Transcript Speaking with Confidence

Chapter 24
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Establishing Credibility
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Credibility – Audiences perception of a speaker’s competence
Ethos – Aristotle’s term for speaker credibility
Competence – Being considered informed, skilled, or knowledgeable
Trustworthiness – Conveying honesty and sincerity
Charisma/Energy – Connecting with audience with dynamics of delivery
▪ What ways can a speaker establish credibility during a presentation?
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Enhancing Credibility
 Initial Credibility
▪ Impression of your credibility the listeners have before you begin to speak
 What type of things can affect this initial perception?
 Derived Credibility
▪ The perception of your credibility your audience forms as you present
yourself & your message
 What can you use to build credibilty during presentation?
 Terminal Credibility
▪ The perception of your credibility at the end of the speech
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Using Logic & Evidence to Persuade
 Logos – using logic and reasoning to reach conclusion
▪ Use of words & stats to convince audience
▪ In persuasion you must
▪ 1st state your case
 Make your persuasive claim
▪ 2nd prove your case
 Present evidence that leads audience to your conclusion
 Poor example Logos
▪ The gang problem in Los Angeles is because not enough gang members
have a bowl of cheerios in the morning
 Better examples
▪ The problem exists due to
 lack of parental supervision,
 high dropout rates,
 lack of after school activities
 Peer pressure, drugs, poverty, racial tension,etc
▪ You would have a better chance of convincing your audience using these
reasons
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Avoiding Faulty Reasoning
 Bandwagon Fallacy
▪ 2 million people have successfully lost weight using the lapband
▪ You should use it too
 Either/or Fallacy
▪ Either abortion should be legal
▪ OR abortion should be banned altogether
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Avoiding Faulty Reasoning
 Causal Fallacy
▪ If you came to every class then you will pass the course. But if you don’t
come to every class, you won’t pass the course.
 Hasty Generalization
▪ Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size
▪ My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived
until age sixty-nine. Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you
 Pathos – Refers to the emotional appeal
▪ Emotion is a powerful way to move an audience
▪ Truth public service announcements
 (Body bags, list of ingredients in cigarettes)
▪ Emotion creates engagement in an audience
 Fear, Anger, Humor, Patriotism, etc
 Emotions spur us to action (Real life stories)
▪ Violent video games cause real life violence
▪ Video Link
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Tips for using emotion to persuade
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Use concrete examples to help listeners visualize
Use emotion – arousing words
Use non-verbal behavior to communicate your emotion
Use visual images to evoke emotions
Use metaphors and similies
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Persuading the receptive audience
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Identify with audience
Clearly state objective
Tell audience what you want them to do
Ask listeners for an immediate show of support
Make it easy for your listeners to act
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Persuading the neutral audience
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Capture your listeners attention early in your speech
Refer to beliefs that many listeners share
Relate your topic to listeners and those they care for
Be realistic about what you can accomplish
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Persuading the unreceptive audience
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Don’t announce your intent to change them
Focus on most agreeable points first
Don’t expect a major attitude shift from hostile audience
Acknowledge opposing points of view
Establish your credibility
Try to open audiences mind to understanding of opposing views
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Organizing your persuasive speech
 1st Method – Three Reasons
▪ This is the most simple of the structures
▪ You will make a claim and support it with 3 separate reasons
 Topic – Capital punishment (CP)
 Claim – CP is an ineffective means of punishing criminals
 Reason 1 – CP does not deter crime
 Reason 2 – CP costs more money than imprisonment
 Reason 3 – CP is inherently racist
▪ For each reason you will provide evidence, support, facts to back it up
 2nd Method – Problem, Cause, Solution
▪ Intermediate structure
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1st you convince audience there is a problem,
Then uncover the factors responsible for the problem
Finally, provide specific steps that will fix the problem
Each step is a main point for the speech
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Sample outline (problem, cause, solution)
▪ Topic – Hand washing
▪ Claim – The lack of hand washing is a serious health hazard
▪ Problem – Many people don’t wash their hands regularly & it harms
society
▪ Cause – People don’t wash hands because
 They are too busy
 They don't know the potential health risks
▪ Solution – If businesses, organizations and individuals followed simple
hand washing guidelines we could stop this health hazard
 Monroe’s motivated sequence – 5 step structure
▪ More advances structure builds upon problem/cause/solution
▪ Step 1 – Capture the attention of the audience
▪ You need to have their attention to persuade them
▪ Step 2 – Create the need for change
▪ You need to establish that a change is needed in order to get audience to
embrace the idea of it
 We need to drink more water to avoid potential health hazards
▪ Step 3 – Satisfy the need
▪ Ok change is needed, how do we satisfy need (show what can be done)
 Schools, businesses could encourage water instead of something else
 Emphasize the benefits of water in our diets
▪ Step 4 Visualize the results
▪ Show audience what will happen if the take action to satisfy the need by
changing
 Drinking water regularly decreases chance of cancer,
 heart disease,
 helps with digestion
▪ Step 5 Call to action
▪ Final push to encourage audience to take action in order to satisfy the
need and make the visualized results become reality
 "Drinking 8 glasses of water a day and encourage your family and friends
to do the same"