Transcript carleton.ca

Teaching about the EU in the Classroom
“Youth Unemployment
in Canada and
the European Union”
Therese Jennissen, PhD
Carleton University
November 21, 2014
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Outline of Presentation
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Why study youth unemployment;
Why is a Canada-EU comparison important;
Terms and definitions;
Youth unemployment in Canada;
Youth unemployment in the EU;
Issues and strategies: comparison and
contrast;
 What does this have to do with teachers
(discussion).
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Youth unemployment
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CANADA & EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
Canada
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CANADA & EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
THE EU
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28 Member states of the EU
(& dates of entry)
Austria - 1995
Belgium - 1951
Bulgaria – 2007
Croatia – 2013
Cyprus – 2004
Czech Republic – 2004
Denmark – 1973
Estonia – 2004
Finland – 1995
France - 1951
Germany – 1952
Greece –
1981
Hungary –
2004
Ireland (Rep) – 1973
Italy –
1951
Latvia –
2004
Lithuania 2004
Luxembourg – 1951
Malta –
2004
Netherlands – 1951
Poland – 2004
Portugal – 1986
Romania – 2007
Slovakia – 2004
Slovenia - 2004
Spain –
1986
Sweden – 1986
United Kingdom – 1973
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Why is it important
to compare unemployment in
Canada with the EU?
 Comparisons and contrasts can provide a way to measure
our policies more thoroughly;
 We live in an interconnected world & general knowledge
about other nations states is vital to understanding
ourselves & the world around us;
 We might learn something from the experiences of
others—understand what works & what does not;
 Many countries in the EU share a common history and
culture with Canada;
 The EU is a federation of member states/Canada is a
federation of provinces – they share some similar issues.
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Some terms and definitions
 Unemployment or joblessness - occurs when people are out of
work but actively looking for work;
 Unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of
unemployment and is calculated by dividing the number of
unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour
force;
 Underemployment refers to those workers who are in jobs for
which they are over-qualified. This number is not included in the
official unemployment rate thereby underestimating that figure;
 Employment rate is a measure of people who are employed in the
work force. It includes all types of work including temporary, parttime, full time etc.;
 Post-secondary education – refers to educational attainment
including CEGEP, an apprenticeship or trades certificate or
diploma, a university degree;
 Youth – people between the ages of 15 and 24, inclusive.
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Youth unemployment and
employment in Canada
Some general information (1)
 Youth unemployment is a big social problem in Canada
 Approximately 1/8 of young Canadians were out of work
in 2013 (Broadbent Institute);
 The rate of youth unemployment in Canada is more than 2
times higher than the adult rate in 2013;
 In Ontario, youth unemployment remains twice as high as
the province’s overall unemployment rate;
 What is unique is that the youth unemployment rate has
not gone down after the recession as it characteristically
does, and as what occurred in the adult population.
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Youth unemployment and
employment in Canada
Some general information (2)
 At the other end of the spectrum, the number of seniors (65+)
working has tripled since 2001;
 Some of the biggest increases in seniors’ employment has been in
retail trade, accommodation and food services—traditionally entry
level jobs for youth;
 Ontario shows the worst increases in income inequality, second only
to Alberta;
 Richest 1% of Ontarians now receive, on average 16 times more than
those who belong to the bottom 90%;
 Youth unemployment before the recession of 2009 was just over
11%; in 2013 it is at 13.7% (above data from Hennessy & Stanford).
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Youth unemployment in Canada
 Table 1: Youth unemployment vs. adult
unemployment, Canada, 2013.
Unemployment category (age)
% unemployed
Youth (15-24)
Adults (25+)
Total unemployment rate
(youth +adults)
13.7%
5.9%
7.1%
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Youth unemployment in Canada
 Table 2: Youth unemployment rates, Canada and provinces,
2007, 2012, 2013.
Prov/year
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sask
Ab
BC
CANADA
2007
20.12
13.3
13.0
11.9
12.5
13.0
9.2
7.8
7.2
7.7
11.2
2012
18.9
18.7
18.2
17.5
13.7
16.9
11.0
9.6
8.9
13.2
14.3
2013
16.7
18.1
18.3
17.8
13.0
16.1
10.5
7.8
8.6
12.9
13.7
Source: Broadbent Institute; Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, “Annual
Average Unemployment Rate, Canada and Provinces, 1976-2013, January
2014.
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YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN CANADA
 Table 3: Youth & Adult Unemployment rates by provinces, and gap
between them, 2012.
Prov/age &gap
15-25 yrs
25+ yrs
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sask
Ab
BC
CANADA
18.9
18.7
18.2
17.5
13.7
16.9
11.0
9.6
8.9
13.2
14.3
11.4
18.7
7.3
8.9
6.7
6.2
4.1
3.8
3.8
5.6
6.0
Gap b/n youthadult
7.5
8.8
10.9
8.6
7.0
10.7
6.9
5.8
5.1
7.6
8.3
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YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN CANADA
 Table 4: Youth unemployment by age of
youth, province, 2008 & 2013.
Province/rates by youth age
category & year
Nfld & Labrador
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sask
Ab
BC
Total
2008 (first half)
15-19 yrs
22.5%
20.4
17.2
16.3
16.9
18.3
14.1
11.3
11.0
11.1
15.7
20-24 yrs
19.5%
15.4
12.5
16.7
10.4
11.0
6.2
4.8
5.2
6.2
9.4
2013 (first half)
15-19 yrs
20.9%
19.4
27.4
23.5
20.5
23.1
14.7
11.6
13.4
18.5
20.1
20-24 yrs
16.0%
19.5
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17.6
9.8
13.1
7.8
7.3
7.2
10.2
11.1
Source: House of Commons, FINA, Chapter 3, “Youth as Potential or Current Employees.”
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UNEMPLOYMENT IN CANADA
 Table 5: Unemployment rate and variation by
age categories, 2007 & 2012.
Age/rate per year &variation
Rate (%) 2007
Rate (%) 2012
Variation
15-19 years
14.8
20.1
+35.8
20-24 years
8.7
11.0
+26.4
25-64 years
5.1
6.1
+19.6
Source: House of Commons, FINA, Chapter 3, “Youth as Potential or
Current Employees”.
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Youth unemployment in Ontario
 Table 6: Ontario youth & adult unemployment
rates by Census Metropolitan Area (CMA),
2012.
CMA/rates by age category
& gap
Barrie
Brantford
Greater Sudbury14
Guelph
Hamilton
Kingston
Kitchner-CambridgeWaterloo
London
Ottawa-Gatineau
Oshawa
Peterborough
St. Catharines-Niagara
Thunder Bay
Toronto
Windsor
Youth
unemployment
rate
16.6
20.5
13.4
14.8
13.2
18.9
13.8
20.3
14.6
21.8
18.4
17.8
15.3
18.1
24.7
Adult
unemployment
rate
6.6
6.3
5.4
4.0
5.3
4.3
5.2
6.4
4.8
6.1
5.8
7.0
6.8
7.1
7.1
Gap between youth
& adult rates
10.0
14.2
8.0
10.8
7.9
14.6
8.6
13.9
9.8
15.7
12.6
11.8
8.5
11.0
17.6
Source: Geobey, “The Young and the Jobless,” Appendix F.
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Youth unemployment in Ontario
 Table 7: Rates of youth unemployment by
level of education, Ontario, 2012.
Level of education/employ. status
Rate of unemployment
Some high school
28.0%
Graduated high school
16.0
Some post-secondary education
14.4
Post-secondary certificate/diploma
9.5
Undergraduate degree
11.2
More than undergraduate degree,
MA/PhD
14.1
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Unemployment & employment in
Ontario
 Table 8: Age, education level and employment status, 2011.
Full time,
permanent
Full time,
temporary
Part time
permanent
Part time
Temporary
Unemployed
Not in LF
51.4%
10.0%
10.2%
6.0%
6.2%
16.2%
30 years and
older
WITH-OUT POSTSECONDARY
54.7
4.3
6.0
2.1
4.3
28.5
Less than 30 yrs
21.5
4.1
16.8
7.7
9.5
40.4
30 years and
older
33.6
2.9
4.9
1.3
4.4
52.8
WITH POSTSECONDARY
Less than 30 yrs
Source: Foster (October 2012). Youth Employment and Un(der) Employment: More
than a Temporary Problem. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
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Unemployment in Canada
 Table 9: Age, education and union coverage,
Union member or
Non union member and
2011.
collective agreement
no collective agreement
1997
2011
1997
2011
15.1%
85.1%
84.9%
30 years and
36.2
older
WITH-OUT
POSTSECONDARY
Less than 30 yrs 23.5
29.9
63.8
70.1
28.2
76.5
71.8
30 years and
older
38.0
57.1
62.0
WITH POSTSECONDARY
Less than 30 yrs 14.9%
42.9
Source: Foster.
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Youth employment in Canada
 Table 10: Provincial youth and adult
employment rates & gap, 2012.
Prov/age &gap
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sask
Ab
BC
CANADA
15-25 yrs
49.7
54.5
53.4
52.0
57.5
50.0
61.5
62.4
62.3
53.8
54.5
25+ yrs
54.6
61.6
59.3
57.4
60.5
63.5
66.2
67.0
71.6
61.9
63.2
Gap b/n youth-adult
4.9
7.1
5.9
5.4
3.0
13.5
4.7
4.6
9.3
8.1
8.7
Source: Geobey, “The Young and the Jobless,” Appendix E.
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Youth unemployment in the EU
 Table 11: Youth unemployment, European
Union, 2013.
Member country in
EU/unemployment
rates
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland (Rep)
2013
9.2
23.7
28.4
49.7
38.9
18.9
13.0
18.7
19.9
24.8
7.9
58.3
27.2
26.8
Member country in
EU/unemployment rates
Italy
Lithuania
Latvia
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
European Union
2013
25.4
29.4
33.9
17.2
13.3
6.6
20.7
20.0
20.8
27.3
13.6
37.9
25.0
18.9
23.5
Source: Eurostat 2014.
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Possible government strategies for
addressing youth unemployment
 Macroeconomic policies;
 Education policies;
 Labour market policies;
– Passive policies
– Active policies
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References
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Eurostat (2014). File: Youth Unemployment, 2013.
Broadbent Institute (Jun 29, 2014). “Canada needs and action plan to fight long-term youth
employment.”
Canada. Human Resources Development Canada. Employment and Social Development Canada,
“Employment and Social Development Canada,” Work – Unemployment rate
(http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca.3indic; viewed on Nov 12, 2014).
Canada. Statistics Canada (2012). “What has changed for young people in Canada?” Diane
Galarneau, Rene Morissette & Jeannine Usalcas.
Canadian Business (date). “Canada’s Youth are hardly making gains in employment.”
http://canadianbusiness.com/
Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (Oct. 2012). “Youth Unemployment in
Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking?”
Corak, Miles (Feb 03, 2012). “Unemployment is actually worse than the numbers show,” Globe
and Mail.
Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (October 2012). Youth Unemployment in
Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking?
Foster, Karen (October 2012). Youth Employment and Un(der) Employment: More than a
Temporary Problem. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Geobey, Sean (September 2013). The Young and the Jobless: Youth Unemployment in Ontario, The
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Ontario Office.
Hennessy, Trish and Jim Stanford (March 2013). “More Harm than Good: Austerity’s Impact in
Ontario.” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Ontario Office.
O’Higgins,Niall (2010). The Impact of the economic and financial crisis on youth employment:
Measure for labour market recovery in the European Union, Canada and the United States.
Geneva, Switzerland:The International Labour Organization, Employment Sector; Employment
Working Paper No. 70.
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What does this have
to do with teachers?
 In what ways do issues of youth
unemployment manifest themselves in
schools?
 Are there strategies for dealing with youth
unemployment? What are these strategies
and are they effective?
 How would you like to see youth
unemployment addressed in your school?
 Any other thoughts related to youth
unemployment?
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