Transcript Marx’s Grundrisse - Alliance for Workers' Liberty

Marx’s Grundrisse
 The Grundrisse, 779 pages in the English translation, comprises seven notebooks
written by Marx in the winter of 1857-8 in a dash (so he hoped) to get his "Economics"
finished.
 Almost unknown until the 1970s. First edition published in Moscow in 1939-40, but
only three or four copies reached the West. New German edition 1953; first English
translation 1973.
 Discussed in the 1970s, but mainly in regard to its “Hegelian” language and its
concept of “capital in general”, not the ideas discussed in this presentation.
Commodification
 In the most advanced capitalism,
writes Marx, everything will be a
commodity.
 “The highest development of capital
exists when... all needs are satisfied
through the exchange form... [and] the
socially posited needs of the individual...
are likewise not only consumed but also
produced through exchange, individual
exchange”.
 “The separation of public works from
the state, and their migration into the
domain of the works undertaken by
capital itself, indicates the degree to
which the real community has
constituted itself in the form of capital”.
Privatisation
 “All general conditions of production,
such as roads, canals, etc...
presuppose, in order to be undertaken
by capital instead of by the
government... the highest development
of production founded on capital”
“The invading socialist society”?
“Free competition changes into monopoly, and the
production without any definite plan of capitalistic
society capitulates to the production upon a
definite plan of the invading socialistic society…
The official representative of capitalist society —
the state — will ultimately have to undertake the
direction of production…... State-ownership of the
productive forces is not the solution of the conflict,
but concealed within it are the technical conditions
that form the elements of that solution.” - Engels,
Socialism Utopian and Scientific (1880)
In the 20th century Marxists generally believed that:
 Capitalism moved more and more towards state
ownership;
 The more state ownership, the more advanced the
society;
 More state ownership brought us closer to socialism.
These views helped Stalinism win influence. Experience
since 1980 puts that into question. The Grundrisse offers
another perspective.
Capital drives labour
beyond the limits of
capital...
 The Grundrisse presents a different view of how
capital creates “along with the elements for the
formation of a new society, the forces for exploding
the old one”.
 “Capital's ceaseless striving towards the general
form of wealth drives labour beyond the limits of its
natural paltriness, and thus creates the material
elements for the development of the rich
individuality”.
 It does this by extending and enlarging:
 science and technology (“general intellect”)
“general industriousness”
 workers of wider and wider general capabilities
 human needs way beyond mere subsistence.
“The civilising influence
of capital”
 In the
Grundrisse Marx
writes of “the
civilising influence
of capital”.
 Capitalist
technology
increases the
wealth of
production
 It calls for
wider general
education
 The capitalist
market expands
needs and
horizons
How capital
generates a working
class capable of
remaking society
... the cultivation of all the qualities of the social human being, production of
the same in a form as rich as possible in needs, because rich in qualities
and relations - production of this being as the most total and universal
possible social product, for, in order to take gratification in a many-sided
way, he must be capable of many pleasures, hence cultured to a high
degree - is likewise a condition of production founded on capital....
Just as production founded on capital creates universal industriousness on
one side... so does it create on the other side a system of general
exploitation of the natural and human qualities...
“General
intellect”
According to Marx, the most important wealth developed by
capital is “social knowledge”, “the general intellect”. At the same
capital mis-measures it, enslaves it.
 “Hence the great civilising influence of capital; its production of a stage
of society in comparison to which all earlier ones appear as mere local
developments of humanity and as nature-idolatry…
The mass of workers must themselves appropriate their own surplus
labour. Once they have done so… real wealth is the developed productive
power of all individuals. The measure of wealth is then not any longer, in
any way, labour time, but rather disposable time”.
Revolt
against
capital
Thus capital:
 Is compelled to train a working class with a wide general education, fit for the
most varied work;
 Fixes each worker in a narrow groove, and imposes variation of work in the form
of throwing her or him out of employment unpredictably;
 Develops an ever-wider variety of needs, wants, and desires;
 Frustrates them by confining the working class in relative poverty and insecurity;
 Creates vast productive powers, allowing the creation of rich free time for all;
 Uses those productive powers to push for more intense and longer work hours.
These conflicts breed revolution and the basis for a new society.
“All that is solid
melts into air”
 As capital develops, therefore,
labour becomes every more
differentiated and ever more fluid.
Every form of labour organisation built
up on fixed communities or trades is,
in time, dissolved.
 Marx suggests that every buildingup of the labour movement, until our
final victory, must be only provisional
and temporary, subject to be
undermined by the constant whirl of
capitalist restructuring. The
movement will then need to be built
up again, with a changed, more
developed, more "individualistic"
working class.
“Up to its blessed end”
 Capital generates not only working-class
socialist revolt, but also, romantic reactionary
anti-capitalism, right “up to the end”.
 “In bourgeois economics... this complete
working-out of the human content appears as
a complete emptying-out, this universal
objectification as total alienation, and the
tearing-down of all limited, one-sided aims as
sacrifice of the human end-in-itself to an
entirely external end.....
It is as ridiculous to yearn for a return to the
original fullness as it is to believe that with
this complete emptiness history has come to
a standstill. The bourgeois viewpoint has
never advanced beyond this antithesis
between itself and this romantic viewpoint,
and therefore the latter will accompany it as
legitimate antithesis up to its blessed end”.
Reactionary anticapitalism
Marx wrote in the
Communist Manifesto
about the “reactionary
socialism” of people
like Thomas Carlyle,
but as a political
remnant about
disappear.
The Grundrisse
indicates that
“reactionary anticapitalisms” like
Stalinism, Maoism,
Islamism will be a
factor “up to the
blessed end”.
Reactionary antiglobalisation
Marx also sketches a critique of reactionary antiglobalisation ideas. Henry Carey was Abraham Lincoln’s
economic adviser - not socialist but very concerned to
defend the righteous development of US capitalism
against the economic imperialism of… England.
 “All the relations which appear harmonious to him
within specific national boundaries... appear as
disharmonious to him where they appear in their most
developed form -- in their world market form -- as the
relations which produce English domination on the world
market...
Where the economic relations confront him in their
truth, i.e. in their universal reality, his principled
optimism turns into a denunciatory, irritated
pessimism”.
What Russia was
for Urquhart...
Marx on Carey:
 What Russia is,
politically, for
Urquhart, England
is, economically, for
Carey...
David Urquhart, the
man who
introduced the
Turkish bath to
Britain, was also a
political figure who
saw Tsarist Russia
as the cause of all
evil in the world. Or
“the Great Satan”?
Attack
capital
at the
root!
The Grundrisse argues against getting diverted into defending in the smaller or earlier
form the capitalist relations which you abhor in big and new forms. Go to the root!
 “Adam Smith... is right, of course, that, in its historic forms as slave-labour, serflabour, and wage-labour, labour always appears as repulsive, always as external forced
labour; and not-labour, by contrast, as 'freedom, and happiness’…
Labour time as the measure of value posits wealth itself as founded on poverty, and
disposable time as existing in and because of the antithesis to surplus labour time; or,
the positing of an individual’s entire time as labour time, and his degradation therefore
to mere worker, subsumption under labour. The most developed machinery thus forces
the worker to work longer than the savage does, or than he himself did with the
simplest, crudest tools…”
Capital creates the conditions for its replacement by a society where wealth is
measured by free time requires through:
 Developing the powers of science and the technology of production;
 Developing a working class capable of appropriating science and culture.
“[When] labour becomes attractive work, the individual's self-realization, [that] in
no way means that it becomes mere fun, mere amusement, as Fourier...
conceives it. Really free working, e.g. composing, is at the same time precisely
the most damned seriousness, the most intense exertion.
The work of material production can achieve this character only (1) when its
social character is posited, (2) when it is of a scientific and at the same time
general character, not merely human exertion as a specifically harnessed natural
force, but exertion as subject…”