Transcript The EU at the UN: more than the sums of

The EU's Role in the United Nations:
More than the sum of its
members?
presentation by Roberto Storaci
Counsellor at the EU Delegation to the UN
Outline – what we are going to talk about
• EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP) after the Lisbon Treaty.
• The EU at the UN: why is this forum of
particular relevance?
• The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP: a first
appraisal.
Outline – what we are NOT going to talk about
• We are not going to take an academic
approach.
• We are not addressing the EU Common
Security and Defense Policy (CSDP).
• We are not considering the crisis management
architecture.
Outline – what we are going to talk about
• EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP) after the Lisbon Treaty.
• The EU at the UN: why is this forum of
particular relevance?
• The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP: a first
appraisal.
EU CFSP after the Lisbon Treaty.
• Principles
• Actors and competences
• Tools and priorities
EU CFSP - Principles
The Treaty on European Union
Art. 2: The Union is founded on the values of respect
for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the
rule of law and respect for human rights, including the
rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values
are common to the Member States in a society in
which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice,
solidarity and equality between women and men
prevail.
EU CFSP - Principles
Art. 3.5: In its relations with the wider world, the Union
shall uphold and promote its values and interests and
contribute to the protection of its citizens. It shall
contribute to peace, security, the sustainable
development of the Earth, solidarity and mutual
respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication
of poverty and the protection of human rights, in
particular the rights of the child, as well as to the strict
observance and the development of international law,
including respect for the principles of the UN Charter.
EU CFSP - Principles
Art. 21.1: The Union's action on the international
scene shall be guided by the principles which have
inspired its own creation, development and
enlargement, and which it seeks to advance in the
wider world: democracy, rule of law, the
universality and indivisibility of human rights and
fundamental freedoms, respect for human dignity,
the principles of equality and solidarity, and respect
for the principles of the UN Charter and
international law.
EU CFSP - Principles
Art. 21.2 The Union shall define and pursue common policies and actions, and shall work for a
high degree of cooperation in all fields of international relations, in order to:
(a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence and integrity;
(b) consolidate and support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of
international law;
(c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security, in accordance with the
purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, with the principles of the Helsinki Final Act
and with the aims of the Charter of Paris, including those relating to external borders;
(d) foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing
countries, with the primary aim of eradicating poverty;
(e) encourage the integration of all countries into the world economy, including through the
progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade;
(f) help develop international measures to preserve and improve the quality of the environment
and the sustainable management of global natural resources, in order to ensure sustainable
development;
(g) assist populations, countries and regions confronting natural or man-made disasters; and
(h) promote an international system based on stronger multilateral cooperation and good
global governance.
EU CFSP - Principles
CFSP – different from the rest.
Art. 24.1: The common foreign and security
policy is subject to specific rules and
procedures. It shall be defined and
implemented by the European Council and the
Council acting unanimously, except where the
Treaties provide otherwise […] The Court of
Justice of the European Union shall not have
jurisdiction with respect to these provisions.
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
Actors:
• European Council
• The Council (Foreign Affairs Council)
• The High Representative/Vice President
• The Member States
• The Commission
• The Parliament
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The European Council
- identifies the Union's strategic interests and
objectives.
- Art. 15.6: The President of the European Council
shall, at his level and in that capacity, ensure the
external representation of the Union on issues
concerning its common foreign and security policy.
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The Council
- frames the CFSP and takes decisions
necessary for defining and implementing it
(Council Conclusions)
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The member states
- implement the CFSP together with the HR/VP;
Art. 24.3: The Member States shall support the Union's external
and security policy actively and unreservedly in a spirit of loyalty
and mutual solidarity and shall comply with the Union's action in
this area.
The Member States shall work together to enhance and develop
their mutual political solidarity. They shall refrain from any action
which is contrary to the interests of the Union or likely to impair its
effectiveness as a cohesive force in international relations.
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The Commission
- With the exception of CFSP, shall ensure the
Union's external representation (i.e. it is
responsible for "external action", including
trade, development aid, humanitarian
assistance, enlargement, neighbourhood
policy…).
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The Parliament
- is consulted and may address questions or
make recommendations to the Council or the
HR. The HR "shall ensure that the views of the
EP are duly taken into consideration".
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The High Representative / Vice President
Art. 27
1.
2.
The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security
Policy, who shall chair the Foreign Affairs Council, shall contribute
through his proposals to the development of the common foreign and
security policy and shall ensure implementation of the decisions
adopted by the European Council and the Council.
The High Representative shall represent the Union for matters relating
to the common foreign and security policy. He shall conduct political
dialogue with third parties on the Union's behalf and shall express the
Union's position in international organisations and at international
conferences.
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
The High Representative / Vice President
• High representative – CFSP (Javier Solana)
• Vice President – external action (Benita
Ferrero-Waldner)
• Presidency (rotating Member States)
EU CFSP – Actors and competences
Key new developments after Lisbon:
• Coherence between CFSP and External Action;
• Presidency functions:
– Foreign Affairs Council, Political and Security Committee,
Working Groups, local coordination;
– Speaking with one voice – statements, demarches, international
organizations;
– Permanent Presidency – agenda setting, consistency, coherence.
EU CFSP – Tools and priorities
Tools:
Art. 27.3: In fulfilling his mandate, the High
Representative shall be assisted by a European External
Action Service. This service shall work in cooperation
with the diplomatic services of the Member States and
shall comprise officials from relevant departments of
the General Secretariat of the Council and of the
Commission as well as staff seconded from national
diplomatic services of the Member States.
EU CFSP – Tools and priorities
The EEAS
• Fully autonomous body of the EU (i.e. neither
an institution, nor part of the Commission);
• Under the authority of the HR/VP;
• Made up of a central administration and of EU
Delegations to third countries and
international organizations.
EU CFSP – Tools and priorities
The EEAS
• Supports the HR/VP in her three capacities: CFSP and
CSDP; President of the FAC; Vice President of the
Commission;
• Assists the President of the European Council, the
President of the Commission and the Commission;
• Shall support, and work in cooperation with, the
diplomatic services of the Member States, as well as with
the General Secretariat of the Council and the services of
the Commission.
EU CFSP – Tools and priorities
Priorities
• The neighbourhood, where the EU has all of the policies and
instruments at its disposal to effect lasting change;
• The Comprehensive Approach – which makes the EU uniquely
able to tackle all aspects of a foreign policy issue;
• Those international issues where only the EU's collective
weight allow us to play a lead role in today's globalised world.
EU CFSP after the Lisbon Treaty:
what's new?
• A more ambitious agenda.
• A more coherent decision-making process.
• Better and more integrated tools.
Outline – what we are going to talk about
• EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP) after the Lisbon Treaty.
• The EU at the UN: why is this forum of
particular relevance?
• The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP: a first
appraisal.
The EU at the United Nations
• Why is it crucial?
• EU in action: UNGA
• EU in action: UNSC
The EU at the United Nations
Why is it crucial?
• Shared values and goals;
• Partnership;
• Speaking with one voice.
The EU at the United Nations
Shared values and goals
Art. 21: The Union shall promote multilateral
solutions to common problems, in particular in
the framework of the United Nations.
The UN and/or the UN Charters are mentioned
in Articles 3.5, 21.1, 21.2, 34, 42.
The EU at the United Nations
Shared values and goals
CHAPTER VIII: REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Article 52
Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the
maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their
activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.
The Members of the United Nations entering into such arrangements or constituting such agencies shall make every effort to achieve pacific
settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies before referring them to the Security Council.
The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such
regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council.
This Article in no way impairs the application of Articles 34 and 35.
Article 53
The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But
no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council,
with the exception of measures against any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of this Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107 or in
regional arrangements directed against renewal of aggressive policy on the part of any such state, until such time as the Organization may, on
request of the Governments concerned, be charged with the responsibility for preventing further aggression by such a state.
The term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 of this Article applies to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of
any signatory of the present Charter.
Article 54
The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional arrangements or by
regional agencies for the maintenance of international peace and security.
The EU at the United Nations
Shared values and goals
Art. 1 of the UN Charter
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
• To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective
collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and
for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to
bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice
and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or
situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of
equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate
measures to strengthen universal peace;
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an
economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these
common ends.
The EU at the United Nations
European Union
United Nations
The Union shall define and pursue common policies and actions, and shall
work for a high degree of cooperation in all fields of international
relations, in order to:
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
(a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence
and integrity;
(b) consolidate and support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and
the principles of international law;
(c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security,
in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations
Charter, with the principles of the Helsinki Final Act and with the aims of
the Charter of Paris, including those relating to external borders;
(d) foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental
development of developing countries, with the primary aim of eradicating
poverty;
(e) encourage the integration of all countries into the world economy,
including through the progressive abolition of restrictions on international
trade;
(f) help develop international measures to preserve and improve the
quality of the environment and the sustainable management of global
natural resources, in order to ensure sustainable development;
(g) assist populations, countries and regions confronting natural or manmade disasters; and
(h) promote an international system based on stronger multilateral
cooperation and good
global governance.
•
•
•
•
To maintain international peace and security, and to that
end: to take effective collective measures for the
prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for
the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches
of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and
in conformity with the principles of justice and
international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might lead to
a breach of the peace;
To develop friendly relations among nations based on
respect for the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, and to take other appropriate
measures to strengthen universal peace;
To achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social, cultural,
or humanitarian character, and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to
race, sex, language, or religion; and
To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in
the attainment of these common ends.
EU CFSP – Tools and priorities
Priorities
• The neighbourhood, where the EU has all of the policies and
instruments at its disposal to effect lasting change;
• The Comprehensive Approach – which makes the EU uniquely
able to tackle all aspects of a foreign policy issue;
• Those international issues where only the EU's collective
weight allow us to play a lead role in today's globalised world.
The EU at the United Nations
Partnership
The EU and its Member States collectively are the
single largest financial contributor to the UN system:
- 35% of the UN regular budget;
- 36.8% of the UN peacekeeping budgets
- about one-half of all the voluntary contributions to
UN funds and programmes;
- The European Commission alone contributed more
than $1.5 billion in support of UN external assistance
programmes and projects in 2013.
The EU at the United Nations
-
Partnership
Political Affairs (regular consultations, PSC,
cooperation on the ground, mediation);
Peace and Security - Peacekeeping (Steering
Committee, EU CSDP, financial resources);
Peacebuilding (PBC, cooperation on the ground)
Development;
Humanitarian affairs;
Human rights.
The EU at the United Nations
Speaking with one voice
Art. 27: [The HR] shall express the Union's position
in international organisations and at international
conferences.
The EU at the United Nations
Speaking with one voice
- European integration means shared values,
shared interests and shared goals;
- Even individual priorities can be leveraged in a
truly global approach;
- Size matters: 28 member states, half a billion
people, 17 trillion USD GDP).
The EU at the United Nations
Speaking with one voice
• 6 candidate countries (Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Iceland,
Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey);
• 1 potential candidate (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
• 3 EFTA countries (Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland);
• 5 Eastern Partnership countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine);
• 3 European "micro-states" (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino)
• Block of potentially 46 countries (almost a fourth of the UN
membership) + possible like-minded (JUSCANZ for instance).
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
Art. 34.1: Member States shall coordinate their
action in international organisations and at
international conferences. They shall uphold the
Union's positions in such forums. The High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs
and Security Policy shall organise this
coordination.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
Going back to the question, why is it crucial?
Unity is on the line every day. No hiding at the
UN: votes, statements, outreach.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
Some numbers:
- In 2013, 1313 meetings took place at the EU
Delegation. That is an average of 5 meetings a day.
- From September 1, 2013 to September 1, 2014, 218
statements were made.
- In 2013, the EU was united on 92% of the resolutions
adopted by the UNGA.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
EU new enhanced status at the UNGA: on 3 May 2011, the UNGA adopted resolution 65/276 (180 Y, 2 Abst)
1. […] The representatives of the European Union, in order to present positions of the European Union and its member
States as agreed by them, shall be:
(a) Allowed to be inscribed on the list of speakers among representatives of major groups, in order to make
interventions;
(b) Invited to participate in the general debate of the General Assembly, in accordance with the order of precedence as
established in the practice for participating observers and the level of participation;
(c) Permitted to have its communications relating to the sessions and work of the General Assembly and to the sessions
and work of all international meetings and conferences convened under the auspices of the Assembly and of United
Nations conferences, circulated directly, and without intermediary, as documents of the Assembly, meeting or
conference;
(d) Also permitted to present proposals and amendments orally as agreed by the States members of the European
Union; such proposals and amendments shall be put to a vote only at the request of a Member State;
(e) Allowed to exercise the right of reply regarding positions of the European Union as decided by the presiding officer;
such right of reply shall be restricted to one intervention per item.
2. The representatives of the European Union shall be ensured seating among the observers.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
Resolution 65/276 interesting in confirming a pattern:
- Resistance to the EU's new role;
- The reality of EU's new role makes for a successful
incremental and pragmatic approach.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
Five priorities: for this year's General Assembly of the United
Nations.
- Promotion of peace and security;
- Sustainable Development (follow-up and implementation of the
Rio +20 outcome, SDGs and post-2015 development framework)
- Human Rights;
- Strengthening the effectiveness of the UN (management,
peacekeeping, field support, financial sustainability of the
Organization);
- Strengthening of the international humanitarian system.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNGA
• Growth pains: from the statements war to the EU
Delegation's coordinating role in the Fifth
Committee.
• The EU at its best: moratorium of the death penalty,
rights of LGBT people, freedom of religion and belief.
• Managing divisions: the Palestinian question, sexual
health and reproductive rights.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNSC
Art. 34.2: In accordance with Article 24(3), Member States represented in
international organisations or international conferences where not all the Member
States participate shall keep the other Member States and the High Representative
informed of any matter of common interest.
Member States which are also members of the United Nations Security Council will
concert and keep the other Member States and the High Representative fully
informed. Member States which are members of the Security Council will, in the
execution of their functions, defend the positions and the interests of the Union,
without prejudice to their responsibilities under the provisions of the United Nations
Charter.
When the Union has defined a position on a subject which is on the United Nations
Security Council agenda, those Member States which sit on the Security Council shall
request that the High Representative be invited to present the Union's position.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNSC
A European seat? The reform of the Security Council
and the European Union.
Permanent Members: a curse and/or a blessing?
The reality of EU's new role makes for a successful
incremental and pragmatic approach.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNSC
The pragmatic approach:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Art. 34 meetings.
Informal briefings/meetings read-outs.
EU UNSC members luncheons.
Information-sharing: cables and EEAS-prepared briefings.
Lobbying and demarches.
Towards a single point of contact.
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNSC
The reality of the EU role in peace and security:
• Regular briefings by the HRVP (four times since her appointment).
• In 2013, the EU delivered 27 statements in the UNSC under Rule 39
of the UNSC provisional rules of procedure ("The Security Council
may invite members of the Secretariat or other persons, whom it
considers competent for the purpose, to supply it with information
or to give other assistance in examining matters within its
competence") .
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNSC
The reality of the EU role in peace and security – PRST 2014/4 adopted by the UNSC on 14 February
2014 (under the Presidency of Lithuania), underlining the EU's role in:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Iran nuclear file (EU/E3+3)
Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo)
International peacekeeping, peacebuilding, humanitarian assistance
Combating piracy off the coast of Somalia (ATALANTA, EUCAP-Nestor)
Somalia (EUTM-Somalia and financial support to AMISOM)
Central African Republic (EUFOR-CAR)
Mali (EUTM-Mali) and Sahel (EU Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel and EUCAP
SAHEL Niger Mission)
Syria (humanitarian assistance, support to Joint UN-OPCW Mission, role in the Action Group)
Middle East Peace Process (Quartet)
Afghanistan (EUPOL Afghanistan and European Gendarmerie Force)
Promoting development cooperation, promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental
freedoms
Protection of civilians, children and armed conflict, and women peace and security
Justice, rule of law, and accountability
The EU at the United Nations
EU in action: UNSC
The reality of the EU role in peace and security. The EU is mentioned also in UNSC Resolutions dealing with:
•
•
•
•
The Ebola crisis
Libya
Guinea Bissau
Haiti
And the EU is an active player in other crises and items on the Council's agenda, such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ukraine
Yemen
Iraq
Sudan
South Sudan
DRC
Cote d'Ivoire
Counter-terrorism
The EU at the United Nations
Going back to the original question: is the EU at
the UN more than the sum of its members?
The answer has to be a resounding YES.
The EU at the United Nations
• The EU is a (the) major player in the UNGA.
• The EU Delegation, as a Permanent Presidency, has ensured
consistency, long-term planning, and a continued process of
lessons learning.
• Also, the EU Delegation has become a single point of contact
for all UNGA-related business, "the face of the EU at the UN".
• The EU voice is clearly heard and perceived in the
membership.
• No single member state (not even the USA) could yield such
influence.
• Cooperation with the EU-28 leverages EU assets.
• While resistance to the enhanced EU role continues, its
undeniable reality is increasingly affirming it every day.
The EU at the United Nations
• The UNSC is a completely different forum, dominated
by the P-5 and driven by the P-3.
• The unique nature of the UNSC and the presence of
two EU permanent members make for a different EU
role.
• At the same time, the EU is a consistent voice in the
UNSC and a necessary partner for the UNSC to
implement its decisions.
• No silver bullet, but an inevitable growing influence.
The EU at the United Nations
In one sentence:
Less than 5 years after the Lisbon Treaty (1 December
2009), less than 4 years after the launch of the EEAS (1
December 2010), and 3 years and a half after the EU
achieved enhanced status at the UNGA (3 May 2011), it
is already absolutely impossible to imagine the UN
without the single coordinated EU voice projected by
the EU Delegation.
Outline – what we are going to talk about
• EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP) after the Lisbon Treaty.
• The EU at the UN: why is this forum of
particular relevance?
• The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP: a first
appraisal.
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
Kissinger: "Who do I call if I want to call Europe?"
Criticizing the lack of an effective common EU foreign
policy is a popular exercise. Is it also (still) an accurate
one?
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
Critics often manage to both overestimate and
underestimate the EU CFSP.
Overestimate: the EU is not a state and and does not act as
one; the EU is not a superpower; the EU is not a monolith.
Underestimate: the EU is not a simple international
organization or alliance and does not act as one; the EU
remains a normative power and a necessary player; division
is more eye-grabbing, but unity is the norm.
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
Two success stories:
- Western Balkans
-
Slovenia and Croatia are EU members
Brussels Agreement (19 April 2013) between Serbia and Kosovo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Albania, FYR of Macedonia and Montenegro are candidate countries
- Iran
- HR/VP Ashton leading role in the negotiations
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
One work in progress:
- Building the EEAS.
- EEAS Review 2013 (relations with the EC; deputising for
the HR/VP)
- Diplomatic network, the "legacy" effect
- Creating a distinct European diplomatic culture
- Building a global actor in times of financial crisis
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
Two mixed bags:
- Ukraine
- The challenge of facing Russia
- Middle East Peace Process
- Payer not player
- The EU and the viability of the two-state solution
The unglamorous everyday job of bridging gaps and forging
unity…
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
Two not so-successful stories:
- Arab Spring and Syria
- The limits of the EU reach
- The importance of coordination
- Strategic partnerships
- It takes 2 (or 30…) to tango
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
And the too easily ignored technical files:
-
Development
Promotion and protection of human rights
Humanitarian assistance
Trade policy
CSDP missions
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
Going back to Kissinger, is there somebody on the
other side of the line?
Yes, there is. The High Representative is an
established global player supported by an
increasingly strong diplomatic service.
But the road to build a strong CFSP is still long…
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
The importance of the pragmatic approach:
- The CFSP needs to provide added value, balancing
ambition and realism;
- European diplomacy is a system, made of the
EEAS and the member states' diplomatic services.
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
The case for added value, and ambitious realism.
- The Western Balkans and the perspective of European
integration.
- Iran, or when asked, be ready.
- Egypt, the importance of trying.
- The Middle East Peace Process, the risk of finding oneself alone.
- The strategic partnerships and the need for unity.
The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP:
a first appraisal.
The European diplomacy is a system, made of the
EEAS and the member states' diplomatic services.
- Increase the buy-in of member states and the value of the
EEAS "production".
- Find a synthesis between "Big" and "Smalls", "Eastern" and
"Western", "Northern" and "Southern".
Conclusion
In a globalised, "neo-Westphalian", and
increasingly multipolar world, the EU and the 28
member states need, and will increasingly need,
an effective and ambitious common foreign and
security policy to preserve their role in the world
and to maintain the European Union as a "force
for the good" in the world.
Conclusion
The CFSP architecture will continue to evolve to
better respond to these evolving (and
increasing) needs.
As all efforts in European integration, it will be a
trial and error exercise, which will face
challenges, opposition and resistance, inside
and outside Europe.
Conclusion
As in the past, also this European enterprise will
succeed insomuch as it will be able to prove that
it can deliver goods at the European level that
cannot be delivered at lower levels.
Conclusion
Above all, the development of the CFSP – as the
progress of the European integration overall –
will depend on the sustained ambition by
Europeans to continue building a stronger,
better, more integrated Continent.