Transcript The Participle Box

Salvete, discipuli!
Chapters
XXIII & XXIV:
Participial Uses I
Verbal Aspects
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle
Active
Passive
Present Imperfect Future
1st
Singular
Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
2nd
3rd
Plural
How many Participles are there?
•
•
Now that we have learned to
recognize and form participles in Latin,
let’s begin to look at the basic
syntactic uses of the participle:
In Latin, there are FOUR participial
functions in a sentence….
Participial Functions
1. Attributive
2. Circumstantial
3. Absolute
4. Periphrastic
Participial Functions
1. Attributive
2. Circumstantial
3. Absolute
4. Periphrastic
Attributive Participles
•Attributive Participles are the basic participles
we have already learned.
•Attributive Participles serve only to modify a
noun/pronoun and take NO objects or phrases.
Hominem currentem video.
I see the man running.
Certī fructūs pacis ab territō vulgō cupiebantur.
Certain profits of peace were desired by the terrified
crowd.
Participial Functions
1. Attributive
2. Circumstantial
3. Absolute
4. Periphrastic
Circumstantial Participles
•Circumstantial Participles are identical to
Attributive Participles except that they DO take
objects and phrases.
•As a result, Circumstantial Participles control
multiple words in a Latin sentence and are best
translated by bracketing off the words
controlled by the participle as separate from
the main clause of the sentence.
•Sometimes commas will set off the participial
phrase.
Circumstantial Participles
•Examples:
1.Servitute liberatus, vir vitam laetam aget.
Freed from slavery, the man lived a happy life.
2.Hīs insidiīs territī, vitam miseram vivēmus.
Terrified by these plots, we will live a miserable life.
3.Nemo fidem neglegens timore umquam carēbit.
No one neglecting loyalty will ever be without fear.
Practice
1.
Illī virī miserī, ā tyrannō visī, ā patriā fugerunt.
2. Poēta, regem timens, bona semper dicēbat.
3. Hī vincentēs iura civium victōrum nōn timēnt.
4. Ipse, ā sene clarō monitus, pecuniā carentibus multās
rēs dabat.
Participial Functions
1. Attributive
2. Circumstantial
3. Absolute
4. Periphrastic
Finite Participles
•Finite Participles are simply participles that
attached to a form of “sum, esse” to form a
finite verb (no ‘–ing’).
•The only Participles that can be used in this
manner are Perfect and Future Participles.
•We have already encountered one type of the
Finite Participle in the Perfect Passive System.
Perfect Passive System
•Examples:
1.Igne visō, omnēs virī et feminae territī sunt.
After the fire had been seen, all the men and women were terrified.
2.Quō die ex igne et ferrō atque morte certā liberātus es?
On which day were you freed from fire and the sword and certain death?
3.Cur istī veritatem timebant, quā multī usī erant?
Why were those guys fearing the truth that many had enjoyed?
Periphrastic Participles
•Periphrastic Participles are like Finite
Participles because they follow the same
pattern: participle + form of “sum, esse”.
•However, Periphrastics are different because
they only refer to Future Participles used in
such a way.
•Therefore, there are no Perfect or Present
Participles with Periphrastic constructions.
Periphrastic Participles
•Periphrastics are thus defined as Future
Participles with a form of “sum, esse”.
•Since there are two types of Future Participles
(Active and Passive), there are also two types of
Periphrastics: Active and Passive.
The Active Periphrastic
•When one combines a Future Active Participle
with the verb “sum, esse”, one creates the
Active Periphrastic.
•To translate the Active Periphrastic into
English, simply add the verb “to be” to the
normal “fixin’ to ______”
The Active Periphrastic
•To translate the Active Periphrastic into English,
simply add the verb “to be” to the normal “fixin’ to
______”
Fortis imperator militēs hostēs victurus est.
The brave general is fixin’ to conquer the enemy soldiers.
Poeta fabulam narraturus erat, sed civēs non audīre
cupiverunt.
The poet was fixin’ to tell a story, but the citizens didn’t want to
listen.
The Passive Periphrastic
•Like the Active Periphrastic, the Passive
Periphrastic is a formed thus:
Future Passive Participle/Gerundive + form of
“sum, esse”
•It is translated in the exact same fashion as the
Participle: “ought to be ______ed”
The Passive Periphrastic
•It is translated in the exact same fashion as the
Participle: “ought to be ______ed” or some other
phrase of obligation (should, has to, must).
Haec femina amanda est.
This woman ought to be loved.
Hic liber cum curā legendus erit.
This book will have to be read with care.
The Passive Periphrastic
•It is translated in the exact same fashion as the
Participle: “ought to be ______ed” or some other
phrase of obligation (should, has to, must).
Omnia igitur iura magnā curā scribenda sunt.
Therefore, all laws ought to be written with great care.
Si res publica nostra valet, nihil timendum est.
If our republic fares well, nothing ought to be feared.
The Dative of Agent
•One of the unique features of the Passive
Periphrastic is how it identifies its agent.
•As we know, the normal manner in which Latin
identifies the agent of a Passive Verb is with an
Ablative of Agent.
•However, the Passive Periphrastic takes the
Dative of Agent instead.
The Dative of Agent
•However, the Passive Periphrastic takes the
Dative of Agent instead.
Hic liber mihi legendus erit.
This book will have to be read by me.
Orator nobis laudāndus est.
The orator ought to be praised by us.
Practice
1. Cathagō delenda est.
2. Intellegisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt?
3. Populō metū oppressō, iste rex nobīs ex urbe pellendus
est.
Classwork?
p. 151, #1-5
p. 159, Sententiae Antiquae #5 and 8
Homework?
HW 32