Transcript Kansas City ASHRAE Chapter

Dayton ASHRAE Chapter
Climate Change & Ozone Depletion
Tom Werkema
March 10, 2008
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Climate Science – Known & Unknowns
Climate International
Climate Country Specific
Ozone Science
Ozone International
Ozone Country Programs
Industry Response
Personal Responses to Climate Change
Climate Change Science
What is the “greenhouse effect”?
Like the sun, the Earth also emits radiation. It is much cooler
than the sun, though, so it emits in the infrared, just like a
person, a cat, or any other body. Some of that infrared energy
may be absorbed by molecules in the atmosphere, affecting the
global energy balance.
Venus has an atmosphere
with more than 90% CO2.
It also has sulfuric acid
clouds. Its planetary
greenhouse effect is about
500°C (the atmosphere
raises the temperature by
that much).
Earth has an atmosphere with much less
CO2 than Venus. The greenhouse effect
raises its average temperature by about
30°C.
The greenhouse effect is basic physics and
it is real. What about greenhouse warming?
The Atmosphere
CCS-2
The 1990s were warmer than at anytime during
the last 1000 years
CCS-3
CO2 Emissions
10/28/02-cc5
Extent of Arctic Sea Ice 1979 and
2005
Changes to clouds: the biggest cause of
uncertainty in predictions
Low clouds cool climate
High clouds warm climate
Global warming will change cloud characteristics
and, hence, their warming or cooling effect.
This will exert a powerful feedback on climate change,
but this feedback will differ from model to model.
Antarctic Temperature Trends,
1966–2000
Components of sea-level rise
Ocean circulation in the North Atlantic
US Hurricane Cycles Wax and Wane
2001-2005
6
12
1991-2000
5
14
1981-1990
5
1971-1980
15
4
1961-1970
12
6
1951-1960
8
1941-1950
10
1931-1940
8
14
24
19
5
1921-1930
1911-1920
13
7
1901-1910
21
4
0
Major Hurrican
All Hurricanes
17
18
10
20
30
40
Hurricanes Per Year
8.4
1995-2005
1995-2005
1931-1994
1931-1994
5.1
1905-1930
3.4
1905-1930
0
5
10
REF: Nat’l Center for Atm. Presearch July, 2007
Global Emissions Scenario
14
12
10
8
GtC/yr
6
4
Annex 1
Non Annex 1
2
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
Year
Current estimates for emissions growth in
Non-Annex 1 countries are even higher
IS92 a IPCC 1992
2050
Global Emissions for 550 PPM
Stabilization
14
12
10
8
GtC/yr
6
4
Annex 1
Non Annex 1
2
0
1990
2000
2010
Stabilization is not feasible without
Non-Annex 1 countries’ participation
2020
Year
2030
2040
2050
IPCC
1994
Radiative Forcing
CCS-7
Halocarbon Emissions, continued
Combined CO2equivalent emissions
from halocarbons:
~7.5 Gt near 1990, about
33% of that year's
CO2 emissions from
global fossil fuel
burning
~2.5 Gt near 2000, about
10% of that year’s
CO2 emissions from
global fossil fuel
burning
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
CO2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1500
1600
1700
Date (year A.D.)
1800
1900
2000
Decay of tetrafluoroethane (T = 14 years) in
the atmosphere compared to CO2
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
CO2
0.4
0.3
0.2
HFC-134a
0.1
0
2000
2100
2200
2300
Date (year A.D.)
2400
2500
Cut-off at a 100 year Integration
Time Horizon
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
CO2
0.4
0.3
0.2
HFC-134a
0.1
0
2000
2100
2200
2300
Date (year A.D.)
2400
2500
Climate Change International
Climate Change International
August 1990
June 1992
March/April 1995
December 1995
July 1996
December 1997
First IPCC Assessment
Rio de Janeiro, Framework
Convention on Climate
Change
Conference of Parties (1),
Berlin
Second IPCC Assessment
Conference of Parties (II),
Geneva
Conference of Parties (III),
Kyoto
Kyoto Protocol
• Controls Emissions
• 6 Greenhouse Gases
– CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6
• Avg. reduction for developed countries
– 5.2% from 1990 level
• 2015 reduction-1.7ppm to 381.3 ppm
Climate Change - International
• First Meeting of Kyoto Protocol Parties in
Montreal, November, 05
–
–
–
–
US non Party
First Commitment Period – 2008 thru 2012
No Second Commitment or Period defined
Canadian Environment Minister was President
Kyoto Protocol Meeting 2006 Nairobi
• Adaptation Fund creation
– Significant discussion by developing countries.
– May be used as tradeoff for developing country
commitments
– Administrative rules were agreed
Bali - 2007
• Largest attended meeting ever
– More new NGO’s
• Youth, Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society
• Agreement for 2 year negotiations
– Inclusive of US
• Under both UNFCCC and KP – 2 tracks
– No developing country commitments
• Weak, voluntary language
• Negotiations completed in 2009
– Commitments commence in 2013
Other Climate Change
• Achim Steiner, UNFCCC Ex. Sec. requested
emergency meeting General Assembly on climate
– Moon agreed – September 24, 2007
• White House conference 13 countries 9/27.9/28/07
• IPCC – released first 3 Working Group reports
– “…globally average net effect of human activities since
1750 has been one of warming…”
– 90% probability that climate change is manmade
– Massive populations at risk, plan/animal species
• Steiner noted MP contribution to KP goals – MP 8
GT, KP 2 GT, substitute HCFCs/HFCs add 1 GT
Other Climate Change
• G8 Climate Focus
– Aim to cut ghgs 50% by 2050
– Incorporate India/China
• 16 largest cities to reduce energy consumption in
existing buildings –Clinton Climate Initiative
– Houston, Chicago, NY
– ASHRAE – Honeywell, Trane, Siemens, Johnson
Controls conduct audits
– Clinton will attend Nov 1,2 Mayor’s Conference in
Seattle
Country Climate Programs
USA
EU F Gas Regulation
Key sectors – refrigeration, air-conditioning,
heat pumps, high-voltage switchgear
• Reporting
– Production,imports, exports
• Marketing & use bans limited
– Non-refillable containers
• Entered into force July 4, 2007
– Rules still being written
EU F Gas Regulation
• CONTAINMENT
– Stationary applications prevent/minimize leakage
– Number of annual checks depends on equipment size
– Maintain records of inspections
• RECOVERY
– Recover gases at end of life
– Certified personnel for recycling, reclamation, destruction
– Commission establish minimum requirements by 7/08
• LABELLING
– Containers of F gases
– Refrigeration, A/C equipment
EU F Gas Regulation
• 2010 REVIEW
– Whether containment can extend to MAC
– Assess need for emission control from
products/equipment
• Foam
• Technical product design
– Assess BAT/BEP
– Assess state of technology, particularly for foams
– Assess marketing prohibitions
• Technical feasibility
• Energy efficiency considerations
EU Mobile A/C Directive
• <50 gms HFC/year Emission
– If GWP > 150
– Hammonized leak detection test
•
•
•
•
< 60 gms/year dual evaporation
1/1/11 no new model MAC > 150 GWP
1/1/17 no new MAC > 150 GWP
Service allowed
– “Abnormal” leakage requires repair
– Review Procedure 12 months or 5 years after entry into
force
– Honeywell/Dupont/Others announced low GWP
alternatives
• Tailpipe emissions separate regulation
EU Emissions Trading
2005-7 covers: energy, oil steel & paper
2008 covers all large emitters
MS allocate individually
EU is bringing aviation into ETS.
Price development in the EU
ETS
€ 30
€ 26
€ 22
€ 18
€ 14
€ 10
€6
Dec-04 Feb-05 Apr-05 Jun-05 Aug-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Feb-06 Apr-06 Jun-06 Aug-06 Oct-06
HFC’s – Country Program
• Denmark
–
–
–
–
EC is pursuing infringement proceeding
Law effective July 1, 2002
Tax $7.90/LB HFC – 134a
General Use, including recycle use, in new products
P/O 1/1/06
– Exceptions:
1/1/02 District Heat Pumps
Foam for joints
Aerosol
1/1/06 Flexible foam
1/1/07 Cooling Plants, Heat Pumps,
dehumidifiers, Refrigeration
& A/C over
10Kg
CCEU-6
HFC’s – Country Program
• Denmark (con’t)
– Exceptions: Refrigeration & A/C 0.15-10Kg
– A/C in Hermetic systems to 50Kg
•
•
•
•
•
•
MAC’s
Medical
Lab
Military
Onboard Ships
Servicing
CCEU-7
HFC’s Country Programmes
• Norway
– 180 NKr per ton CO2 equivalent
– Norwegian Industry Attempted to Overturn
• Got Agreement as “Deposit”
CCEU-9
HFC’s – Country Program
• Switzerland – HFC’s Phase/Out
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1/1/03 Aerosols, except MDI
1/1/03 Domestic refrigeration and freezers
1/1/03 Extinguishing agents (some exemptions)
1/1/03 Foams unless efficacy proven
1/1/03 Solvents
1/1/05 A/C (checked annually)
1/1/08 MAC’s (check annually)
Existing Domestic A/C not included
CCEU-10
HFC’s – Country Program
• Switzerland – Ban HFCs effective July 1, 03
– Does Not Apply:
• Some spray cans
• 1/1/04 – Foams Manufacture
– Can Grant “Derogation”
» No Substitutes
• Solvents – can grant “derogation”
– Limited time frame
– No alternatives
– Measures to avoid emissions
Canada
•
•
•
•
•
HFC restricted to ODS substitutes - whitepaper
Concern over cross border influence under KP
Harper versus Dion – early summer election??
Mandatory reporting in 2005
Declared all GHGs CEPA Toxic
Canada
• $2B over 5 years for implementation
–
–
–
–
$1.3B for public transportation
$0.77B for transit tax credits
5% ethanol fuel by 2010
CAPS and absolute reductions by 2025
• 40-65% reductions from 2002 baseline by 2050
• Upstream & oil shale produce 1/3rd Canada’s GHG
emissions –26.6% growth since 1990
Canada
• 18% emissions intensity reduction by 2010,
based on 2006
– 2% per year additional thereafter to 2020
• $15-$20 “safety valve” for industry
• Alberta has proposed 12% intensity
reduction between 7/1 and 12/31/07!!
Why not Kyoto?
• The United States does NOT intend to
undermine the efforts of Kyoto countries
BUT
• Short time frames are not realistic
• Too few countries signed on to Kyoto;
emissions would just shift to others
What is the U.S. view?
•
Climate change is a serious issue
• It took decades to develop and may
take decades to address
• Real, global environmental progress
requires economic growth
The key is to invest in cleaner,
more efficient technologies
US Climate Change – 2006
emission
• Since 1990, intensity down 2% per year
• Total emissions have grown 0.9%/yr
– 14.4% increase
– KP – 7% decrease
– CO2 – 83.8%, CH4 8.6%, N2O 5.4%,
HFCs+PFCs+SF6 2.2%
US Residential Energy Use - 2001
Space Heating
24%
Air Conditioning
48%
5%
Water Heating
Refrigerators
17%
6%
Other Appliances
& Lighting
US Commercial Buildings Energy Use
7%
1995
6%
3%
4%
23%
32%
7%
15% 3%
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Water Heating
Lighting
Cooking
Refrigeration
Office Equipment
Other
US Total Primary Energy Use by Sector
2005
28%
22%
Residential
Commercial
18%
32%
Industrial
Transportation
US Legislative/Regulatory
Process
• Legislative – any Congressman/Senator introduce
a bill
– Referred to House/Senate Committee
– After deliberation, Committee moves to Floor
– Floor debate
• Sent back to Committee
• Voted and Approved
– Corresponding Bill in opposite Chamber
– Conference Committee resolves differences
US Regulatory/Legislative
Process
• Common Bill forwarded to President for
Signature
– Veto
– Approve
• Implements Law
– EPA/DOE develop Regulations to implement
US Congressional Discussions
• 2007 - 4 Major Bills in Senate – same in
House
• Do “Ds” give Bush this legislation?
• White House may be ready to discuss
• Lieberman-Warner out of Senate Envr &
Public Works Dec., 2007
US Congressional Discussions
• Senate Bills include CAP & Trade, reduction
targets
– Lieberman/McCain
• Economy wide
• 2004 levels in 2012, 1990 by 2020
• 20% below 1990 in 2030, 60% below in 2050
– Sanders/Boxer
• 1990 level in 2020
• 27% below 1990 in 2030, 53% below in 2040, 80% below in
2050
– Bingamen/Specter – introduced July 13
• “upstream” cap & trade in 2012 – 76% “free”
• 2006 by 2020, 1990 by 2030
U.S. CLIMATE CHANGE PROPOSALS
(GE, DuPont, GM, NRDC coalition)
1
Lieberman-Warner
• Allowances – emissions based per MT CO2e
• Track emissions – EPA registry, regulations
–
–
–
–
–
Registry w/I 180 days, rules by July 1, 2008
Production, importation, exportation, consumption
Annual and quarterly data
2004-=2007 facility data required by March 31, 2009
2008 and beyond–quarterly data w/i 60 days EOQ
• Annual w/i 90 days EOY
– Subject to verification
Lieberman-Warner
• Enforcement
– $25,000 per day per violation
• Emissions Allowances
–
–
–
–
–
2012 – 2005 levels
2020 – 15% below 2005
2030 – 33% below 2005
2040 – 52% below 2005
2050 – 70% below 2005
Climate Change - States
• RGGI announced by 7 NE States
– CAP and Trade system CO2
– Begins 2009 w/current level CAP
• Frozen until 2015, then gradual reduction
– 10% reduction by 2019
– Focus on utilities
• Western states announced 2/07
– Links to RGGI
– 15% below 2005 in 2020
• Midwest states also considering
• US Mayors announced Clinton Climate Initiative,
Nov 2007
Climate Change - States
• Calif., NM, Oregon, Wash. develop lowcarbon technologies and renewables
• NJ introduced Climate Legislation – July
– 1990 levels by 2020
– 80% below 2006 in 2050
– California emissions reductions programs
US Climate Change - Other
• Following Action in 26 Other States
– Executive orders
– Pending Legislation
• 32 States announced common Registry
• States implementing/working on reduction plans:
– Emissions reductions: Arizona, California, Illinois,
Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas,
Washington, Wisconsin
– Energy reductions only: Colorado, New Hampshire
California Climate Action–AB 32
• Reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by
12/31/20
– Interim reductions 7/1/12, 7/1/16
• Multi-sector, market-based program
• Establishes multi-Agency Climate Action Board
– CAB establishes GHG Emissions Reduction Plan
• Includes economics and benefits
• Multi-sector, market-based compliance
• 8.2MT CO2 equiv for F Gases
– Out of 170MT CO2 Total
California Climate Action–AB 32
• CARB maintain GHG inventory
• Beginning 1/1/08, annual reports
• “Largest stationary source” Mandatory
Reporting
– Oil & gas extraction, oil refining, electricity,
cement, landfills
• CARB can adopt fee schedule
• Multiple workshops Dec 06-July 07
California Climate Action
AB 32
• Discrete Early Action Strategies – implement by
1/1/10
– Low carbon fuel standard
– Reduction of MAC refrigerant loss from nonprofessionals
– Increased landfill methane capture
– Green ports
– Reduction consumer products high GWP gases
– Reduction PFC in electronics
– Truck efficiency
– Tire inflation program
– SF6 reduction in non electrical
•
California Climate Action
AB
32
Other discrete early actions (direct regulatory
action – 44 measures total)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
HFC Venting control
Ban HFC release servicing/dismantling
A/C tightness checking
Heavy duty vehicle emissions reduction
Cool automobile paints
Transport refrigeration, standby electric
Business GHG reduction/guidance
Anti-idling enforcement
High GWP refrigerant tracking/reporting
Alternative suppressants in fire suppression systems
California Climate Action–AB
32
• Other discrete early actions (direct regulatory
action – 23 measures – cont’d)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Tire inflation
Low GWP MVACs
Port electrification
Reduction of HFCs in foam
Green ships
Energy savings from cement mfg
• Workshop on Feb 15, 2008 – HVAC & R
Climate Change Alliance &
Others
BAU Scenario of HFC and HCFC
Market Demand in U.S.
400
HCFCs
HFC Aftermarket
300
Proposed cap
200
HFC allocation under L-W
100
HFCs in original equipment and products
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
0
2005
Million Tons CO2eq
500
Forms of Regulation for HFCs
• Command & Control – Regulations dictate form of solution
– Technology Standard; e.g. California Proposed Early Action measures
– Ban/Phase-out; e.g. MAC directive
– Inspection, repair, refrigerant recover; e.g. HCFC rules in U.S., f-gas
regulation
• Performance Standards – Probably not applicable to HFCs
• Labeling – Probably viewed as not sufficient
• Voluntary Programs – Probably viewed as not sufficient
Forms of Regulation for HFCs
• Market Based Mechanisms – Allows market to decide
– Carbon Tax – Government sets the price
– Carbon trading (cap and trade) – Likely to be disruptive due to
carbon price
– HFC cap with allocation; similar to HCFC allocation – Would allow
maximum flexibility for market
Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) & Carbon
Prices
Refrigerant/Compound
IPCC SAR GWP
(Carbon price/kg @
$20/tonne CO2)
IPCC/AR4 GWP
(Carbon price/kg @
$20/tonne CO2)
HCFC-22
1820
HCFC-142b
2310
HFC-152a
140 ($2.80)
124 ($2.48)
HFC-32
650 ($13.00)
675 ($13.50)
HFC-245fa
1020 ($20.60)
HFC-134a
1300 ($26.00)
1430 ($28.60)
HFC-4310mee
1300 ($26.00)
1640 ($32.80)
HFC-125
2800 ($56.00)
3500 ($70.00)
HFC-227ea
2900 ($58.00)
3220 ($64.40)
HFC-143a
3800 ($76.00)
4470 ($89.40)
R-410A
1725 ($34.50)
2088 ($41.76)
R-404A
3260 ($65.20)
3922 ($78.44)
Alliance & Others Activity
• Montreal Protocol allocation
– Essentially CAP & Trade
– Declining CAP brought steady rise in product
prices, which passed through market
– Customers demanded and producers brought
lower ODP products to market
L- W Title X
• Applies to Production, Import including Products
or Equipment
• Baseline – 300,000,000 MT CO2
• GWPs based on 4th Science Assessment
• Excludes recycled, recovered
• Destruction credits allowed (HFCs today, ODS?)
• Baseline year 2005
– HFC producer, importer, product/equipment importer
L-W Title X
• Banking (5 year, destruction credit only) and
Borrowing (3 year) allowed; borrowing brings
10% interest, 15% quantity limitation
• Commences 2010 – 2% prior year declining CAP
thru 2050 (70% total decline)
• Allocation to: Producers/Importers 2004-2006
and on date of enactment
– Basis 100% of HFCs + 60% of HCFCs, GWP weighted
avg. 2004-2006
L-W Title X
• Auction
– 5% of above in 2010, increasing to 100% in 2031
– Proceeds used for:
• Recovery/destruction of ODS and GWP gases
• Consumer incentives for refrig./cooling equipment
–
–
–
–
–
Refrigerants with low or no GWP
Energy efficiency >30% Fed. Energy std and Energy Star
Development of low GWP HFCs
Development of energy efficient technologies
Programs under the broader auction
L-W Title X
• Permanent retirement not allowed, EPA can
reclaim allocations
• Allowances not exchangeable with broader
program
• Regulations 18 months after enactment
• No destruction credit for byproducts
• Ban on small containers of HFCs (<20
pounds) for MAC
Alliance & Others Activities
• HFC CAP & Trade Benefits
– Orderly transition to next generation technology,
including HCFC to HFC transition
– Allows strategic business planning for both
suppliers/users due to supply/pricing stability
– System familiar to regulated community
– Provides incentives for technology evolution
– Encourages recover/recycling
– Discourages frivolous uses
Ozone -Science
The Ozone Layer
Sun
Ultraviolet
Radiation
Ozone
layer
The ozone layer is a protective blanket that filters out most of the harmful ultraviolet
Radiation from the sun. The ozone layer lies in the stratosphere typically between 8 and
25 miles (13 to 40 km) above the Earth’s surface.
AFEAS
September 1993
Production/Destruction of Stratospheric
Ozone
Solar
Ultraviolet
energy
O2
(molecular
Oxygen)
Solar
Ultraviolet
energy
Solar
Ultraviolet
energy
O3
Solar
Ultraviolet
energy
O2
Cl
(active
Species)
Source
gases
O
(atomic
Oxygen)
Reservoir
Components
O2
Ozone
Destruction
cycle
O3
(ozone)
ClO
Production
O2
O
Destruction (e.g., by chlorine
Cl2O2
ClO
Variability in the ozone hole
Unusual ozone hole in 2002 due to dynamical variability
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Ozone Hole 2007
Global Ozone Depletion
Montreal Protocol International
Montreal Protocol 2007
HCFC Adjustments Developed Countries
• New Schedule
• 2010 – 75%
Reduction
• 2015 – 90 %
Reduction
• 2020-2030 – 0.5%
service
• Old Schedule
• 65% Reduction
• 90% reduction
• 0.5% service
Montreal Protocol 2007
HCFC Adjustments Developing Countries
• New Schedule
• 2013 Freeze @ 2009,
2010 average
• 2015 10% reduction
• 2020 35% reduction
• 2025 67.5% reduction
• 2030-2040 2.5%
service
• 2040 phase out
• Old Schedule
• 2016 – Freeze @ 2015
levels
• 2040 – phase out
Mexico
• Considering HCFC Allocation Program
– License=Allocation=Cap and Trade
– Focus on HCFC-141b, HCFC-22
– Encouraging consistency with US/Canada
• 10 year delay
• Incorporate new MP requirements
• First in any Developing Country
Refrigerant Responsible Use
Responsible Use
RUP’s – endorsed by
Over 30 government
& Trade associations
Responsible Use Guide
• Current steps
–
–
–
–
–
Works w/i framework of RUP
Market Sector Specific
Being developed by each sector
Target audiences in developing countries
Voluntary development and implementation
Responsible Use Guide Update
Fire Protection – first
Guide, will be revised
Responsible Use Guide
Air conditioning &
Refrigeration –
The newest guide
Responsible Use Guides
Refrigerators – very
Comprehensive for
Foams & refrigeration
Responsible Use Guide Update
• Mobile Air Conditioning – part of IMAC?
• HFC Producers
– Survey complete
– Draft RUG complete
• Circulating for company endorsement – Europe, US, Far East
• Foams
– Survey complete 2005
– Summary complete late 2005
– Yet to find Association to take forward
Personal Responses to Climate
Change
Driving
• Drive 10% less –walk, carpool, public
transit, in-line skate, telework
• Don’t use car A/C, or use sparingly
• Give up 2nd vehicle
• Don’t idle – stop more than 10 seconds
(except in traffic) turn off engine
• Drive at posted speed limit 62 mph to 75
mph + 20% more fuel
• Cruise Control
Driving
• Block heater when temp below 32°F
– Winter fuel economy  10%
• Vehicle maintenance
• Tire inflation – 70% of vehicles have one
tire over/under inflated
• Hybrid-electric vehicles
• Remove roof racks when not in use
Home
• Install energy-efficient furnace
• Caulking/weather stripping – could be 20% of heat/ac
loses
• Energy Star Label – windows/sliding doors
• Install storm windows – could be 25% of heat/ac loses
• Replace exterior doors
• Use window blinds
• Furnace maintenance every 2 years
– 1o = 5% energy savings – programmable thermostat
• Seal/insulate warm air ducts
• Upgrade insulation
Home
Lower thermostat - 2°F=2%  heat bill
Shut off pilot lights
Ceiling Fans - 8¢ - $1.50/month (a/c $6-$40)
Remove window a/c in winter
Florescent light bulbs – light dimmers, occupancy sensors
Window curtains: open in winter, closed in summer
Clean/replace a/c-heating filters
Turn off all sources of heat in summer: lights, appliances,
electrical equipment
• Baking/washing/drying/ironing early morning or evening
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Appliances
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clean refrigerator coils regularly
Energy Star
Unplug second refrigerator or freezer
Dishwasher no-heat/air dry cycle, not hand wash
Maintain refrigerator @ 35°F, freezer @ 0°F
Cloths rinse in cold, wash in warm water
Don’t overdry, hang clothes to dry
– Purchase dryer with moisture sensor
• Hot water tank pre 2004, insulate
Appliances
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Purchase front load washer – 40% less water per load
Efficient light bulbs-LED or fluorescent
Install outdoor automatic timers
Computer system with energy-saver option
– Computer running full time: $70-$100 energy per year
– Use “sleep” or “hibernate” mode
– Smart Strip Power Strip
Use as little paper as possible
Buy right size monitor
Turn off computer at night – 1/3rd left on
40% of appliance energy used when off
Lawn
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Capture/reuse rainwater
Leave grass clippings on lawn
Water early in morning
Avoid chemical use
Limit use of gas powered mowers, tools
Pool efficiency
Plant trees
Home Water
•
•
•
•
•
Low-flow showerheads
High-efficiency water heaters
Quick showers
Avoid running the tap
Insulate water pipes – (not w/i 6” of exhaust
pipe)
• Turn off cottage water heater
• Turn water off when shaving/brushing teeth