Transcript High-density olive orchards in Israel

High-density olive orchards in
Israel
Dag, A., Avidan B. and Lavee, S.
ARO, The Volcani Center, Israel
Birger, R,
Israeli Olive Board, Israel
Objective
To facilitate the use of ‘overhead’
mechanical harvesters
↓
Reduces costs relative to hand harvesting
and brings orchards into production within
a few years.
Tools
• Growth regulators
• Selection of cultivars
• Tree-training design
• Mechanical pruning
• Economic calculation
Using growth regulators to reduce
vegetative growth
Gibberellin inhibitors reduce branch elongation
Uniconazole
Control
20
A
18
A
D
D
8
A
AB
16
A
14
BC
12
CD
10
6
4
2
0
Branch elongation (cm / 2 month)
Effect of gibberellin inhibitors on
branch elongation, cv. Barnea
ro
nt
Co
l
w
do
ea
M
il 8
so
l
m
4%
4%
4%
y
ra
sp
y
ra
sp
w
do
ea
M
ik
Un
y
2%
2%
l
m
ra
sp
il 4
so
y
ra
sp
ic
ag
M
ik
Un
ik
Un
y
l
m
ra
sp
il 2
so
ic
ag
M
ik
Un
Effect of Uniconazole on tree
height and yield of cv Barnea
12
380
Fruit yield / tree (kg)
10
340
Height
8
320
300
6
Yield
280
4
260
240
2
0
2002
Control
0.1 g/tree Uniconazol / soil application
‫גובה ביקורת‬
2004
‫גובה טיפול‬2003
Year
220
200
2005
Tree height before winter
pruning (cm)
360
Using growth regulators to reduce
vegetative growth – side effects
Loosely hanging
Branches
Promotion of lateral-bud
development
Uniconazole
Control
Using growth regulators to reduce
vegetative growth – conclusions
• Growth regulators can reduce tree growth.
• Growth inhibition may be followed by
increased fruit set.
• 0.1 g/tree Uniconazole in soil application
gave the best results in terms of growth
inhibition and fruit set.
Performance of different varieties in ‘Highdensity’ orchards, Golan Heights, 2005/6.
Cultivar
Leccino
Arbequina
Barnea
Maalot
Askal
Souri
Picholine
Korneiki
Fruit yield
(kg/ha.)
6,760
11,580
5,690
1,980
10,600
1,964
7,273
9,811
% of oil
15.3
18.9
19.6
22.2
26.4
17.3
18.9
23.1
Oil yield
(kg/ha.)
1,034
2,195
1,110
442
2,800
340
1,371
2,269
Performance of different varieties in ‘Highdensity’ orchards, Golan Heights, 2006/7.
Cultivar
Leccino
Arbequina
Barnea
Maalot
Askal
Souri
Picholine
Korneiki
Fruit yield
(kg/ha.)
10,480
17,640
12,030
6,410
% of oil
20.3
20.2
22.5
27.5
Oil yield
(kg/ha.)
2,139
3,560
2,700
1,762
7,107
9,140
16,520
20.8
19.2
22.1
1,480
1,756
2,421
Tree-shaping design
‘Y-form’:
Cordon:
Central
leader:
Effect of different training systems on tree
growth in a high-density orchard-Magal, 2005.
Cultivar
Training system
Barnea
Barnea
Barnea
Arbequina
Arbequina
Arbequina
Maalot
Maalot
Maalot
Central leader
Y- trellis
Cordon
Central leader
Y- trellis
Cordon
Central leader
Y- trellis
Cordon
Leaf area index
3rd year
4th year
4.9 a
4.3 b
3.3 c
4.8 a
4.3 b
3.4 c
5.0 a
4.0 b
2.7 d
6.1 bc
6.3 bc
5.8 cd
7.1 a
5.6 cd
5.5 cd
6.0 ab
5.9 c
7.7 d
Effect of different training systems on tree
growth in a high-density orchard-Magal, 2005.
Cultivar
Training system
Yield
Fruit (kg/tree)
Oil (kg/ha)
Barnea
Central leader
8.7
2,522
Barnea
Barnea
Arbequina
Arbequina
Y- trellis
Cordon
Central leader
Y- trellis
6.0
1.3
7.7
5.4
1,739
362
1,990
1,420
Arbequina
Maalot
Cordon
Central leader
1.1
3.8
285
1,043
Maalot
Y- trellis
0.6
173
Maalot
Cordon
0.2
54
Effect of different training systems in a
high density orchard – conclusions
• The heavy pruning required to achieve a ‘Cordon’ tree
shape delays tree development and reduces yield the first
year.
• This delayed development is disappearing in the second
year.
• Cultivar-yield ranking was:
‘Barnea’ > ‘Arbequina’ > ‘Maalot’.
•
Highest leftover fruit at harvest: ‘Arbequina’ (ca. 15%)
• A small number of trees were uprooted during harvesting,
mainly in the ‘Y’-form pruning system.
‫השפעת שיטת העיצוב על יבול ‪ 2006‬בשלושה זנים‪ ,‬מגל‬
‫‪3000‬‬
‫‪2500‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪1500‬‬
‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫א‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫שיטת העיצוב‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫יבול פרי מחושב (ק"ג‪/‬ד')‬
‫ארבקינה‬
‫ברנע‬
‫מעלות‬
‫השפעת הזן ושיטת העיצוב על יבול שנתי ממוצע (‪)60-5002‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫מעלות‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫ברנע‬
‫זן ושיטת עיצוב‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫ארבקינה‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫יבול מחושב (ק"ג‪/‬ד')‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫השפעת הזן ושיטת העיצוב על יבולי השמן‬
‫מגל ‪6 / 2005‬‬
‫‪450.0‬‬
‫‪400.0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪2005‬‬
‫‪2006‬‬
‫ממוצע ‪2005-6‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪350.0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪250.0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪200.0‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫ב‬
‫ב‬
‫‪150.0‬‬
‫א ב‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪100.0‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫א‬
‫‪50.0‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪0.0‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫מעלות‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫ברנע‬
‫זן ושיטת עיצוב‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫קורדון‬
‫זקוף‬
‫ארבקינה‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫יבול שמן מחושב (ק"ג‪/‬ד')‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪300.0‬‬
‫דרך השמן‬
‫עיצוב מטע לבוצרת‪ -‬היקף גזע‬
‫באר חייל‪ ,‬דצמבר ‪05‬‬
‫‪30.00‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪25.00‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫קורטינה‬
‫ברנע‬
‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪15.00‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪10.00‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪5.00‬‬
‫‪0.00‬‬
‫זקוף ל‬
‫מ‬
‫ל‬
‫מ‪Y‬‬
‫ל‬
‫מ ‪V‬‬
‫קורדון דו‬
‫צדדי ל מ‬
‫זקוף ל ‪.‬‬
‫מ‬
‫קורדון ד‬
‫צדדי ל ‪.‬‬
‫מ‬
‫היק הגזע ( "מ)‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪20.00‬‬
‫השפעת שיטת העיצוב על היק הגזע ‪-‬באר חייל ‪6.8.06 -‬‬
‫ברנע‬
‫קורטינה‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫זקוף ל ‪ 3‬מ‬
‫' ל ‪3‬מ ‪Y‬‬
‫' ל‪3‬מ‪V‬‬
‫קורדון דו צדדי זקוף ל ‪1.5‬מ קורדון ד צדדי‬
‫ל ‪1.5‬מ‬
‫ל ‪3‬מ‬
‫טיפול‬
‫היק הגזע ( "מ)‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫עיצוב מטע לבוצרת‪ ,‬קורטינה‪ -‬שטף קרינה‪,‬‬
‫באר חייל‪ ,‬מרץ ‪06‬‬
‫‪3.000‬‬
‫‪2.500‬‬
‫‪2.000‬‬
‫‪1.000‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬
‫‪0.000‬‬
‫זקוף כל ‪ 3‬מ'‬
‫'כל ‪ 3‬מ ‪Y‬‬
‫'כל ‪ 3‬מ ‪V‬‬
‫קורדון דו צדדי כל‬
‫‪ 3‬מ'‬
‫טיפול‬
‫זקוף כל ‪ 5.1‬מ'‬
‫קורדון חד צדדי כל‬
‫‪ 5.1‬מ'‬
‫‪LAI‬‬
‫‪1.500‬‬
‫עיצוב מטע לבוצרת‪ ,‬ברנע‪ -‬שטף קרינה‬
‫באר חייל‪ ,‬מרץ ‪06‬‬
‫‪4.500‬‬
‫‪4.000‬‬
‫‪3.500‬‬
‫‪3.000‬‬
‫‪2.500‬‬
‫‪LAI‬‬
‫‪2.000‬‬
‫‪1.500‬‬
‫‪1.000‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬
‫‪0.000‬‬
‫זקוף כל ‪ 3‬מ'‬
‫'כל ‪ 3‬מ ‪Y‬‬
‫'כל ‪ 3‬מ ‪V‬‬
‫קורדון דו צדדי כל‬
‫‪ 3‬מ'‬
‫טיפול‬
‫זקוף כל ‪ 5.1‬מ'‬
‫קורדון חד צדדי כל‬
‫‪ 5.1‬מ'‬
‫השפעת שיטת העיצוב על ‪( LAI‬מדידה באמצעות פטומטר) רביבים‬
‫‪6.8.06‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ברנע‬
‫קורטינה‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫זקוף ל ‪ 3‬מ‬
‫' ל ‪3‬מ ‪Y‬‬
‫' ל‪3‬מ‪V‬‬
‫קורדון דו צדדי זקוף ל ‪1.5‬מ קורדון ד צדדי‬
‫ל ‪1.5‬מ‬
‫ל ‪3‬מ‬
‫טיפול‬
‫‪LAI‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫יבולי ‪ 2006‬בניסוי שיטות עיצוב‪ -‬באר חייל‬
‫טיפול‬
‫ברנע‪ ,‬זקוף‪,‬‬
‫יבול (לשורה)‬
‫מ‬
‫‪ 7 2‬ק "ג‬
‫ברנע‪ -‬זקוף‪ . ,‬מ‬
‫‪ 7 9‬ק"ג‬
‫מ‬
‫‪ 20‬ק"ג‬
‫קורטינה‪ ,‬זקוף‪,‬‬
‫קורטינה‪ ,‬זקוף‪ . ,‬מ‬
‫‪ 209‬ק"ג‬
‫אחוזי שמן (אבנקור)‪ -‬ברנע‪ ,12.5% :‬קורטינה‪17.1% :‬‬
Comparing productivity and harvesting costs:
high-density orchards vs. trunk-shaking
cultivation systems
Traditional olive orchards –
ca. 10 x 10 m
Intensive olive orchards –
ca. 4 x 7 - 7 x 7 m
High-density olive orchards –
?
ca. 2-2.5 x 4 m
Comparing productivity and harvesting costs:
high-density orchard vs. trunk-shaking
cultivation systems – harvesting costs
• ‘Trunk shaker’- 1,650$ / ha.
• ‘Overhead harvester’- 533$/ ha.
Olive yield )kg/ha( in two adjacent ‘Arbequina’ plots:
one plot pruned for ‘overhead’ harvester,
other plot pruned for ‘trunk-shaker’, Halutza 2003-6.
2003
2004
2005
2006
Average
Trunk-shaker
7,030
13,720
5,540
17,500
9,365
Overhead
harvester (act.)
3,200
8,380
5,540
10,660
6,945
Overhead
harvester (cal.)*
5,600
14,660
9,700
18,664
12,156
* Calculated for 4 m between rows
Comparing productivity and harvesting
costs: high-density orchard vs. trunkshaking cultivation systems- conclusions
• Reduction in harvest costs
• Not much change in fruit yield
• Higher costs in orchards establishment
Mechanical pruning
Topping:
After the
Hedging:
pruning:
Mechanical pruning – Results
• Four different regimes of topping and
hedging with the high-vigor ‘Barnea’ cv.
• Yield ranged from 1.3 to 4.6 kg/tree for the
different treatments
(differences not significant).
• Low yields seem to be the result of heavy
pruning, which reduced the proportion of
fruit-bearing shoots.
- Small proportion of leafs and branches
-Relatively low level of damage to the harvested fruit
Jojoba Harvester
Acknowledgements
•
•
•
•
Kibutz Magal, Kibutz Gshur,Hulda, Halutza
R & D Ramat Negev
Chief Scientist – Ministry of Agriculture
Technicians; Izak Zipory, Yair Meny, Yulia
Sabutin, Moshe Aharon
• Ehud Hanoch; Yonis Morira
Thank You