadhan
Ali’s assassination II
Ali’s last words were:
ُ‫َف َمن َيعْ َم ْل م ِْث َقا َل َذرَّ ٍة َخيْرً ا َي َره‬
ُ‫َو َمن َيعْ َم ْل م ِْث َقا َل َذرَّ ٍة َش ًرا َي َره‬
He with the slightest act of goodness will so
be rewarded
And he with the slightest act of evil deeds
will so be rewarded
Site of Ali’s Assassination
Ali is buried
Ali was taken to Najaf for burial, many miles from
Kufa
Burial place remained secret, known to family
and few others
Years later Imam Al-Saadiq declared the
whereabouts of the burial site
A tomb was established then a town arose
around it
It became the center of visitation and learning
Ali’s Shrine
Ali’s tomb nowadays
Ali the person
Imam Ali's self was molded completely by the
Islamic ideals
Ali's personality was overpowering, he was an
overachiever
Ali's brilliance and farsightedness were striking
Ali set to teach, inform, and help others learn
about Islam
Ali was an idealist, and nothing could influence
him to deviate from these ideals
Ali the person II
Ali's ideals had to be in a head-on clash with the
opportunist, demagogues, and power-hungry,
Ali stood in the face of deceit, duplicity, trickery,
hypocrisy, greed, and treachery, of corrupt Benu
Umayya
Ali was a compulsive perfectionist when it came
to Islam
Ali stood for justice and freedom of choice, and
the Holy Book and Sunnah
Ali assassinated III
Ali lived to be 63 year old, just as the
Prophet (pbuh)
– He designated Al-Hasan as the 2nd Imam
– He gave advice to Al-Hasan as written in
Nahjul Balaaghah
After Al-Hasan’s agreement with Mu’awiya,
the family returned to Medina to resume
teaching Islam
Ali’s Shrine in Najaf
Imam Ali’s Shrine:
Multitudes of visitors
every year.
Inside it reflects
reverence that
uniquely affects the
heart.
Khilaafah
A birds-eye view
Khilaafah means the phenomenon of
succession to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
This phenomenon is viewed in certain
ways as explained in the next two slides:
Khilaafah: A birds-eye view #1
• VIEW POINT I
• The phenomenon, the circumstance, the
mode of choice and selection of the Khalifas
are to be taken as they are
• This view is taken by the Sunni
Khilaafah: A birds-eye view #2
VIEW POINT II
– The phenomenon would have been
remarkably different had the wishes of Prophet
Muhammad been observed.
This view is taken by the Shi’a
BE IN ALLAH’S CARE
Thank you and May God Bless you.
Dr. A.S. Hashim