Transcript Lighting - Leonardo ENERGY

What really is
efficient lighting?
Stefan Fassbinder
Deutsches Kupferinstitut
Am Bonneshof 5
D-40474 Düsseldorf
Tel.: +49 211 4796-323
Fax: +49 211 4796-310
[email protected]
www.kupferinstitut.de
The German Copper Institute,
DKI, is the central information
and advisory service dealing with all
uses of copper and copper alloys. We
offer our services to:








Commercial companies
The skilled trades
Industry
R & D institutes
Universities
Artists and craftsmen
Students
Private individuals
We can be contacted by:
 post
 phone
 fax
 e-mail
 internet
 online database, or
 personally
There are basically tho ways
of generating light:
The ‘wood hammer
method’:
heating something up
until it glows bright
The ‘scientific’
approaches:
exciting the electrons
some other way
The efficiency of power electric devices and
installations is usually given as a percentage.
Only with light this does not work.
The efficacy of a light source is given in
lumens per watt.
Theoretically, the most efficient light source
has an energy efficiency of 683 lm/W. But
this refers to monochromatic light with a
wavelength of 555 nm. However, nobody
appreciates such light (except perhaps on traffic lights).
With an ideal white light source 199 lm/W
would correspond to an efficiency of 100%.
75% of all light is generated by
fluorescent lamps
These use 50% of the share of
electricity used in lighting
(whereas lighting in total uses 11% of
all electricity generation)
5
Why use any ballasts at all?
Because otherwise the lamp will either not
do anything at all – or it will go bang!
200V
Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp
connected to a d.c. supply
180V
160V
120V
100V
U 
140V
80V
60V
Measurement
Calculation
Linear component
40V
20V
0V
0mA
400mA
800mA
I  1200mA
There are two principles available:
1. Conventional magnetic ballast or
improved low-loss magnetic ballast
There are two principles available:
2. Electronic ballast
Along with it, a magnetic
ballast also requires
• a starter
• and a compensation capacitor
whereas the capacitor provides little
incentive for contentious debates...
...but as for the starter, there are
two alternatives again:
The commonplace, generic,
widely used glow starters...
Starter
Glow cathode
Glow cathode
Lamp
Ballast
Light switch
Glow
discharge
pre-heating
Ignition  operation
...and the less well known
electronic starters
Electronic
starter
Glow cathode
Glow cathode
Lamp
Ballast
Light switch
Ballasts have an effect on three important areas:
EMC
Reactive power
 Magnetic ballasts  Magnetic ballasts
generate low
generate a lot of
harmonics levels
reactive power but
compensation is
 Magnetic ballasts
simple and cheap
are sensitive to
voltage variances  Electronic ballasts
generate
 Electronic ballasts
‘harmonic reactive
are sensitive to
power’ to a
spikes and surges
greater or lesser
 Electronic ballasts degree
tend to cause HF
disturbances
Energy efficiency
 Electronic lamp
and ballast
systems are
usually very
energy efficient
 Magnetic ballasts
are energy
efficient if you
choose a low-loss
model and if you
mind the
operating
conditions
Are they EMC compliant?
The high inductance of a
magnetic ballast suppresses
current harmonics in theory...
i 
250V
1.0A
u 
350V
0.5A
150V
t 
50V
-50V0ms
5ms
10ms
-150V
-250V
-350V
15ms
0.0A
20ms
-0.5A
Systems voltage
Lamp voltage
Current
-1.0A
...and in practice
What effects do CFLs and what effects
did older electronic ballasts have on the mains?
350V
200V
u 
250V
i 
300V
Rectified
line voltage
50V
0V
0ms
All CFLs, electronic
ballasts up to 25 W
and older electronic
ballasts work like this
5ms
10ms
2A
Capacitor
voltage
150V
100V
3A
Rectified
line current
t 
15ms
1A
0A
20ms
And what about electronic ballasts rated over 25 W?
Introduce electronic power factor correction (PFC)
1.2A
i 
220V
200V
180V
160V
140V
120V
100V
80V
60V
40V
20V
0V
0.9A
u 
0.6A
0.3A
0.0A
0°
15°
30°
 
45°
How effective is power factor
correction (to EN 61000-3-2)?
Loading the neutral line
 with magnetic ballasts
3,2A
3,2A
i(t) L2
i(t) L1
i(t) L3
2,4A
1,6A
1,6A
0,8A
0,8A
0,0A
0ms
-0,8A
5ms
10ms
15ms
t 
0,0A
20ms
0ms
-0,8A
-1,6A
-1,6A
-2,4A
-2,4A
-3,2A
-3,2A
t 
5ms
10ms
15ms
20ms
3,2A
i(t) N
i 
2,4A
i(t) L3
2,4A
1,6A
1,6A
0,8A
0,8A
0,0A
0ms
-0,8A
5ms
10ms
15ms
t 
i 
3,2A
i(t) L2
i 
i(t) L1
i 
2,4A
with CFL /
old electronic ballasts 
0,0A
20ms
0ms
-0,8A
-1,6A
-1,6A
-2,4A
-2,4A
-3,2A
-3,2A
i(t) N
t 
5ms
10ms
15ms
20ms
L1
30°
60°
Summing the third
90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° harmonic
in the
150
100
L2 neutral
50
0
-50 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
-100
wire
-150
150
100
50
0
-50 0°
-100
-150
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50 0°
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
L3
30°
60°
90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
N
f 
30°
i/î / % 
150
100
50
0
-50 0°
-100
-150
60°
90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
Physics
dictates that at
any moment in
time the phase
and neutral
currents must
sum to zero
HF EMC of electronic ballasts:
A spectrum analysis (according to:
Bernd Steinkühler,
www.cp-institute.de)
may help!
HF EMC of electronic ballasts:
A spectrum analysis (according to:
Bernd Steinkühler,
www.cp-institute.de)
may help!
HF EMC of electronic ballasts:
A spectrum analysis (according to:
Martin Schauer,
www.elq.de)
may help!
HF EMC of
electronic ballasts:
Initial situation with Lumilux Combi EL
LW transmitter
18 W in operation
HF EMC of
electronic ballasts:
New electronic
ballast, 2*36 W
Old electronic
ballast, 2*58 W
HF EMC of
magnetic ballasts:
2 magnetic
ballasts,
uncompensated
2 magnetic
ballasts & parallel
compensation
HF EMC of compact
fluorescent lamps:
CFL 15 W
CFL 9 W
HF EMC in the reading
hall of a library:
Light off
Light on
HF EMC in the reading
hall of a library:
Fundamental at
≈60 kHz
Harmonics as
multiples of this
LF EMC of MB and EB:
Measured values of
low frequency magnetic fields
Old-fashioned
EVG
alter Bauart,
electronic
2*36Wballast, 2*36 W
EVG neuer
Recent
electronic
Bauart,ballast,
2*58W2*58 W
VVG unkompensiert,
Magnetic
ballast, uncompensated,
2*58W
2*58 W
VVG
Withparallel
parallelkompensiert,
compensation,
2*58W
2*58 W
Kompakt-Leuchtstofflampe
Compact
fluorescent lamp M-LUX,
M-LUX, 15
15W
W
Kompakt-Leuchtstofflampe
Compact
fluorescent lamp P-s
P-s 830/2P,
830/2P, 99W
W
LUMILUX COMBI EL, 18
18W
W
Ausgangssituation
Basic
situation (background noise)
0,04µT
0,04µT
0,11µT
0,11µT
0,04µT
0,04µT
0,04µT
0,04µT
Apart from the price, the
disadvantages of electronic
ballasts are:
Currently available
ballasts >25 W
Sensitivity to transient
power disturbances
(surges)
HF emission which
interferes with other HF
devices
Sensitivity to mechanical
vibrations
Problematic disposal
Old-style ballasts >25 W,
all other electronic
ballasts up to 25 W & CFLs
Harmonics
Problematic disposal
Reactive power compensation is important and relatively
simple to achieve
Compensation
requirements of a
58 W lamp with a
low-loss magnetic
ballast:
S  230V * 0,67 A  160VA
Q  S 2  P 2  (160VA) 2  (58W  8W ) 2  146VAr
Reactive power depends very much on the configuration!
Lampenleistung
Lamp power (measured)
(Messwerte)
35VA
Blindleistung
Reactive power
(Messwerte)
(measured)
30VA
25VA
P; Q 
40VA
20VA
15VA
10VA
5VA
Total lamp power rating – with the same ballast in each case!
TC-S 2*9W
Tandem
TC-S 2*7W
Tandem
TC-S 11W
TC-S 2*5W
Tandem
TC-S 9W
TC-S 7W
TC-S 5W
0VA
Compensation is best done right at source
as is the case in fluorescent lamps
either in a
conventional
parallel 
configuration
or in the socalled lead-lag
configuration

Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor
5 0 0 Ω
XC 
4 5 0 Ω
1
2fC
XL  2F
3 5 0 Ω
3 0 0 Ω
Z 
4 0 0 Ω
Correctly
dimensioned
2 5 0 Ω
2 0 0 Ω
1 5 0 Ω
1 0 0 Ω
5 0 Ω
0Ω
40Hz
Z RLC  (2fL 
X(L)
1 2
2
)  RCu
2fC
RCu =13.8 W
Z(ser) L =878 mH
C =5.7 µF
X(C)
50Hz
60Hz
f 
70Hz
80Hz
90Hz
Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor
5 0 0 Ω
Z 
4 5 0 Ω
XC 
4 0 0 Ω
3 5 0 Ω
3 0 0 Ω
2 5 0 Ω
2 0 0 Ω
1 5 0 Ω
1 0 0 Ω
5 0 Ω
0Ω
40Hz
1
2fC
RCu =13.8 W
L =878 mH
C =6.8 µF
Dimensioning is 20% in
error: Reactance is 32% in
error!
Z RLC  (2fL 
X(L)
X L  2fL
1 2
2
)  RCu
2fC
X(C)
Z(ser)
50Hz
f 
60Hz
70Hz
80Hz
90Hz
58 W fluorescent lamp with a class B1 magnetic ballast
U
I(L)
t 
5ms
10ms
15ms
1.4A
1.2A
1.0A
0.8A
0.6A
0.4A
0.2A
0.0A
20ms-0.2A
-0.4A
-0.6A
-0.8A
-1.0A
-1.2A
-1.4A
i 
u 
350V
300V
250V
200V
150V
100V
50V
0V
-50V0ms
-100V
-150V
-200V
-250V
-300V
-350V
Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor
U
I(L)
I(C=5.25µF)
t 
5ms
10ms
15ms
1.4A
1.2A
1.0A
0.8A
0.6A
0.4A
0.2A
0.0A
20ms-0.2A
-0.4A
-0.6A
-0.8A
-1.0A
-1.2A
-1.4A
i 
u 
350V
300V
250V
200V
150V
100V
50V
0V
-50V0ms
-100V
-150V
-200V
-250V
-300V
-350V
Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor
1.4A
I(L)
1.2A
I(C=5.25µF)
1.0A
I(L)+I(C=5.25µF)
0.8A
0.6A
0.4A
0.2A
t 
0.0A
15ms
20ms-0.2A
-0.4A
-0.6A
-0.8A
-1.0A
-1.2A
-1.4A
U
5ms
10ms
i 
u 
350V
300V
250V
200V
150V
100V
50V
0V
-50V0ms
-100V
-150V
-200V
-250V
-300V
-350V
Two 58 W lamps, one with a reduced (4.6µF) series capacitor
U
I(L)
I(C=4µF)
I(L)+I(C=4µF)
t 
5ms
10ms
15ms
1.4A
1.2A
1.0A
0.8A
0.6A
0.4A
0.2A
0.0A
20ms-0.2A
-0.4A
-0.6A
-0.8A
-1.0A
-1.2A
-1.4A
i 
u 
350V
300V
250V
200V
150V
100V
50V
0V
-50V0ms
-100V
-150V
-200V
-250V
-300V
-350V
Better voltage stability can be
achieved with series compensation
with VVG
B1 ballast
mit
Klasse B1
with VVG
B1 ballast
& C=5.3µF
series compensation
mit
Klasse
B1 & C=5,3µF
seriell
mit
Klasse
B1 & C=4,6µF
seriell
with VVG
B1 ballast
& C=4.6µF
series compensation
70W
50W
40W
PPLampe

Lamp 
60W
30W
20W
10W
0W
110V
U 
130V
150V
170V
190V
210V
230V
250V
Risk with parallel compensation:
Higher frequencies cause capacitor to overload, as shown
here for an 11 W fluorescent lamp with magnetic ballast
And how about energy
efficiency?
Standards from the EU Commission
Lamp
Lampenpower
Maximale Leistungs-Aufnahme Lampe mit
Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuits
Nennleistung
rating
Vorschaltgerät
50Hz
HF
HF
Klasse
Class Klasse
Class Klasse
Class Klasse
Class Klasse
Class Klasse
Class
(KVG/
(mag(elec(EVG)
D
C
B2
B1
A3
A2
netic)
VVG) tronic)
15W
14W
>25W
25W
23W
21W
18W
16W
18W
16W
>28W
28W
26W
24W
21W
19W
30W
24W
>40W
40W
38W
36W
33W
31W
36W
32W
>45W
45W
43W
41W
38W
36W
38W
32W
>47W
47W
45W
43W
40W
38W
58W
50W
>70W
70W
67W
64W
59W
55W
70W
60W
>83W
83W
80W
77W
72W
68W
Attention: Do not confuse!
≠
Efficiency label for ballasts and
efficiency label for household appliances
EU‘s initial Directive 2000/55/EG:
Objective of 1999/0127 draft document in June 1999:
'The present proposal would accelerate the transition
of the Community industry towards the production of
electronic ballasts'
Stated objective of April 2000 draft:
'The overall aim of this Directive is to move gradually away from the less
efficient magnetic ballasts, and towards the more efficient electronic
ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features, such as
dimming'
Amendment in May 2000 document:
'Any other measure judged appropriate to improve the inherent energy
efficiency of ballasts and to encourage the use of energy-saving lighting
control systems should be considered.'
Stated objective of the final document of September 2000:
'This Directive aims at reducing energy consumption … by moving
gradually away from the less efficient ballasts, and towards the more
efficient ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features.'
So why is lamp efficiency better when operated
with an electronic ballast?
Is it the high frequency or rather the current
waveform?
At that time, the EU Commission
could not have known about ...
... the other means of improving efficiency
200V
ClassofCamagnetic
Class
magnetic
Behaviour
58 W fluorescent
lamp B1
connected
to
a d.c. supply
180V
u 
140VU
U Lamp
100V
80VI
60V
P
69.0W
100.0%
35.4W
57.7%
61.4W
100.0%
54.7W
100.0%
32.9W
61.7%
53.4W
100.0%

ballast
160V
120V
Metering
results
at full
and
reduced
voltage
ballast
190.0V
82.6%
230.0V
100.0%
190.0V
82.6%
230.0V
100.0%
136.0V
121.6%
111.8V
100.0%
137.2V
120.8%
113.6V
100.0%
328.0mA
52.7% 622.0mA
100.0% 314.0mA
52.7% 596.0mA
100.0%
tot
38.0W
55.1%
40V
Measurement
20VLamp
Calculation
P
P0VBallast
0mA

33.7W
61.7%
4.3W
29.8%
200mA
400mA
14.4W
100.0%
600mA
2.4W
30.5%
i 
8.0W
100.0%
800mA 1000mA 1200mA
3196.7lm
63.5% 5032.7lm
100.0% 3157.4lm
63.8% 4951.7lm
100.0%
So magnetic ballasts can be
more efficient than electronic ones!
90lm/W
Light
Lichtausbeute
efficiency über
against
Systemspannung
system voltage
80lm/W
75lm/W
70lm/W
LightLichtefficiency
Ausbeute
85lm/W
65W
magneticTyp
ballast
Siemens
LZKlasse
6561, EEID
class D
58Wconventional
KVG Siemens
LZ
6561,type
EEI
65lm/W
58W
L58.112 standard
magnetic ballast,
EEI classCC
58WVossloh-Schwabe
KVG Vossloh-Schwabe
L58.112,
EEI Klasse
58W
LN58.527 low-loss
magnetic ballast,
EEI class B2
B2
58WVossloh-Schwabe
VVG Vossloh-Schwabe
LN58.527,
EEI Klasse
58W
LN58.512 low-loss
magnetic ballast,
EEI classB1
B1
58WVossloh-Schwabe
VVG Vossloh-Schwabe
LN58.512,
EEI Klasse
58W
ballast Tridonic
PC58
E011,EEI
EEI class
A3
58Welectronic
EVG Tridonic
PC58
E011,
Klasse
A3
60lm/W
190V
200V
210V
220V
Systemspannung
System voltage
230V
240V
250V
The theory of the old Directive:
58 W (magnetic) = 50 W (electronic)?
or (systems power):
67 W (B2) = 55 W (A2)?
Lamp power
Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuits
rating
50Hz
HF
Device
Values measured
DIAL
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class byClass
(mag(elecUB1 P tot PA3
Φ A2
h tot
Lamp
D under C
B2
netic) tronic)
V
W
W
lm
lm/W
test
56.24 49.70
82.89
15W
14W
>25W
25W
23W 220.021W
18W 4662 16W
58W class B1
Rated voltage  230.0 61.42 53.36 4952 80.62
18W
16W
>28W
26W
24W
21W
19W
magnetic 28W
240.0 66.40 56.72 5198 78.28
ballast
30W
24W
>40W
40W
38W
36W
33W 5306 31W
Rated power
 244.0
68.53 58.00
77.42
54.85
86.12
36W
32W
>45W
45W
43W 220.041W
38W 4723 36W
58W class A3
Rated voltage
 230.0
54.80
86.10
38W
32W
>47W
45W
43W
40W 4718 38W
electronic 47W
240.0 54.86
4724 86.11
ballast 70W
58W
50W
>70W
67W
64W
59W
55W
250.0 54.72
4723 86.32
70W
60W
>83W
83W
80W
77W
72W
68W
The
practice
of the old
Directive:

70W

P Syst
60W
Practice of the old Directive:
7000lm
Φ 
Pmag
ΔP ≈ 2.5 W
6000lm
Pelec
50W
5000lm
ΔΦ ≈ 4%
40W
Power input magnetic ballast
Power input electronic ballast
Φmag = Φelec
4000lm
Light output magnetic ballast
U 
Light output electronic ballast
30W
190V
200V
210V
220V
230V
230V
240V
3000lm
250V
New Directive 245/2009
(implementing Directive 2005/32/EU
• Separate assessment of lamp and ballast
(finally also minimum efficiencies for lamps!)
• Equal limit values for magnetic and electronic
P
ballasts, now defined by formula: h 
Lamp
2*
PLamp
36

38
PLamp  1
36
• Identical measurement procedures for both
magnetic and electronic ballasts
• Measured at equal light outputs
• Limit values for standby losses of dimmable
ballasts
Table of new classes
Table 17 of Directive 2005/32/EC – Energy efficiency index requirements for
non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lamps
Lamp data
Lamp Nominal
type wattage
T8
T8
T8
T8
T8
T8
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
18W
30W
36W
38W
58W
70W
14W
21W
24W
28W
35W
39W
49W
54W
80W
95W
Rated / typical
wattage
50Hz
HF
18.0W 16.0W
30.0W 24.0W
36.0W 32.0W
38.5W 32.0W
58.0W 50.0W
69.5W 60.0W
--13.7W
--20.7W
--22.5W
--27.8W
--34.7W
--38.0W
--49.3W
--53.8W
--80.0W
--95.0W
Ballast efficiency (P Lamp /P input) – non-dimmable
EBb FL
(for stage 3)
A2 BAT 50Hz
HF
87.7% 84.1% 83.2%
82.1% 87.0% 85.8%
91.4% 87.8% 87.3%
87.7% 88.1% 87.3%
93.0% 89.6% 89.1%
90.9% 90.1% 89.7%
84.7%
--82.1%
89.3%
--85.0%
89.6%
--85.5%
89.8%
--86.6%
91.5%
--87.6%
91.0%
--88.0%
91.6%
--89.0%
92.0%
--89.3%
93.0%
--90.5%
92.7%
--90.9%
EEI class (for stages 1 and 2)
B2
65.8%
75.0%
79.5%
80.4%
82.2%
83.1%
---------------------
B1
71.3%
79.2%
83.4%
84.1%
86.1%
86.3%
---------------------
A3
76.2%
72.7%
84.2%
80.0%
84.7%
83.3%
72.1%
79.6%
80.4%
81.8%
82.6%
82.6%
84.6%
85.4%
87.0%
84.1%
A2
84.2%
77.4%
88.9%
84.2%
90.9%
88.2%
80.6%
86.3%
86.5%
86.9%
89.0%
88.4%
89.2%
89.7%
90.9%
90.5%
Table of old and new classes
Table 17 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – Energy
efficiency index requirements for non-dimmable
ballasts for fluorescent lamps
Lamp data
Lamp
Nom.
type
power
T8
T8
T8
T8
T8
T8
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
T5-E
TC-DD
18W
30W
36W
38W
58W
70W
21W
28W
35W
39W
49W
54W
80W
55W
Ballast efficiency (P Lam p/P input)
EEI class (for stages 1 and 2)
B2
65.8%
75.0%
79.5%
80.4%
82.2%
83.1%
-----------------
B1
71.3%
79.2%
83.4%
84.1%
86.1%
86.3%
-----------------
A3
76.2%
72.7%
84.2%
80.0%
84.7%
83.3%
79.6%
81.8%
82.6%
82.6%
84.6%
85.4%
87.0%
84.6%
A2
84.2%
77.4%
88.9%
84.2%
90.9%
88.2%
86.3%
86.9%
89.0%
88.4%
89.2%
89.7%
90.9%
90.2%
Conversion from the old
values in the Directive
2000/55/EC into efficiencies
according to the new
Directive 245/2009
B2
69.2%
78.9%
83.7%
85.6%
86.6%
86.9%
---------------
B1
75.0%
83.3%
87.8%
89.5%
90.6%
90.3%
---------------
A3
76.2%
72.7%
84.2%
80.0%
84.7%
83.3%
79.6%
81.8%
82.6%
82.6%
85.0%
85.4%
87.0%
A2
84.2%
77.4%
88.9%
84.2%
90.9%
88.2%
86.3%
86.9%
89.0%
88.4%
89.6%
89.7%
90.9%
100%
90%
η 
Plot of new classes
Ballast efficiencies according to 2005/32/EU
80%
EBbFL
A2 BAT
A2
A3
B1
B2
70%
60%
50%
40%
0W
Rated power 
20W
40W
60W
80W
100W
120W
The bone of contention with
the voltage reduction technique: The lamps' lifetime
Producers of voltage reduction plant
speak about 33% ... 50% longer lamp
life. The lamp and luminaire section of
the electrical industry's trade association www.zvei.org/lampen points out,
the lamp life might also be shortened
because the optimal filament
temperature is not reached.
The optimal configuration of
ballast and lamp(s) takes crucial
influence!
Many ballasts are rated for operation
with a variety of different lamp types.
Rules of thumb for selecting
optimal combinations:
• Greater rated lamp power operated on the same
ballast yields better efficiency
• For different types of lamps with equal power
ratings: Greater lamp voltage drop (i. e. accordingly
smaller current) results in both lower active power
loss and less reactive power
• Apply tandem connection,
wherever possible!
The efficiency strongly depends on the configuration!
Lamp power (measured)
12W
Ballast power loss
8W
P 
10W
6W
4W
2W
TC-S 2*9W
Tandem
TC-S 2*7W
Tandem
TC-S 11W
TC-S 2*5W
Tandem
TC-S 9W
TC-S 7W
TC-S 5W
0W
Total lamp power rating – always with the same ballast!
The
efficiency
strongly
depends
on the
configuration!

Lousy
efficiency
The
efficiency
strongly
depends
on the
configuration!

Limited
efficiency
The
efficiency
strongly
depends
on the
configuration!

Fair
efficiency
The
efficiency
strongly
depends
on the
configuration!

Excellent
efficiency
Is a tandem more efficient?
9W
5.1 W
Measured:
8.2 W 560 lm
Measured:
13.5 W 930 lm
9W
3.2 W
Yes, this one is!
9W
Lamp power (measured)
Total lamp power rating – with different ballasts
T8, 2*18W
Tandem,
Kl. B1
T8, 2*18W
Tandem,
Kl. B2
T8, 2*18W
Tandem,
Kl. C
TC-D, 18W,
Kl. B1
T8, 18W,
Kl. B1
Ballast power loss (measured)
T8, 18W,
Kl. C
TC-S 2*9W
Tandem
33W
30W
27W
24W
21W
18W
15W
12W
9W
6W
3W
0W
P 
The efficiency strongly depends on the configuration!
Results in detail:
Measurements of electrical and light
data of some small fluorescent lamps,
done by www.dial.de
Type
(device
under test)
CFL
Megaman
4W
CFL Action
Sunlight 11W
Metering
conditions
Rated voltage 
Rated voltage 
CFL Osram
Dulux EL
11W
Rated voltage 
Osram Dulux
S 9W
Rated voltage 
2*Dulux S
Rated voltage 
Measurements DIAL
Calculated values
U
P tot
P Ball
P Lamp
I
U Ball
U Lamp
Φ
h Lamp
h tot
S tot
Q tot
P Loss
V
W
W
W
mA
V
V
lm
lm/W
lm/W
VA
Var
P tot
207.2
3.43
---
---
29.7
---
---
159.1
---
46.39
6.2
5.1
---
230.0
3.86
---
---
30.6
---
---
172.9
---
44.79
7.0
5.9
---
253.1
4.30
---
---
31.5
---
---
183.8
---
42.75
8.0
6.7
---
207.1
9.59
---
---
98.7
---
---
479.6
---
50.01
20.4
18.1
---
230.0
10.82
---
---
102.6
---
---
504.8
---
46.66
23.6
21.0
---
252.9
12.04
---
---
106.5
---
---
529.0
---
43.93
26.9
24.1
---
207.4
10.52
---
---
78.0
---
---
593.3
---
56.40
16.2
12.3
---
230.3
11.80
---
---
80.1
---
---
657.9
---
55.75
18.4
14.2
---
253.3
13.02
---
---
81.9
---
---
706.4
---
54.26
20.7
16.2
---
207.0
11.05
3.70
7.40
150.0 190.8
58.5
509.0 68.79
46.07
31.1
29.0 33.5%
230.0
13.29
5.10
8.20
176.0 215.3
56.4
559.9 68.28
42.13
40.5
38.2 38.4%
253.0
16.47
7.30
9.20
212.0 239.2
53.9
612.6 66.59
37.20
53.6
51.0 44.3%
230.0
16.64
3.20
13.50
136.6 182.6
119.2
928.4 68.77
55.79
31.4
26.6 19.2%
Essence out of this:
Single mode with mediocre magnetic ballast places 12%
overload on 5 W TC-S lamp and turns out very poor:
50% electrical losses!
Single mode with same ballast places only 91% of rated
power on 9 W TC-S lamp and is 90% as efficient as cheap
CFL, only 75% as efficient as high-end CFL
Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps with same mediocre
magnetic ballast turns out equivalent to a high-end electronic
CFL and 25% more efficient than cheap CFL!
Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps turns out 50% more
efficient than single mode
Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps places only 75% of
rated electrical load on the lamp
Results in detail:
18 W lamps, single and tandem modes
Type
(device
under test)
18W T8 lamp
electronic ballast
VS 188314, EEI=A2
18W T8 lamp
magnetic ballast
VS 164572, EEI=B1
2*18W T8 lamps
electronic ballast
VS 188316, EEI=A2
2*18W T8 lamps
magnetic ballast
Helvar L36, EEI=B1
18W TC-D lamp
electronic ballast
Osram QT-T/E, EEI=A2
18W TC-D lamp
magnetic ballast
VS 508922, EEI=A2
Metering
conditions
Rated voltage 
Rated voltage 
Φ mag=Φ elec 
Rated voltage 
Rated voltage 
Φ mag=Φ elec 
Rated voltage 
Measurements DIAL
Calculated values
U
P tot
P Ball
P Lamp
I
U Ball
U Lamp
Φ
h Lamp
h tot
S tot
Q tot
P Loss
V
W
W
W
mA
V
V
lm
lm/W
lm/W
VA
Var
P tot
207.0
19.10
98.4
1382
72.34
20.4
7.1
230.0
19.13
90.6
1381
72.19
20.8
8.3
253.0
207.0
19.10
72.41
21.5
9.9
20.96
4.70
16.23
304.7
186.6
62.7
1195
73.65
57.03
63.1
59.5
22.4%
230.0
24.47
6.24
18.21
354.6
211.2
60.6
1320
72.50
53.95
81.6
77.8
25.5%
241.7
26.18
7.21
18.94
382.2
223.8
59.0
1381
72.91
52.75
92.4
88.6
27.5%
253.0
28.19
8.22
19.94
410.6
235.5
58.2
1438
72.13
51.02
103.9
100.0
29.2%
207.0
36.59
181.0
2816
76.96
37.5
8.1
230.0
36.58
164.2
2817
77.00
37.8
9.4
253.0
36.53
77.07
37.9
10.0
207.0
33.70
3.33
30.37
296.0
146.9
62.2
2330
76.72
69.14
61.3
51.2
9.9%
230.0
42.24
5.34
36.90
379.0
179.2
58.6
2809
76.12
66.50
87.2
76.3
12.6%
230.8
253.0
42.70
5.58
37.12
387.0
180.9
57.9
2817
75.90
65.98
89.3
78.5
13.1%
50.48
8.20
42.28
473.0
208.7
54.5
3169
74.95
62.77
119.7
108.5
16.2%
207.0
16.09
78.5
1064
66.13
16.2
2.3
230.0
17.75
78.2
1173
66.11
18.0
2.9
253.0
19.84
79.8
1276
64.34
20.2
3.7
85.0
1383
149.7
2815
207.0
17.71
3.33
14.40
165.7
165.6
107.4
982
68.19
55.44
34.3
29.4
18.8%
Rated voltage 
230.0
21.69
4.96
16.70
204.7
195.1
101.7
1117
66.87
51.48
47.1
41.8
22.9%
Φ mag=Φ elec 
241.4
253.0
23.86
6.01
17.80
225.7
208.9
99.0
1173
65.93
49.18
54.5
49.0
25.2%
26.53
7.48
19.05
250.5
222.4
96.5
1229
64.51
46.32
63.4
57.6
28.2%
Is a tandem more efficient?
36 W
5.87 W
3200 lm
2*1400 lm
18 W
5.34 W
This one is not
18 W
Essence out of this – single mode:
At 230 V operating voltage each:
18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast
24.47 W
18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast
19.13 W
18Lamp
W TC-D
lamp with magnetic B1 ballast
21.69 W
power
Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuits
18 Wrating
TC-D lamp with electronic A2 ballast
17.75 W
50Hz
HF
Classto yield
Class equal
Classlight
Class
Class
Class
At(magadjusted
voltage
outputs
(241.5
V):
(elecD
C
B2
B1
A3
A2
18netic)
W T8 tronic)
lamp with magnetic B1 ballast
26.18 W
4.5Wwith>14W
14WA2 ballast
12W
10W
8W
18 W5W
T8 lamp
electronic
19.13 W7W
>16Wmagnetic
16W B114W
10W
18 W7W
TC-D6.5W
lamp with
ballast 12W
23.86 W9W
>18Welectronic
18W A216W
12W
11W
18 W9W
TC-D8.0W
lamp with
ballast14W
17.75 W
11W 11.0W
>20W
20W
18W
16W
14W
14W
Note:
Both
the magnetic
T8 ballasts
to
18W
16.5W
>28W and
28Wthe electronic
26W
24W
21W fail
19W
comply
alleged
classes
B1 and
A2, respectively!
36W with
32.0W
>45W
45W
43W
41W
38W
36W
Both of the TC-D ballasts, however, do very well comply.
Essence out of this – tandem mode:
At 230 V operating voltage each:
2*18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast
2*18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast
42.24 W
36.39 W
At adjusted voltage to yield equal light output (230.8 V):
2*18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast
42.70 W
2*18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast
36.39 W
Note: Both the magnetic tandem and the electronic twin
ballast by far comply with labelled classes B1 and A2,
respectively!
What pays off, what doesn‘t?
ordinary magnetic magnetic low loss
Catalogue prices for a
230 V, 50 Hz, 58 W ballast
D
C
B2
B1
electronic (warm start)
A3
A2
4.54€
Relco (2002)
Vossloh-Schwabe (2003)
24.78€
8.50€
Vossloh-Schwabe (2008)
13.50€
13.94€
14.56€
Vossloh-Schwabe twin electronic ballast (2008)
A1
60.73€
55.50€ 106.50€
33.00€
50.00€ 106.50€
37.00€
Reservation to be made here:
Payback periods (based on above Vossloh-Schwabe prices)
h/a
Rated
Be careful3000
with
cataloguevalues
Electricity price
0.12 €/kWh
prices!
Replacing
a class C magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast
2.31a
Intensity of use
Replacing a class B2 magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast
Measurement at
U =U N
0.57a
4.54a
A
realistic
approach,
however,
Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast
5.69a
Replacing
a class C magnetic
a class A2
electronic ballast
7.69a
might
lookwithlike
this:
Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast
Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast
Φ M=Φ E
1.84a
1.87a
0.87a
0.87a
4.80a
9.06a
7.74a
35.14a
10.94a
76
How long does it take to save
1€ of electricity costs?
With equal line voltage:
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lamp
with electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in
Replacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lamps
with electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lamp
with electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lamp
with electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in
Electricity price
5c/kWh 10c/kWh 20c/kWh
3745h
1873h
936h
3534h
1767h
883h
5076h
2538h
1269h
3021h
1511h
755h
2837h
1418h
709h
3268h
1634h
817h
3273h
1637h
818h
9418h
4709h
2355h
With equal light output:
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lamp
with electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in
Replacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lamps
with electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lamp
with electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lamp
with electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
75W
1.
looking
at the
old
T8 lampBut
58W
according
to 2000/55/EC
Lamp power
Directive 2000/55/EU
Electronic
ballasts have

Ballast loss
you find the following:
Pmax losses than magnetic
lower
ballasts
T8 lamp with a class B1 MB:
50W
Systems power rating
64 W
Lamp power rating
58 W
Ballast power loss
6W
which makes
9.4%
25W
0W
D
C
B2
T5 lamp with class A3 EB:
Systems power rating
63 W
Lamp power rating
54 W
Ballast power loss
9W
B1 makes
A3
A2
A1
which
16.7%
78
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
2.
But unfortunately
Nominal
Maximum input power of ballast and lamp circuits
The
luminaire
a
the
old Directive
only gave
lamp
power performs (ratings
according
to 2000/55/EU)
better overall efficiency – not the absolute electrical
50Hz
HF
solely
because
ofClass
the lower
of the
Class values,
Class irrespective
Class
Class
Class
(mag- (elecC
B1 of the
A3 lamp,
A2
ballast losses also Ddue to the
realB2brightness
netic) tronic)
better lamp efficiency with
which, after all, is 4% lower
15W
14W
>25W
25W
23W
21W
18W
16W
high frequency operation
with an electronic ballast.
18W
16W
>28W
26W
24W
21W
19W
(about
20 kHz
to 60
kHz). 28W And:
30W
24W
>40Wis fed
40W
38W
36W
33W
31W
Accordingly,
the lamp
The43W
actual 41W
practical38W
design36W
>45W
with36W
a lower32W
electric
power.45W
of all classes of magnetic
38W
32W
>47W
47W
45W
43W
40W
38W
ballasts today deviates
58W
50W
>70W
70W substantially
67W
64W
59W
55W
from the
70W
60W
>83W
83W ratings.
80W
77W
72W
68W
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
3.
The 100-Hz light flicker is
abandoned with this high
lamp operating frequency.
?
However:
There
would
be no
mention
Oh,
by
the
way:
of the flicker if ZVEI did not
intend
abolishpraise
the wellDon'ttothey
proven lead-lag comthe
100ofHz
pensation
reactive power
with
fluorescentas
lamps.
technique
a The
arguments are not based on
flicker
free
the principle
but on an
excessive
rating
of the
progress
with
TV
compensation capacitance.
sets?
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
4.
However:
Most electronic ballasts
perform warm start capability
(cathode pre-heating before
firing), reducing lamp wear.
Beware of overaged news!
The warm start capability
may come as an extra with
extra price premium to the
electronic ballast; with
magnetic ballasts it has
always come indispensably
by default, ever since
fluorescent lighting has been
around. There is no other
way!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
5.
Modern electronic ballasts
usually provide the so-called
cut-off technology (switching
off the cathode heating after
firing), which reduces lamp
wear and saves even more
energy.
However:
Beware of even more overaged news!
The cut-off capability may
come as an extra with extra
price premium to the
electronic ballast; with
magnetic ballasts it has
always come indispensably
by default, ever since
fluorescent lighting has been
around. There is no other
way!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
6.
The lifetime expectancy of
the fluorescent lamps is
about 30% longer – provided
the electronic ballasts
perform the so-called warm
start.
However:
Lifetime tests on fluorescent
lamps are carried out with
common glow starters
instead of the advanced
electronic starters when
magnetic ballasts are
applied. This way, one
starting process is replaced
with several starting
attempts, while the number
of starts is mentioned as a
crucial ageing factor.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
7.
Electronic ballasts are also
available with instant start
feature.
However:
When electronic ballasts are
praised as providing ‘immediate start capability’, this
means that the extra cost for
the warm start capability has
been omitted. Fortunately
this is impossible with
magnetic ballasts! The lamps
will be grateful for this. As a
compromise there are very
fast acting electronic starters
available, firing within 0.5s.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
read like:
The advantages of The advantages of
the petrol engine: the diesel engine:
• It is equipped with spark • Does not require any
plugs
spark plugs
• It is equipped with a
carburetor
• Does not require a
carburetor
Whereas the carburetor is coming very much of age.
This is why the comparison fits all too well!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
8.
Defective lamps are shut off
automatically instead of
harassing employees by
permanent flashing of vain
restart attempts (and even
driving the ballast losses up
above normal level on top of
that, doing so).
However:
With magnetic ballasts
together with electronic
starters there are not any
vain restart attempts of
defective lamps either.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
9.
Electronic ballasts facilitate
the use of the even more
efficient T5 lamps, working
with electronic ballasts only.
?
So what is this then?

10 trumps of electronic ballasts
9.
Electronic ballasts facilitate
the use of the even more
efficient T5 lamps, working
with electronic ballasts only.
Oh well,
there are T5 lamps and T5
lamps. Depends on whether
they are labelled HE or HO.
Comparison of T5 and T8 fluorescent lamps
Lamp
Length
Power rating
operated with
Rated system
power
Measured lamp
power
Measured system
power
System voltage
Light flux
System light
efficacy
T5 »HE«
1449mm
35W
El. ball. (HF)
42W (A3)
39W (A2)
---
T8 (measured values)
1500mm
58W
Magnetic ballast (50Hz)
67W (B2)
64W (B1)
---
T5 »HO« (catalog values)
1449mm
80W
49W
Electronic ballast (HF)
92W (A3)
58W (A3)
88W (A2)
55W (A2)
---
49W
53W
58W
---
---
---
55W
61W
69W
---
---
207V...253V
3300lm
79lm/W (A3)
85lm/W (A2)
217V
4596lm
84lm/W (B1,
measured)
230V
4951lm
81lm/W (B1,
measured)
244V
5305lm
77lm/W (B1,
measured)
207V...253V
4300lm
74lm/W (A3)
78lm/W (A2)
207V...253V
6150lm
67lm/W (A3)
70lm/W (A2)
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
9. Table 1 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – minimum rated luminous
lamp efficacies,
100 h initialConsequently
values for T8 and
T5 lamps
Electronic
ballasts facilitate
it now
says in
T5 (16Directive:
mm Ø)
the use
of mm
the Ø)
even more
the new
T8 (26
HE (High Efficiency) HO (High Output)
efficient T5 lamps, working
Inconsequently, though, it
Nominal Luminous Nominal Luminous Nominal Luminous
with electronic ballasts only. now also gives some strange
wattage
efficacy
wattage
efficacy
wattage
efficacy
15W stage
63lm/W
14W in the
86lm/W
24W
73lm/W
“Second
requirements“
new Directive:
18W
75lm/W applicable
21W to double
90lm/W capped
39Wfluorescent
79lm/W
“The
requirements
25W
76lm/W
28W
93lm/W
49W
88lm/W
lamps 26mm in diameter (T8) during the first stage shall
30W
80lm/W
35W
94lm/W
54W
82lm/W
apply
to
all
double
capped
fluorescent
lamps
of
other
dia36W
93lm/W
80W
77lm/W
meters
those covered in the first stage” (16mm, 26mm).
38W than 87lm/W
So 58W
all lamps90lm/W
are equal! – All of them? No! If its diameter
equals
a lamp need not be efficient; to all other lamps
70W16 mm
89lm/W
strict limits (those for T8 lamps) apply!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
10.
However:
By means of dimmability and
eventual electronic lighting
controls, say daylight
adaptability, electronic
ballasts may lead to
additional energy savings.
Only 9% of all electronic
ballast are dimmable.
Rather, dimmbability doubles
the price again, and
dimmable electronic ballasts
require a control cable on top
of the power cable. The
power cable has to remain
permanently energized, so
that the electronics is able to
receive signals.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
No. 11 out of 10:
But why is this?
Electronic ballasts have a
lobby, magnetic ones have
none.
All producers of magnetic
ballasts also produce
electronic ones at some
other site.
Catalogue
price
Lifetime
expectancy
Turnover per
duty time
electronic
50.00 €
≤ 50,000 h
1.00€/1000h
magnetic
15.00 €
> 300,000 h
0.05€/1000h
Strange development
of lamp prices:
Cross subsidies on account of
business policies?
Lamp
Type / rating
T8 basic
58W
T8 tri-phosphor 36W
T8 tri-phosphor 58W
T5 HO
49W
T5 HO
54W
T5 HO
80W
Osram
Germany
Italy
2003
2009
2008
2009
2.62 €
3.65 €
6.05 €
6.66 €
4.17 € 10.07 €
6.07 €
4.78 € 10.95 €
6.09 €
8.09 €
8.88 €
6.17 € 14.03 € 14.03 €
8.06 €
5.68 € 13.98 € 14.40 €
9.78 €
6.60 € 14.89 € 15.61 €
Philips
Austria
2009
0.00 €
5.04 €
5.68 €
5.22 €
5.22 €
6.66 €
No talk at all of the disadvantages:
Frequent reliability problems
Electronic ballast failures at
Paderborn-Lippstadt airport
Electronic ballast failures at ETH Zürich
in just one year
Electronic ballast failures with E.ON
in Düsseldorf
1100 pieces installed – after half a year already 400 pieces
had failed. Each and every time it was the filter capacitor.
HF superimposition from other ballasts on the mains (?)
Howsoever – they have now all been replaced by magnetics
Electronic ballast failures at
Biberach University of Applied Sciences
Each time 2 lamps located
side by side fail you
may assume
that it is not the
lamps which are defective
but rather their commom
electronic twin ballast has failed
Electronic ballast failures
at Dortmund principal railway station
on a baker‘s shop
Repairing the electronic ballast failures
at Dortmund principal railway station:
Back to magnetic ballasts!
Electronic ballast failures
at Boisheim railway station:
Whenever two adjacent lamps... – see above
Electronic ballast failures
at Rummenohl railway station:
2009
2008
2007
Electronic ballast failures at Brügge
railway station:
Here you can even see them:
4 twin ballasts for a total of 8 lamps
Electronic ballast failures at Brügge
railway station are continuing...
Electronic ballast failures at Brügge
railway station:
16 days of closure over Easter 2010 on
account of major railway works including
lighting – but only two weeks later it starts
again!
To be continued...
Electronic ballast failures at...
Statements heard in the
market include:
• Magnetic ballasts are going to be
phased out
• The use of magnetic ballasts is
prohibited
• Magnetic ballasts don't exist any
more at all
• Magnetic ballasts – what's that?
Hans Rudolf
Ris,
former editor
in chief with
Schweizer
Zeitschrift für
angewandte
Elektrotechnik:
“The Iron Age is over, the Copper Age is over, the
Silicon Age has begun!”
Stefan
Fassbinder,
contemporary
consultant for
electrical
applications
with
Deutsches
Kupferinstitut:
“Dear Mr. Ris, then it amazes me why iron and
copper appear to be more coveted than ever in
the global marketplaces!”
The truth in figures:
100 Mio.
D, C
KVG
B
VVG
A
EVG
80 Mio.
60 Mio.
40 Mio.
20 Mio.
0 Mio.
2000
www.topmagnetic.com
2002
www.celma.org
2004
2005
www.vito.be
All published case studies, however,
read like this one published in
Germany by www.dena.de:
68% of energy savings is claimed
through the renovation of the lighting in a
factory hall. Albeit, the renovation included:
• 152*700W mercury vapour lamps
were replaced with:
72*400W sodium vapour lamps
+72*250W sodium vapour lamps
• Replacing magnetic with dimmable
electronic ballasts
• Introducing automatic daylight
dependent dimming

56%
savings
}
12%
savings
Quite apart from the excellent PR ThyssenKrupp achieved here,
promoting a technique not using any magnetic steel at all against one
which uses quite a lot of magnetic steel! Congratulations!
By the way, with dimming,
care has to be taken not to
replace losses with losses!
Remember:
Dimmable electronic ballasts are permanently live!
Let us make some assumptions:
• An average office is used for 3000h/a.
• A conventional office lighting is operated for
2000h/a.
• During half of this time, say 1000h/a,
• half the power would suffice, so this yields 500h/a
savings potential calculated for full load – but:
• Standby power intake remains busy for 8760h/a!
ELECTRONIC CONTROL GEAR
Original fabricator's slide
energy consumption in relation to luminous flux
100 %
luminous flux
80 %
50 %
QUICKTRONIC® DE
LUXE DIMMABLE
20 %
1%
13 %
BLMK 13030F395 E
system wattage
100 %
Now let us do some
calculations:
With assumed savings of 55.8 W for a 58 W fluorescent lamp
being dimmed to 0, the gross energy saving would be:
h
kWh
W  500 * 55.8W  28
a
a
With assumed 3.2 W of stand-by the no-load consumption is:
h
kWh
W0  8760 * 3.2W  28
a
a
No savings left, since dimmed operation is always permanent
filament heating operation. Who makes sure the filament
heating is turned off at night and on weekends? This would
reduce stand-by power intake to <1 W.
Otherwise 1/3 of the day’s saving will still get lost at night!
A1=A3? – Or: When does an
Or
take
a modern
electronic
ballast match class A1?
This
is logical,
since
electric
locomotive:
e. g. also
a car is
•It shall
be
dimmable at least down to 10%
‘dimmable’:
The
Power
for acof the
full6000kW.
light output.
engine
provides
celerating:
60 kW, but in urban
Power
during
•When
to full
traffic the set
demand
is power it shall comply with
braking:
-6000kW. of class A3.
the
requirements
usually only 10 kW,
Power
rating: power
0kW.
so the engine
•When dimmed down to 25% of full light
is
rated as
30it?
kW.
Logical,
isn‘t
output
Isn‘t
it? it shall use no more than 50% of its
Ohrated
yes, itpower
isn‘t! (i. e. that of class A3).
This 50% also represents the power rating!
Light output against absolute systems power input
58W T8 lamp with ancient 220 V magnetic ballast, EEI=D
58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=C
58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B2
58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B1
51W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B1
2*35W T5 lamps with twin electronic ballast EEI=A1 at 25°C
2*35W T5 lamps with twin electronic ballast EEI=A1 at 35°C
η= 80lm/W
6000lm
3600lm
2400lm
Light output 
4800lm
1200lm
P System 
0lm
0W
15W
30W
45W
60W
75W
116
Efficacy against measured relative systems power
requirement at rated voltage
80lm/W
70lm/W
60lm/W
50lm/W
40lm/W
Lighting efficacy 
90lm/W
T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=D
T8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=C
T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2
T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1
T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1
T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 35°C
25°C
EEI class A1 limit at
to 35°C
standard (25°C)
30lm/W
20lm/W
10lm/W
0lm/W
/P Syst(U N40%
) 
0% P Syst20%
60%
80%
100%
120%
117
Alternative 1:
Of course you save most if you turn off
the light while it is not really needed. But
if you turn off the light completely
(possibly groupwise), then you save
more than you would when ‘dimmed
down to 0’. Therefore:
A ‘semi automatic’ which also shuts off
the electronic control gear and has to be
turned on again manually.
Alternative 2:
Or wireless sensors which do not require
any stand-by supply!
See: www.enocean-alliance.org
Conclusions so far:
Dimmable electronic ballasts offer excellent
opportunities for optimal lighting in conference
rooms and the like. There they are a useful
investment. There have been various dimming
techniques for magnetic ballasts around, but they
all had their drawbacks and do no longer match
today‘s requirements.
The energy savings argument is better covered
by low-loss magnetic ballasts with electronic
starters and, where adequate, a voltage reduction
technique (but which cannot be seen as dimming,
since the regulation is only ≈35%).
Karl Böhmer from
www.eckerle.com, an electronic
ballast producer, says:
‘It is very, very hard for an electronic
ballast to compete with the efficiency
of a very good B1 magnetic ballast.
This is not the reason, after all, why
we care for electronic ballasts, but
rather...’
Now what can dimmable
ballasts offer us?
Create adaptable lighting scenarios for
dedicated purposes, such as in
conference rooms or in
www.miwula.de
122
And what are the nondimmable electronic ballasts good
for?
•For low mains voltage
(e. g. USA: 120 V)
•In emergency lighting (DC)
•In vehicles
(DC or e. g. 162/3 Hz)
And in compact fluorescent lamps!
In the receptacle of
a CFL you usually...
... find a plain little
electronic ballast...
...even if there have
been some others...
...as a
view into the
interior of this
sub-optimal
solution shows
The concept of a replaceable lamp
was convincing
The efficiency was nothing worse than that of a
cheap electronic CFL from the DIY market
but could have been a lot better!
Do compact fluorescent
lamps pay off?
Payback
period
By principle they
always
do, yes!
Savings and
Just calculate!
in years and
230V Elect. price:
Ratings:
Price
Power
P1
P2
4.95€ 3W 125lm
Rated voltage
all types:
8.45€
4Wfor 180lm
Payback periods
150lm
of4.95€
compact5W
fluorescent
8.95€ lamps
6W 280lm
Maxi-Lux E14
4.95€ 7W 320lm
Megaman E14
0.1625 €/kWh
Operating time: 4.0
h/d =
1461 h/a
Calculated values:
Incandescent lamp replaced hereby
LifeEfficiency
Operating Price
Power
LifeEfficiency
Operating
time
time
costs
techn. econom. costs
P1
P2
techn. econom.
15W
90lm
1000h 6.0lm/W
lifetime
at given
operating hours
duty cycle
10000h 41.7lm/W
25lm/€ 0.098c/h
4.95€ 3W
10000h
8.45€ 4W
4.95€ 5W
15000h
8.95€
6W
4.95€ 7W
125lm 10000h 41.7lm/W 25lm/€ 0.098c/h
45.7lm/W
65lm/€ 0.163c/h
180lm 15000h 45.0lm/W 21lm/€ 0.121c/h
30lm/€ 0.131c/h
31lm/€ 0.157c/h
65lm/€ 0.163c/h
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E14
12.95€ 5W 240lm 15000h 48.0lm/W
19lm/€ 0.168c/h
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E14
12.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h 57.1lm/W
31lm/€ 0.200c/h
240lm
12.95€ 7W 400lm
9.95€ 7W 400lm
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E27
12.95€
Osram
Dulux 11W
EL Longlife600lm
E14
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E27
9.95€ 11W 600lm
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E27
10.95€
Osram
Dulux 15W
EL Longlife900lm
E27
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E27
10.95€ 20W 1200lm
Osram Dulux EL Globe Economy
11.95€ 23W 1500lm
Megaman
9.95€DorS
21W 1000lm
23W 1371lm
Osram Dulux EL Vario 905lm
23.00€
Osram Dulux EL Dim 452lm
69lm
70lm/€ 0.373c/h
1.29€
90lm 1000h 6.0lm/W
70lm/€ 0.373c/h 0.913a 1333h 27.45€ 6.844a
1.07€15W
40W
400lm 1000h
10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h
1.07€
25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 1.289a 1883h 58.79€ 10.267a
2.95€25W 25W
155lm
13000h
0.429c/h
1.07€
200lm 1000h
8.0lm/W
187lm/€ 6.2lm/W
0.513c/h 0.694a 53lm/€
1014h 38.25€
6.844a
1.07€
40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 0.899a 1314h 89.98€ 10.267a
1.07€40W 25W
200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€
0.513c/h
1.07€
400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 0.447a
653h 59.38€ 6.844a
2.95€
155lm 13000h
6.2lm/W1000h
53lm/€10.0lm/W
0.429c/h 2.619a
3826h 39.20€
10.267a
1.07€25W 40W
400lm
374lm/€
0.757c/h
1.07€
25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 2.352a 3437h 51.85€ 10.267a
3.45€40W 40W
290lm
13000h
0.677c/h
1.07€
400lm 1000h
10.0lm/W
374lm/€ 7.3lm/W
0.757c/h 1.460a 84lm/€
2133h 83.54€
10.267a
3.45€
40W
290lm
13000h
7.3lm/W
84lm/€
0.677c/h
1.365a
1994h
71.47€
10.267a
0.83€
40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 482lm/€ 0.733c/h
0.83€
40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 482lm/€ 0.733c/h 1.129a 1649h 82.94€ 10.267a
1.07€60W 60W
660lm
617lm/€
1.082c/h
1.07€
660lm 1000h
11.0lm/W1000h
617lm/€11.0lm/W
1.082c/h 0.995a
1454h 122.54€
10.267a
0.83€
60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h 0.768a 1122h 121.94€ 10.267a
0.83€
60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h
0.99€
75W 940lm 1000h 12.5lm/W 949lm/€ 1.318c/h 0.681a
995h 150.15€ 10.267a
0.99€
75W 1000h
940lm
949lm/€
1.318c/h
0.83€
100W 1360lm
13.6lm/W1000h
1639lm/€12.5lm/W
1.708c/h 0.529a
773h 196.50€
10.267a
2.75€ 150W 2200lm 1000h 14.7lm/W 800lm/€ 2.713c/h 0.279a
407h 338.86€ 10.267a
0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€
1.708c/h
0.83€ 100W 2200lm 1000h 22.0lm/W 2651lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.502a
734h 99.39€ 5.476a
0.83€
100W 150W
1360lm 2200lm
1000h 13.6lm/W1000h
1639lm/€14.7lm/W
1.708c/h 1.374a
2008h 110.43€
6.844a
2.75€
800lm/€
2.713c/h
0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h
0.83€
2651lm/€ 1.708c/h
0.83€
100W 100W
1360lm 2200lm
1000h 13.6lm/W1000h
1639lm/€22.0lm/W
1.708c/h
0.83€
100W 100W
1360lm 1360lm
1000h 13.6lm/W1000h
1639lm/€13.6lm/W
1.708c/h
0.83€
1639lm/€ 1.708c/h
0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.937a 1369h 182.64€ 10.267a
0.83€60W 100W
1639lm/€ 1.708c/h
0.83€
660lm 1360lm
1000h 11.0lm/W1000h
795lm/€13.6lm/W
1.058c/h
10.267a
0.83€
100W
1360lm
1000h
13.6lm/W
1639lm/€
1.708c/h
1.108a
1618h 186.50€
10.267a
0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€
1.708c/h
1.07€
25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h
10.267a
0.913a
1333h 27.45€ 6.844a
48.0lm/W 19lm/€ 0.168c/h
1.289a 1883h 58.79€ 10.267a
15000h 57.1lm/W 31lm/€ 0.200c/h
38.25€ 6.844a
15000h0.694a
57.1lm/W 40lm/€1014h
0.180c/h
15000h 54.5lm/W 46lm/€ 0.265c/h
89.98€ 10.267a
15000h0.899a
54.5lm/W 60lm/€1314h
0.245c/h
15000h 60.0lm/W 82lm/€ 0.317c/h
653h 59.38€ 6.844a
15000h0.447a
60.0lm/W 110lm/€ 0.398c/h
15000h 65.2lm/W 126lm/€ 0.453c/h
39.20€ 10.267a
8000h2.619a
47.6lm/W 101lm/€3826h
0.466c/h
10000h 59.6lm/W 60lm/€ 0.604c/h
2.352a 3437h 51.85€ 10.267a
1.460a 2133h 0.83€83.54€
10.267a
100W 1360lm
1000h 13.6lm/W
150lm 10000h 30.0lm/W
280lm 15000h 46.7lm/W
320lm 10000h 45.7lm/W
Maxi-Lux E14
12.95€E14 5W
Megaman
Maxi-Lux E14
1.29€
230V
Elect. 45.0lm/W
price: 0.1625 €/kWh
time: 25W
4.0
h/d
=
1461 1000h
h/a
Payback period
15000h
21lm/€ 0.121c/hOperating
1.07€
200lm
8.0lm/W 187lm/€
0.513c/h
Ratings:
Calculated values:
Incandescent lamp replaced hereby
Savings and
and
10000hPower
30.0lm/W
30lm/€
1.07€ Power
25W Life200lm Efficiency
1000h Operating
8.0lm/Win years
187lm/€
0.513c/h
Price
LifeEfficiency 0.131c/h
Operating Price
lifetime
at given
operating hours
time
costs
time
costs
cycle
P 1 46.7lm/W
P2
techn.
econom.
P2
techn. 1000h
econom.10.0lm/W
15000h
31lm/€
0.157c/h
1.07€P 1 40W
400lm
374lm/€ duty
0.757c/h
9.95€
12.95€
9.95€
10.95€
10.95€
11.95€
9.95€
7W
11W
11W
15W
20W
23W
21W
23W
400lm
600lm
600lm
900lm
1200lm
1500lm
1000lm
1371lm
905lm
23.00€
452lm
69lm
23W 1500lm
17.50€
8W 750lm
20W 1230lm
20.95€
185lm
15000h
15000h
15000h
15000h
15000h
15000h
8000h
10000h
57.1lm/W 40lm/€ 0.180c/h
54.5lm/W 46lm/€ 0.265c/h
54.5lm/W 60lm/€ 0.245c/h
60.0lm/W 82lm/€ 0.317c/h
60.0lm/W 110lm/€ 0.398c/h
65.2lm/W 126lm/€ 0.453c/h
47.6lm/W 101lm/€ 0.466c/h
59.6lm/W 60lm/€ 0.604c/h
15000h 65.2lm/W
15000h 93.8lm/W
15000h 61.5lm/W
15000h
86lm/€ 0.490c/h
59lm/€ 0.465c/h
1639lm/€ 1.708c/h
If only they were compact! But:
Which lamp is less compact than a
‘compact’ fluorescent lamp?
Is a compact
fluorescent lamp
dimmable?
By principle no –
unless it is
dimmable!
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 1: 100% brightness (at 100% of rated power)
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 2: 66% brightness (at 78% of rated power)
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 3: 33% brightness (at 61% of rated power)
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 4: 5% brightness (at 51% of rated power)
So shall we continue using
incandescent lamps in the living room?
90lm/W
80lm/W
70lm/W
60lm/W

Lighting
efficacy
50lm/W
40lm/W
30lm/W
20lm/W
58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast Siemens LZ 6561 for a 65W T12 lamp EEI=D
58W T8 lamp with standard magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112 EEI=C
58W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527 EEI=B2
58W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 EEI=B1
58W T8 lamp with electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011 EEI=A3
58W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 EEI=B1
58W T8 lamp with electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011 EEI=A3
Halogen lamps 3*35W with 105VA toroidal core transformer
10lm/W
0lm/W
190V
System voltage 
200V
210V
220V
230V
Seems we better don‘t!
240V
250V
Attention! Camouflage!
T12-fluorescent lamp 20 W: 1200 lm
Efficiency class C...B
T8 fluorescent lamp 18 W: 1350 lm
Efficiency class B...A
T5-fluorescent lamp 13 W: 1000 lm
Efficiency class B...A
Linestra tube 60 W: 420 lm
Efficiency class G
Linestra tube 35 W: 270 lm
Efficiency class G
135
At least such incandescent
lamps should be forbidden
But frighteningly enough:
• fluorescent lamps contain mercury!
• fluorescent lamps dissipate
‘electrosmog’!
• fluorescent lamps cause harmonics!
www.buergerwelle-schweiz.org
have found out the truth!
Just a moment, please!
1. Mercury:
Industry reports a usage of about 1...4 mg/lamp.
Bürgerwelle Schweiz calculates an additional
annual need of 600 kg in case of an incandescent
lamp prohibition.
If, in the worst case, this dissipates evenly across
Europe‘s soils, this amounts to the tremendous
quantity of several hundred milligrams per square
kilometre!
While nearly all of us may have the equivalent of
a few 1000 fluorescent lamps in our mouths...
Just a moment, please!
2. Electrosmog:
Bürgerwelle Schweiz and many others report
about countless individual experiences but no
statistics, no medical evidence.
Who is electro-sensitive enough to perceive 20 nT
should really be killed immediately at 20 mT.
A salt-sensitive person capable of tasting 20 mg
of salt in a litre of soup will also get killed by
eating 20 kg of sodium salt in one go.
But everyone else also will.
Just a moment, please!
3. Harmonics:
We‘ve had this before:
• 11% of all electricity goes for light,
• half of this 11% feeds fluorescent lamps,
• subtracting the discharge lamps,
• then there is only ≈2% of all generated power
left to go for incandescent lamps.
• If we replace these with compact fluorescent
lamps it‘s only more ≈0.5% of all power
consumption, since CFLs save 75% energy.
Everything is relative, and this is relatively little!
Incandescent lamps are of
good nature – but:
 The incandescent lamp is a
glutton (electricity guzzler).
 The CFL is a waveform
distorter.
However: Everything is relative.
This CFL replaces an
incandescent lamp of 40 W
power rating, so this means:

 more neutral current, but:
 less phase conductor current!
So the balance out of
3. Harmonics is:
The CFL does save energy – also in
the distrubution mains!
Comparison of load currents – fundamental plus harmonics – when replacing an
incandescent lamp (40 W) with an quivalent compact fluorescent lamp (9 W)
Incandescent lamps
Compact fluorescent lamps
Current
Relative
conductor losses
L1
L2
L3
175mA
0mA
0mA
175mA 175mA
0mA
175mA 175mA 175mA
100%
0%
0%
100%
100%
0%
100%
100%
100%
N
175mA
175mA
0mA
100%
100%
0%
Total
67%
100%
100%
L1
70mA
70mA
70mA
16%
16%
16%
L2
0mA
70mA
70mA
0%
16%
16%
L3
0mA
0mA
70mA
0%
0%
16%
N
70mA
96mA
121mA
16%
30%
48%
Total
11%
21%
32%
But by all means this mains has to be
a TN-S distribution system!
CFLs save energy – but:





Compact fluorescent lamps are not compact
CFL need their warm-up time
CFL work optimally only at one particular temperature
CFL may suffer from frequent switching
There are only few dimmable CFL around
With incandescent
lamp 15 W
With CFL 4 W
after 3 s
With CFL 4 W
after 3 min
What will the future bring?
Too hot
Too bulky
Too ... ?
Tomorrow‘s lighting technique:
LED lamps
Fairly high
efficiency also
at part load

Focussable
(directed)

20 W halogen lamp:
<4.000 h lifetime
 Switch as
often as you like
 Full power
immediately
 DC and AC,
HF and LF
1.25 W LED lamp:
>40.000 h lifetime
144
Now what‘s wrong about them?
 HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule
 Poor performance
 Wrong colour
CFL
CFL
CFL
LED
‘warm white’
LED ‘white’
Now what‘s wrong about them?
 HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule
 Poor performance
 Wrong colour
Pub in Berlin‘s
‘Blue light district’
Now what‘s wrong about them?
 HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule
 Poor performance
 Wrong colour
Now what‘s wrong about them?
 HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule
 Poor performance
 Wrong colour
Therefore future oriented
specifiers do not use
electronic halogen lamp
transformers but...
Transformer efficiencies
100%
η
80%
Obvious advantage of toroidal cores
at part load
60%
40%
η, 400VA standard transformer
η, 400VA toroidal core transformer
20%
Isec / Isec nom 
0%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%
70mA
60mA
Basic characteristic of an LED
UD
 nU

T

ID  IS e
 1




50mA
40mA
30mA
20mA
10mA
0mA
1.5V
with
280mW
kT
UT 
q
240mW
and k = 1.38*10-23 J/K
(Boltzmann‘s constant)
2.5V
200mW
160mW
ID theor (cold)
ID theor (warm)
ID meas
PD theor (cold)
PD theor (warm)
PD meas
2.0V
320mW
P 
80mA
I 
LEDs also require some sort of ballast
120mW
80mW
40mW
U 
3.0V
3.5V
0mW
4.0V
All LED lamps are equal...
LED lamp 12V 1.25W white
(Osram)
I 
200mA
2.5VA
I=
I≈
P=
P≈
S≈
Q≈
100mA
2.0VA
P; Q; S 
150mA
1.5VA
1.0VA
50mA
0.5VA
U 
0mA
0.0VA
6V
7V
8V
9V
10V
11V
12V
13V
14V
...but some are more equal than others
LED lamp 12V 1.7W warm white
(Megaman)
I 
300mA
4.0VA
3.5VA
I=
I≈
P=
P≈
S≈
Q≈
150mA
3.0VA
2.5VA
P; Q; S 
225mA
75mA
2.0VA
1.5VA
1.0VA
0.5VA
U 
0mA
0.0VA
6V
7V
8V
9V
10V
11V
12V
13V
14V
Upcoming but striving hard
Here an 8 W LED »lighting tube« would like to replace
an 18 W fluorescent tube, but:
• Position dependent
• No tandem configuration possible
• No combination with fluorescent tubes
• Light or lamplet?
• And how about EMC?
Upcoming but striving hard
Out of 8 W power rating 5.7 W active power and
7.2 var (harmonic) reactive power are left over
Summary – part 1: Fluorescent lamps
Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast
T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation)
T8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification)
T8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3
T8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3
T8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB)
T8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V
T5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation)
T5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal)
2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2
T8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V
T8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V
T5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal)
2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V
T8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2
2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB
Compact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality
T8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V
Compact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality
Mini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman)
TC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB
141.5 lm/W
93.6
89.1
86.5
86.1
82.4
80.6
79.5
78.6
77.0
73.8
71.7
66.8
66.5
66.1
55.8
55.7
51.5
46.7
44.8
42.1
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
Summary – part 2:
LEDs and incancescent lamps
≈60.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load)
23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load)
3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load)
3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load)
3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load)
3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load)
12.4
12.1
12.0
11.2
10.0
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted
Generic incandescent lamp 150 W frosted
Generic incandescent lamp 100 W frosted
Generic incandescent lamp 60 W frosted
Generic incandescent lamp 40 W frosted
Generic incandescent lamp 25 W frosted
Linestra tube 120 W
Linestra tube 60 W
Linestra tube 35 W
Generic incandescent lamp 15 W frosted
15.5
14.4
13.6
12.0
10.4
8.8
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.0
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
lm/W
More:
www.leonardo-energy.org/lighting
Stearin candle
0.1 lm/W