Transcript Document
UNDPKO Civilian Police Division Draft Training Module, June 2005 Community Conflict Resolution Structure of Presentation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Understanding Societal Conflict and Community Conflict Resolution Communication in context of UN Peace Operations Interpersonal Mediation Dealing with Prejudice Community Peacebuilding Inter-Group Conflict Resolution Session 1 Understanding Societal Conflict and Community Conflict Resolution in the UN Peace Operations Context Session 1 Structure i. ii. iii. Orientation and trust building Risk factors in societal conflict Approaches to conflict management and peacebuilding i. Orientation and trust building Objectives Ground rules Cases Trust building to promote collaborative problem solving Overall Objectives of CCR Training Understand risk factors for escalating violence Understand approaches for managing conflict locally, especially needs-based approaches Develop practical skills for engaging parties to a conflict to de-escalate tensions and promote problem solving Develop skills in mediating interpersonal, community and local intergroup conflicts ii. Risk Factors for Societal Violence 1. Group incentives for collective action: threat to human needs for: a) security; b) identity/respect; c) distributive justice/effective participation 2. Strength of separate group identity 3. Group capacity for collective action 4. Domestic opportunity factors for collective action 5. International opportunity factors for collective action iii. Approaches to Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Four approaches Conventional model Dual concern model Needs based approach: 4 phases Four Approaches to Local Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Power-based Rights-based Needs-based Experiential Strong, realist, hard bargaining, hawk Compromise Deferential, Idealist, soft, dove Conflict Management Strategies Assertive: High concern for own outcomes competitive, adversarial collaborative, integrative o o Less concern for Affirming: High concern compromising relationship/other for relationship/other o o avoiding, withdrawal accommodating, yielding Less concern for own outcomes Session 1 Summary i. ii. iii. Objectives – roles for UN police in sustaining peace? Risk factors and needs in societal conflict? Use constructive approaches for community conflict management and peacebuilding as needed Questions? Session 2 Communications in the UN Peace Operations Context Session 2 Structure i. ii. iii. iv. Attitudinal prism Giving the message – non-violent communication Getting the message – active listening techniques Engaging the stakeholders – multitrack diplomacy and dealing with difficult people (ex) i. Attitudinal Prism Conflict = situation + behaviour + attitudes Attitudes are based on selective perceptions, beliefs, stereotypes and communications – all affect how we interpret what we see and hear Most open to change are communications and stereotypes ii. Non-Violent Communication Impact of culture, emotions etc. Respect cultural differences: not a question of right or wrong Inform and empower the listener Avoid negative attributions (“You…”) Focus on 1. what I have observed, 2. what I feel, 3. value and 4. request Be aware of body language iii. Active Listening Pay attention, minimize distractions Check the body language Elicitive questions (“Can you say more about that? How would that work?”) Avoid advising, comparing, cutting in. Reflecting back (“So what I’m hearing is… In other words, you want…”) iv. Engaging the stakeholders Problem oriented policing Multi-track diplomacy: needs-based, inclusive, joint problem solving Build trust, capacity, consensus and commitment Dealing with difficult people situations (emotional, negative attitudes, coercive, distrustful, dirty tricks etc.) (ex) Summary Session 2 Why are communication & conflict resolution skills necessary? How best to change negative attitudes in conflict? What is non-violent communication? What is active listening? Role of multi-track diplomacy? Principles for dealing with difficult people Cross-cultural communication Questions? Session 3 Interpersonal Mediation in UN Peace Operations Session 3 Structure Roles of third parties Mediation process: opening, discussion, closing Role play exercise (case 1) Qualities of a good mediator Roles of Third Parties Force (power orientation—conflict suppression or containment); Adjudication (rights orientation—formal conflict management); Arbitration (rights—conflict management, parties choose arbitrator not outcome); Power mediation (mixed orientation); Mediation (needs orientation—integrative dispute resolution, parties decide outcome); Facilitation (needs orientation—informal integrative conflict transformation, Mediation Process Opening Mediated Closing the mediation (explanation) discussion Opening the Mediation Welcome, introductions, seating (circular) Explain the mediator’s role (facilitating the process, neutral on the outcome) Explain the mediation procedure Explain confidentiality Confirm parties know what they are here to discuss, and have power to settle Agree on ground rules (no violence or threats + as preferred) Questions (ensure process understood) Ensure comfort (explain breaks) Mediation Discussion Opening statements by each party in turn (invite the aggrieved party first) Parties free exchange (mediator facilitates) Mediator restates: clarify issues, needs Breaks, side meetings if needed Brainstorm options for meeting needs Evaluate options, get to agreement Clarify and review agreement, next steps (implementation, accountability) Closing the mediation Summarize & next steps Adoption/signing of agreement Thank and congratulate parties Next meeting (open door, follow up) Destroy confidential notes Submit report as required Qualities of a Good Mediator Respected and trusted by the parties, not anxious for recognition Impartial: able to focus on process, put aside own opinions on outcome Strong “people skills”—active listener, patient, empathic, nonviolent communicator, able to be directive on process, ok with parties’ high emotions Imaginative in helping parties to find their own ideas to solve their problems Expert in mediation process, not necessarily on the issues in dispute Session 3 Summary Third party roles Mediation process: 3 stages Use common sense and apply guidelines as appropriate to your situation Qualities of a good mediator Session 4 Dealing with Stereotypes Session 4 Structure Inter-cultural communication, body language Stereotypes, blaming, victimhood and prejudice reduction Mirror, mirror exercise Hot buttons Session 5-6 Community Peacebuilding in UN Peace Operations Context Session 5-6 Structure Building on indigenous strengths 12 methods for community peacebuilding Ho’oponopono Brainstorming (role play: case 2) and consensus CYCLES OF ESCALATION & TRANSFORMATION Reconciliation Negotiating solutions, joint planning Envisioning restorative & social justice Aggression Act of “justified” aggression Creating myths, heroes & the “right” history Choice to forgive Injury, pain, shock, denial Realization of loss Desire for justice/revenge Suppression Mourning, of grief/fears expressing grief, Anger: accepting loss “Why me?” Acknowledging wrongdoing, apologies, truth-telling, Facing fears Identifying needs: re-writing history “Why them?” Re-humanizing the “other” Community Peacebuilding Methods A: Focused on healing – 1. Exculpatory (going beyond blaming) 2. Reparation/restitution (restorative justice) 3. Apology/forgiveness (best if transactional) 4. Penitence (prayer, meditation or confession to restore integrity – inner focus) 5. Punishment (retributive justice—juridical accountability) 6. Shared karma (shared responsibility for creating our situation—also helps with B) Community Peacebuilding Methods B: Focused on closure and starting afresh – 7. Truth (history gathering—for transparency of understanding) 8. Theater (reliving—for opening and release of emotions, so ready to move on) 9. Joint sorrow (integrate community by empathy, support) 10. Joint reconstruction (recreate the past as positive – how we might have done better) 11. Joint conflict resolution (to create a positive future) 12. Ho’oponopono (can include all the above) Ho’oponopono 5 stages: 1st round: Gathering perspectives on the crisis and defining problem 2nd round: Reflective phase 3rd round, integrative phase: brainstorming 4th, consensus building, action planning and implementation Closing, according to local custom Session 5-6 Summary Build on indigenous strengths 12 approaches: which ones work here? Ho’oponopono: adapt to culture Principles for brainstorming Minimum level of consensus? Questions? Session 7-8 Inter-Group Conflict Resolution In UN Peace Operations Context Session 7-8 Structure The ARIA process ARIA Adversarial phase: what? ARIA Reflective phase: why? ARIA Integrative phase: how? ARIA Action phase: implement Role play exercise – case 3 Evaluation ARIA Adversarial Phase Entry phase: what is the conflict about? Parties advocate, argue positions Clarifies the issues and shows where the parties are firm Demonstrates limits of adversarial style Role reversal to deepen understanding ARIA Reflective Phase Reframing to understand why? From positions on the issues to underlying interests, fears, needs Small groups, active listening Report to plenary List (flipcharts) and compare needs and concerns of each party ARIA Integrative Phase Inventing options to address needs Focus is on how to resolve the conflict Brainstorm first: creative idea generation (bridging, compensating, expanding the pie etc.) Then evaluate: which ideas might be adapted as part of a consensus? Small groups refine each theme basket Plenary decides by consensus ARIA Action Phase Action planning: who does what when and how? Verifiable commitments Monitoring and sustained follow-up Multi-track networking Prepare for re-entry Session 7-8 Summary Value of citizen and police involvement in peacebuilding – from power to needs Model for inclusive democratic culture Integrative, needs based approach: parties acting voluntarily for own good Work with internal as well as intergroup differences Conflict motivates constructive change Long-term process > sustainable peace Questions?