The impact of a declining water table on observed carbon fluxes at a northern temperate wetland

Benjamin N. Sulman A nkur R. Desai *

Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin – Madison

Bruce D. Cook

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Nicanor Saliendra

U.S. Forest Service, Rhinelander, WI

D. Scott Mackay

Department of Geography State University of New York – Buffalo

SWS 2009, Madison, WI

Projected climate changes affecting northern wetlands • Higher temperatures, more precipitation • But: Net drying due to more evaporation • Poleward shift of biomes Question: How will changes in hydrology affect interactions between wetlands and climate?

Focus: Water table and carbon cycle

Wetlands and climate • Biogeochemical: Carbon cycle – In Northern Highlands region of Wisconsin, wetlands have over half the carbon pool • Biophysical: Evapotranspiration – Atmospheric heat and moisture budgets strongly mediated by surface sensible and latent heat fluxes

Northern Highlands Wisconsin Online http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/northernhighland.html

Biogeochemical interactions: Existing literature is contradictory • Modeling studies have identified a climate feedback (e.g. Ise et al. 2008) • Observations have mixed results – Lowering water table increased CO 2003) 2 emission or changed wetlands from a carbon sink to a source: (Silvola et al. 1996, Alm et al. 1999, Bubier at al. – No correlation between water table and CO 2005) 2 emission: (Updegraff et al. 2001, Lafleur et al.

Biophysical interactions: How does drying a wetland affect the energy and moisture budgets of the atmosphere?

Case 1: High water table High latent heat loss Low sensible heat loss Case 2: Low water table High sensible heat loss Low latent heat loss

Declining water table

Long-term drying in N. WI  Courtesy of C. Kucharik, UW-Madison SAGE

Lost Creek • Alder-willow fen • Poorly drained sapric muck • Flux tower established 2001

South Fork and Wilson Flowage • Wetland sites • SF: Ericaceous bog • WF: Grass-sedge-shrub fen • Three years (2005 2007) of growing season flux data with roving tower • Switched between sites every two weeks

Eddy Covariance Turbulent flux Storage Equipment: • 3D sonic anemometer • Open or closed path gas analyzer • Multiple level CO 2 profiler •10Hz temporal resolution -> 30 min fluxes

Terms • Net Ecosystem Exchange ( NEE ) – Total net carbon flux (measured) • Ecosystem Respiration ( ER ) – Carbon released to atmosphere • Gross Ecosystem Production ( GEP ) – Carbon absorbed from atmosphere • Evapotranspiration ( ET ) – Water / latent heat flux • Water table height ( WT ) • Positive = above surface

ER NEE GEP Lost Creek Wilson Flowage Willow Creek (forest) Flux observations

Lower WT increases ER

WT effect is independent of soil temperature

Lower WT increase GEP

NEE is independent of WT

Lower WT decreases ET Water table ET

Energy balance is changing Net radiation Latent heat flux Sensible heat flux Heat flux into ground

Findings summary • Biogeochemical interactions: – Both ER and GEP increased as water table declined – Net ecosystem CO 2 exchange was independent of WT – This supports literature arguing against a strong north temperate wetland water table-carbon feedback • Biophysical interactions: – ET declined and energy balance shifted in favor of higher sensible heat flux – This could potentially be a positive feedback to warming and drying trends • More results in: – Sulman et al. (2009) Biogeosciences, in press – Mackay et al. (2007) Water Resources Research

Ecosystem models simulate wetlands poorly

Needs • Long-term observations of water table, carbon cycle, energy balance • Better characterization of climate trends in wetland extensive areas • Improve mechanistic understanding of hydrologic interaction with wetland carbon cycling

Models can be made better

Acknowledgements • Jonathan Thom, UW-Madison • Ron Teclaw and Dan Baumann, USDA Northern Research Station, Rhinelander, WI • Paul Bolstad, University of Minnesota • Jon Martin, Oregon State University • Sudeep Samanta, Woods Hole Research Center • Bashkar Mitra, SUNY-Buffalo This research was sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) National Institute for Climatic Change Research (NICCR) Midwestern Region Subagreement 050516Z19.