Transcript Document
Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture
Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 2nd Edition
by William and Mary Ann Cunningham 1
Objectives Chapter 14 •Explain differences
neoclassical, ecological economics
& how views ecological processes and natural resources •Distinguish between different types, categories of resources •Discuss
internal & external costs
,
market approaches
to pollution control and cost-benefit analysis •
Role of business
, strategies for achieving
sustainability
•Recognize
push / pull factors
to
urban growth in the less developed and more developed countries
•Appreciate
how cities fail to be sustainable
, how become sustainable •Understand
causes / consequences
pollution city crowding, •See connections:
sustainable economic development
,
social justice
, &
solutions urban problems
2
Chapter Fourteen Key Terms
McGraw-Hill Course Glossary
capital communal resource management systems cost-benefit analysis (CBA) discount rate ecological economics ecological services externalizing costs gross national product (GNP) internalizing costs • limits to growth
Megacities
nonrenewable resources open access system
Pull factors Push factors
renewable resources resources steady-state economy "The Tragedy of the Commons"
Urbanization
Sprawl
Smart growth
3
Multiple Goals Sustainable Development & Cities Economic needs - access to adequate income/livelihood; economic security when unemployed, ill, disabled, or unable to work Environmental needs – healthy, safe water supply, sanitation, living environment protected from environ hazards, recreation Social, cultural and health needs – health care, education, and transportation Political needs – freedom participate in national, local politics, develop ones home and neighborhood, environmental legislation 4
A Congolese villager surveys a recently destroyed section of Virunga National Park in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, where thousands of Rwandans poured across the border in May and June and slashed and burned 15 square kilometres (six square miles) of forest and rare mountain gorilla habitat, in this picture taken on July 22, 2004.
PICTURE SERVICE Story by FOR/AN/JV , Photo by STAFF, REUTERS NEWS
A Congolese Villager Surveys a Recently Destroyed Section of Virunga National Park
CONGO: August 5, 2004 Has been unique problem to less developed world 5
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Population Density vs Forest Remaining in Maya Region (OR & WA predicted) (Meyerson 2000) OR-pre OR1992 WA1992 WA-pre Maya
10 14 34 40
Population Density (persons/km 2 )
100 200
6
Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development Programs – solutions for keeping people in rural areas not working well; example of ecotourism
Tourists watch rare Asian elephants feeding, East Malaysian state of Sabah, Borneo island.
Ecotourism advocates say revenues from visitors to see proboscis monkeys, Asian elephants living along forested riverbanks could rival money from expanding oil palm estates which threaten their habitat.
Picture taken October 2, 2002. Reuters.
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Rare Brazilian Parrot That Was Rescued From Animal Smugglers
November 13, 2002 . Reuters News Picture Service (Photo by JAMIL BITTAR) Illegal animal smuggling in Brazil is a big business, coming second only to drug and arms trafficking 8
Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development Programs – solutions for keeping people in rural areas not working well; example of non-timber forest products http://www.macduffeverton.com/Modern%20Maya/Mayaphoto_htmls/chicle.html
9
Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development Programs – solutions for keeping people in rural areas not working well; example of conservation ecotourism 10
Topics in Chapter 14
• • • Urban Development and Sustainable Cities Cities in Developing Countries Causes of Urban Growth •
• Urban Problems in Developing Countries - Air and Water Pollution - Housing - Urban Sprawl - Smart Growth
Urban Sustainability in the Developed World 11
Urban Problems in Developing Countries Housing
• Around 100 million people are homeless • Slums – 20% world population lives • Shantytowns - illegal 12
Developing countries –poor sanitation, clean water, housing
Shantytowns, squatter settlements outskirts Mexico City 13
Air and Water Pollution
• Dense traffic, smoky factories, use of wood or coal fires • Lenient pollution laws, corrupt officials, ignorance • Only 35% of urban residents in developing countries have satisfactory sanitation services 14
Seattle Times; November 14, 2004,
Belarus region is rebuilding on top of Chernobyl radiation
, by
Mara D. Bellaby
Radiation contamination from Chernoybl SERGEI GRITS / APIvan Muzychenko and his son sort freshly picked mushrooms, gathered in a forest inside the radiation-contaminated Exclusion Zone. The men were in the village of Bartolomeyevka, 206 miles southeast of Minsk, Belarus, late last month .
Belarusians, many poor, ill-informed about radiation, returning villages requiring permanent monitoring due to higher-than-average radiation levels. Tractors till farmland, cows graze and residents fill their yards with vegetable gardens. Thyroid cancer rates high in children.
Others venture into "exclusion zones" — the worst-hit areas — to forage in the forests for berries and wild mushrooms sold throughout the region .
15
Indian commuters, rush hour traffic in the central hub of New Delhi August 12, 2002 Reuters News Services
Story by JSG/RCS, Photo by B MATHUR Thick cloud of pollution over South Asia – UN Panel climate change concerned (Air Pollution has no boundaries, transfer effects) 16
Economic Development – conversion of forests to agriculture
An environment worker distributes masks to motorists in Indonesia'a city of Pontianak, West Kalimantan province – haze from forest fires
September 20, 2002 (Reuters News Service) 17
Expanding economies in less developed countries high energy needs (China, India - two highest expanding economies )
Coal Vendor Makes Delivery in Traditional Alleyway in Beijing,
CHINA: November 26, 2002 Story by ASW/RCS Photo by ANDREW WONG Reuters News Service In China, millions of people suffer from fluorosis caused by pollution from burning high fluoride coal. A number of studies in China found exposure to indoor coal pollution linked with higher rates of lung cancer 18
Economic Development: Black smoke billows from the chimneys of an unlicensed pottery furnace on the outskirts of Wuhan, 11/14/03 – use old tires, asphalt as fuel (very polluting)
19
Waste Management – Less developed countries •Successful scavenger cooperatives (largely paper, scrap metal): Columbia, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India, Indonesia •Garbage produced more organic, dense, humid than industrialized countries so need different solutions (waste technology developed in industrialized countries limited application elsewhere)
NICARAGUA
Gleaning Managua's
CHINA
In Beijing, a migrant worker sifting for leavings. Natalie Behring, The New York Times http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm
rubbish piles for recyclable aluminum, plastic, paper.Reuters
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Scavengers live on fringe of wealth
PAKISTAN A girl feeding her brother while their parents scavenge for salable items from Islamabad's trash.
http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm
BOSNIA A refugee eating an American military meal.The Associated Press 21
What Can Be Done to Improve Conditions in Cities in Less Developed World (a la ‘class book’)?
• • • • • •
Civic action, environmental education Redistribution unproductive land, squatters’ rights “Rolling land banks” Democracy, security, improved economic conditions Social welfare safety net Local nontraditional exchange of good
How compare these solutions to more industrialized world?
22
Topics in Chapter 14
• Urban Development and Sustainable Cities • Cities in Developing Countries • Causes of Urban Growth • Urban Problems in Developing Countries
• Urban Sustainability in the Developed World
23
Urban Problems in the Developed World
• • •
Rapid growth of central cities in Europe, North America has now slowed or even reversed The good news: better air and water quality, safer working conditions, fewer communicable diseases The bad news: urban decay and sprawl, transportation issues
Book treats developed from developing world differently (problems same); Book suggests different solutions for each part of the world 24
Green Business, Green Design –
decrease energy use + quality work environment
Native grass roof – insulation, reduce runoff Natural lighting Open design, consider adjacent areas Award winning GAP Inc, San Bruno, CA – best features of environmental design
NOT AS COMMON in Less Developed World
25
Urban Decay and Sprawl – Las Vegas, Nevada
Developed World a la book but also less developed world problem 26
Transportation
•
Most American cities devote ~ 1/3 of their land area to cars
•
Freeways profoundly reshape our lives (opposite Europe but changing – WalMart proliferation)
•
Public transportation is expensive, difficult to establish
27
Energy sources for cities: Wind power Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers An image of a field of electricity producing turbines, superimposed on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest offshore wind power plant.
By CORNELIA DEAN,
Published: November 14, 2004,
November 14, 2004. NY Times, A Seashore Fight to Harness the Wind
28
29
Urban Sustainability
in the Developed World • • • • • • •
Limit city sizes Greenbelts, open space Development planning Encourage walking, car alternatives More diverse housing Grow food locally Public participation
30
A Tale of Three Cities: Portland and Vancouver get going while Seattle Stalls by William Dietrich, Seattle Times February 2, 2003
Seattle – few parks downtown & uninviting; waterfront pales in comparison; transportation choices limited; sidewalks plainer; fewer street trees, housing choices narrower, towers uglier Note what indicators are used. What is missing?
31
Both plans provide 36 home sites.
Conventional Subdivision versus Cluster Housing (Open-Space Zoning) Quality of environment but not waste, food production
32
New Views of Urban Sustainability
• • Tri-partite model = economic, social, environmental requirements
Life Cycle thinking and management
•
Ecological Footprint measurement
• “Total cost” analysis = include externalities and not just direct costs • Move from Trade-off mentality to value creation Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle January 2000 EKOS International 33
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Successful Urban Development: Kalundborg, Denmark Industrial ecology where is life cycle based – symbiotic web of materials and energy exchange among network of companies, City
Excess gas Steam Heated water Sludge Fly ash Yeast Statoil Refinery City district heating Fish farms Asnaes Power station Gyproc’s plasterboard factory Novo Nordisk’s pharmaceutical plant Nearby farms
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Oil refinery
Industrial Ecology
(Kalundborg, Denmark) Cement manufacturer Coal-fired power plant Steam Local Farms Heat Heat
3 7
homes © I n c .
1 9 9 4 D e n e b a S y s t e m s , Fish farm Heat Steam Sulfuric acid producer Horticulture greenhouses Sheetrock plant Pharmaceutical plant 36
Genetically Engineered Chicken That Has No Feathers
ISRAEL: May 22, 2002 Story by HO, Photo by HO , REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE -
dubbed low calorie bird because lack of feathers means the chicken has less fat
REDUCE WASTE STREAM: Grow enough food in less space, less waste materials, food safety issues, better quality?
37
Ban imposed by the Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries outbreak of Crimean Congo Hemorrhages Fever virus among Iranian livestock affects animals, humans.
INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION FROM SMALLER
Idle animal traders sit, gossip amid almost empty pens at the Sharjah Animal Market, a result of a ban on the import of Iranian livestock June 6, 2002. (Reuters News Services 2002)
LAND BASE: Antiobiotics, Hormone Use in Beef Production 38
United States – organized, large scale recycling, dumps RECYCLE MATERIALS: China – organized, small scale recycling
Chinese Woman Collects Recyclable Rubbish Along the Construction Site of Main Dam of Three Gorges Dam Hubei province, China, November 3, 2002.
(Reuters) 39
LIFE-CYCLE for FORESTS: U nited States
Environmental services, biodiversity FORESTS ~
18
%
Fuelwood 82
%
Forest Products
: paper, building materials, packing materials, furniture, clothing
16
%
57
%
27
% 4) Burned 1) Landfill 2) Composting 3) Recycling 40
(A)
turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood, feathers
to useful products. After first-stage heat and-pressure reaction, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates break down into (B)
carboxylic oil
, (C)
a light oil
further distilled into lighter fuels such as (D)
naphtha
, (E)
gasoline
, (F)
kerosene
. Process also yields: (G)
fertilizer-grade minerals
mostly from bones & (H) industrially useful
carbon black
.
41
Characteristics of Waste & Its Management in Developed & Developing World
???
• Abundance of capital, high labor costs, expensive waste management systems ( • Formal waste management, scavenging not part • Lots waste generated (>1.5 kg garbage/day) • Little organic material in waste, contains more packaging materials, higher caloric content sites – burns well • People not living on landfill • Abundance unskilled, inexpensive labor, little capital, labor intensive but cheap waste management systems • Dynamic informal sector: refuse collect, scavenging as dominant income, many from rural • Little waste generated 0.1 kg garbage/day • Highly organic wastes, more dense and humid (great for your livestock to live with you at the landfill) 42
New Views of Urban Sustainability
• • • • •
Tri-partite model = economic, social, environmental requirements Life Cycle thinking and management Ecological Footprint measurement “Total cost” analysis = include externalities and not just direct costs Move from Trade-off mentality to value creation
Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle January 2000 EKOS International 43
Rescue worker uses a special vacuum to remove fuel oil from the oil-covered beach at the fishing village of Malpica, northern Spain, November 18, 2002 .
Story by PH , Photo by PAUL HANNA, REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE WHO PAYS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS – is economic externality?
An oil-covered seagull is cleaned up at a wildlife recovery center in La Coruna, northern Spain, November 18, 2002 .
Story by AC, Photo by MIGUEL VIDAL, REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE 44
Unidentified Nicaraguan affected by the pesticide Nemagon, protests outside the U.S. Embassy in Managua, November 19, 2002.
45
Sustainable Urban environments has too remember that natural disturbances still with us and modify whether something is “SUSTAINABLE” 46
Heavy smog engulfs Xian, the capital of China's western province of Shaanxi , November 11, 2002. Reuters News Services Development - Environment = sustainable link?
C hina's strategy develop west progress smoothly (Li Zibin, Gross domestic product (GDP) western regions 8.7% growth in 2000, 9.0% first 3 quarters of 2002. 47
Pursuit of renewable energy sources unique to more developed nations since less developed do not have enough energy resources and mainly burn wood (> 50% of world) Wind power Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of EngineersAn image of a field of electricity-producing turbines, superimposed on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest offshore wind power plant.
By CORNELIA DEAN,
Published: November 14, 2004 48