Transcript Turfgrass Alternatives - Seed Research of Oregon

Dr. Leah Brilman — Dr. Gwen Stahnke
Innovative Alternative
Turfgrass
Innovative Alternative Turfgrass
• Traditional golf course turf species
– Strengths and weaknesses
– Primary use site and geographic area
• Alternative turfgrass species
– Strengths and weaknesses
– Where to use - golf course and geographic area
– Why to use on golf course
• Reduction in water usage
• Reduction in chemical usage
• Management changes
• Different look
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Innovative Alternative Turfgrass
• Traditional golf course turf species
– Hybrid bermudagrass
• Greens, tees, fairways
– Perennial ryegrass
• Fairways, tees, roughs
• Permanent and overseeding
– Creeping bentgrass
• Fairways, tees, roughs
– Kentucky bluegrass
• Greens, fairways, roughs
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Innovative Alternative Turfgrass
• Alternative turfgrass species
– Seeded bermudagrass
• Fairways, roughs
• Repair usage
– American buffalograss
• Fairways, roughs
• Combined with fine fescues
– Zoysia - seeded and vegetative
• Fairways, roughs
– Seashore paspalum - seeded, vegetative
• Greens, fairways, roughs - separate course
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Innovative Alternative Turfgrass
• Alternative turfgrass species
– Colonial (browntop) bentgrass
• Fairways, possibly roughs, greens overseeding
– Velvet bentgrass
• Greens (permanent and overseeding), tees, fairways
– Fine fescues
• Chewings fescue - fairways, roughs, overseeding
• Slender creeping red fescue - fairways, roughs
• Strong creeping red fescue - fairways, roughs
• Hard fescue - roughs, fairways (?)
• Blue and Sheeps fescue - roughs
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Innovative Alternative Turfgrass
• Alternative turfgrass species
– Transitional ryegrass
• Fairways, roughs
• Northern and overseeding uses
- Tufted hairgrass
. Fairways, roughs
. Swales on edges of rough
. Inside wetland areas
– Tall fescue
• Roughs, fairways?
– Texas X Kentucky Hybrids
• Roughs, fairways
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Hybrid Bermudagrass
• Strengths
– Heat and drought tolerant - best summer performance
– Self-repairing
– Salt tolerant
– Low water use
– Uniform appearance with certified sod or sprigs
– High wear tolerance
– Many chemical available for weeds and insect control
– Cultivars developed for greens, fairways and more
northern locations
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Hybrid Bermudagrass
• Weaknesses
– Must overseed for winter color in most areas problems with transition, weakened bermuda
– Poor spring playability without overseeding in many
areas
– Low tolerance to shade
– Spring dead spot susceptibility in many cultivars
– Many times sod or sprigs not certified - non-uniform
– Dense greens types - specialized thatch control
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Creeping Bentgrass
• Strengths
– Tolerates low height of cut
• Various densities in new cultivars - some adapted
to green usage only
– Repairs through stolons
– Can be used greens, tees and fairways
– High saline tolerance - lower at greens height
– Excellent winter hardiness
– Good to excellent heat tolerance
– Responds well to growth regulator programs
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Creeping Bentgrass - Overseeding
• Strengths
• Small seed (good for ultradwarf greens)
• High putting quality
• High salt tolerance – effluent & drought
• Moderate transition - cultivar dependent
• Can persist into early summer
• Medium establishment in Fall
• Dark to medium blue green color
• Excellent if have heavy play in early summer
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Creeping Bentgrass
• Weaknesses
– Slow divot recovery in summer - varies by cultivar
• Use divot-filling program with Chewings fescue
– Thatch must be controlled - added cost
– Best on fairways with lightweight mowing - added
cost
– Moderate fungicide program - dollar spot, brown
patch, snow mold, take-all, anthracnose
• New cultivars improved disease resistance
– Good irrigation system required
– Bentgrass can creep into other areas - change look
– Tight fairway lies not liked by all golfers
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Perennial Ryegrass
• Strengths
– Good playability - ball sits up well
– Tolerance to a wide range of herbicides
– Nice dark green color
– Inexpensive seed
– Rapid germination and seedling vigor
– Easy to repair with new cultivars
– Responds well to growth regulators
– Resistant to different diseases than KBG/TF
– Endophyte-enhanced
– Broad range of herbicides for weed control
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Perennial Ryegrass
• Weaknesses
– Susceptible to many diseases
• Gray leaf spot susceptibility in older varieties
• Red thread
• Crown rust
• Dollar spot
• Brown patch
– Overdominate other components
– Bunch-type growth
– Reduced stress tolerance
– Stemminess in spring
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Perennial Ryegrass
• Weaknesses
– Not enough winter-active growth
– Need more decumbent, spreading growth
– High nitrogen requirements
– Poor red thread resistance
– High water requirements
– Easily invaded by weedy grasses
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Perennial ryegrass
•
Gray leaf spot resistance
•
•
Important in Midwest, transitional zone and now California
California reports in both permanent and overseeded turf verified in Bay Area
Seedlings most vulnerable
Warm, moist conditions, especially with less hours of
sunlight
Rapid advances in resistance
Warm, above 68 degrees, with 3 hours leaf wetness can start
to grow
Turf looks droughty at first
•
•
•
•
•
Gray Leaf Spot Resistance
2004 Perennial ryegrass
NTEP Gray leaf spot Rutgers University
Seeded Bermudagrass
• Strengths
– Rapid establishment
– Can be used to rapidly repair damage
– Drought resistance improved over hybrid bermuda
– Higher salt tolerance than hybrid
– Cold tolerant cultivars available
• Resistance to Spring Dead Spot
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Seeded Bermudagrass
• Weaknesses
– Quality not quite as good as hybrid bermuda - getting
closer
– Not as uniform as certified hybrid
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Divot Repair Data
Seeded bermudagrass
TifWay 419
TifSport
Spring Dead Spot resistance
Yukon & Midlawn
• Highest resistance
Riviera & TifSport
•Moderate resistance
Princess 77 & Tifway
• Most susceptible
Salt Stress – Poor Drainage,
Effluent Water or Poor Quality Well
In general, the
Seeded bermuda
varieties (Cynodon
dactylon) have
proven more salt
tolerant than the
Hybrid bermuda
varieties
(C. dactylon x
transvalensis)
Conversion From Cool Season
Issues to Overcome
• Ryegrass competition – shade, toxicity, etc.
• Soil temperature – bermuda germination
• Budget vs. adequate seeding rate – not excessive
• Budget vs. adequate water & fertilizer
• Transition & grow-in period
– smoother to retain playing surface
– reduced brown grass period?
– traffic during seeding & grow-in?
Conversion From Cool Season
Techniques and Recommendations
•
•
•
•
Glyphosate – (RoundUp, etc.)
Other Herbicides – Pronamide, Sulf. Ureas, etc.
Plant Growth Regulators (PGR’s)
Simple Interseeding – NOT effective unless
many bare areas already exist – uneven results
• Summer Heat Critical to All Methods
• Pre-Emergent use on greens, tees, etc. to protect
Glyphosate = Best and Fastest
• Knocks out competition immediately but gradual color
loss
• Plant bermuda seed same day you spray
• 20-40% bermuda within 3 weeks after seed
• 60-90% bermuda within 8 weeks after seed
• Negative – brown period before bermuda covers
Cool Season Selective Herbicide
Monument, Manor, Revolver, etc.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
More gradual transition to bermudagrass
Plant bermuda seed 1 week after herbicide app..
Some initial seedling burn possible
Benefits outweigh seedling harm
10-20% bermuda within 3 weeks after seeding
40-70% bermuda within 8 weeks after seeding
90+% bermuda within 12-14 weeks after seeding
• Benefit – more gradual, less visible disruption
PGR’s can be effective…….
• Must apply timely with bermuda soil temp.
• Timing critical with hot temperatures increasing
• PGR application rate to slow the rye / blue growth for
6 to 8 weeks or longer
• Reduce traffic & mowing on seeded areas
• IF ALL GOES PERFECTLY, this can a very effective
technique for smooth conversion to bermudagrass
• Scalp cool season close before seeding after spray
Seeded Bermuda Establishment
• Establishment of seeded bermuda
• Establish early in summer, can go later than zoysia
• Seed at 12 to 49 kg/ha, higher if coated seed
• Use at least 49 kg/ ha of N per month
• Herbicides
– Quinclorac 0.84 kg/ha 0+ weeks after emergence
– Dithiopyr 0.56 kg/ha 1+ weeks after emergence
Seeded Turf-Type Bermuda Missouri Conversion from Rye / Blue
Before - Poor turf conditions after
years of drought, heat, disease &
other stresses
AFTER – Spring 1 year after killing cool
season and converting to seeded
bermuda. SUCCESS!!
Seeded Bermudagrass
• Where to use
– Fairways
– Roughs
• How to use
– Repair hybrid bermudagrass after overseeding
– Lower maintenance sites
– Combine with strong creeping red fescue or slender
for green without overseeding (not for hottest
locations)
– Replace cool-season turf
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
• Strengths
– Vegetative and seeded cultivars
– Drought resistant and cold tolerant
– Prefers heavy soils with high alkaline soil tolerance
– Aggressive stoloniferous habit
– Dense sod-forming capabilities
– Extensive fine-branched roots
– Leaf blades roll tightly to limit transpiration ( less than
6 mm (0.24 in) per day.
– Found on rocky, calcareous slopes mixed with blue
grama, sand dropseed, sideoats grama, hairy grama
and little bluestem.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
• Weaknesses
– Adapted primarily to arid regions
– Does not do well on sandy soils
– Is not shade tolerant
– Will thin out if overwatered
– Needs warmer soil temperatures to spread
– Slow establishment rate
– Short growing season
– Tan to grey when dormant
– High seed cost
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
•Buffalograss is dioecious, both male and female plants
-Female plant have more desirable turf characters
Shorter, denser leaves, more stolons, shorter internodes
-Male flowers are produced above grass and require
more frequent mowing to keep a smooth look to the turf
“Buffalograss will survive the greatest hardships and is
About the last species to succumb under excessive use”
(Beetle, 1950)
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Male Plants
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Female plant
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
• Where to use
– Fairways
– Roughs
• How to use
- alone
- seeded with blue grama or other warm season native
grasses in the rough.
- overseeded with blue or fine fescue, rough or fairway
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Seeding
•Research at Univ. of Nebraska showed best turf
quality with fall overseeding and blue fescue at 20 g m-2.
It gave 3 months more green color than the
monostand of buffalograss .
•Fine-leaved fescue seeded in fall also gave good turfgrass quality.
Seeding with fine fescue gives more green color spring and fall,
buffalograss is green in summer. Composition of the mixture
stabilized near 75 to 80% fescue and 20 to 25% buffalograss 2 yr
after overseeding.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Plugging or sodding
• Plugs should be 2 inches (0.8 cm) in diameter, 2.5 inches
(1 cm) deep. Maximum spacing is 24 in. (60 cm) apart.
• Mow at a 2 to 3 inch height during establishment.
•Sod of older cultivars (Texoka, Sharps)should be harvested
2 to 3 inches deep, while improved types (‘609’, ‘315’, ‘378’)
can be harvested shallower.
• Sod may exhibit an off-color appearance during first few
weeks after planting.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Establishment
•Establish early in summer
• Use 49 kg/ha of N for first 3 months to establish
-Back off on fertility depending on use after it is
established
•Vegetative
- Sod - Do not roll sod, it will bruise the turf
- Plugs – Plant plugs on 4-5 cm (10 –12 inch) centers
• Seed
- Seed at 49-98 kg/ha (1-2 lb./1000 sq. ft.)
- Treated (KNO3) seed will germinate in 7 to 9
days
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
American Buffalograss
Management
• Mowing – 0.5 – 4 inches for golf courses
• Watering – Deep soak once a month July-Sept. for higher maint.
-Soak before winter id soil is dry for low maintenance.
• Fertilizing – June 15/30 is best; 2nd app. July/August
-1-2 lbs N/1000 sq. ft.; Less on low maintenance areas
• Weed Control – Avoid frequent watering, short mowing and over
fertilizing
- Avoid 2,4-D and related products in the spring, when temps
are above 80 F and on first year turf
- Control broadleaf weeds in the fall
- Use labeled pre-emergence weed control products
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Available buffalograss cultivars
Cultivar
Sex
Adapt.
Legacy
Scout
609
315
378
Prairie
Stampede
Cody
Bison
Texoka
Sharps Imp.
Topgun
Plains
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M/F
M/F
M/F
M/F
M/F
M/F
N/T
S/T
S/T
N/T
N/T
S/T
S/T
N/S/T
N/T
N/T
N/T
S/T
S/T
Prop.
Sod/Plug
Sod
Sod
Sod/Plug
Sod/Plug
Sod
Sod
Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed
Perform.
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Good
Good
Excellent
Good
Fair
Fair
Good
Fair
N = Northern U.S.; S = Southern U.S.; T = Transition Zone. ( NTEP Evaluation, 1999)
Seeded Zoysiagrass
• Strengths
– Less expensive than sod
– Seed and sod very low maintenance once established
– Winter hardy / cold tolerant
– Medium texture, very dense
– Dark green color - Shade tolerant
– Blends well with Turf-Type Tall Fescues
– Faster establishment by seed than plugs or sprigs
– Low mowing requirement
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Seeded Zoysiagrass
• Weaknesses
– Slow establishment
– Not well adapted to overseeding
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Seeded Zoysiagrass
• Establishment of seeded zoysia
• Establish early in summer
• Seed at 49 to 98 kg/ha
• Use at least 49 kg/ ha of N per month
• Herbicides
– Siduron PRE 6.7 kg/ha
– Quinclorac 0.84 kg/ha 0+ weeks after emergence
– Dithiopyr 0.56 kg/ha 1+ weeks after emergence
Zoysiagrass Seeding
18 days
8 weeks
Turf-Type Zoysia Establishment
4 months after planting
NTEP, Arkansas
Plugs on 1 foot centers
Seeded plot
1 lb. Per 1,000 sq.ft.
Seeded Zoysiagrass
• Where to use
– Fairways
– Roughs
• How to use
– Golf fairways, tees and roughs, sod farms, parks,
home lawns
– Edges of bunkers - leave dormant
– Mixed stand with turf-type tall fescue
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Seashore Paspalum
• Strengths
– Paspalum vaginatum – many sod varieties available
– Research on wear tolerance being done
– Extremely salt tolerant – native to tropics/subtropics
– High quality turf in adapted areas
– Seeded types coming on market - Seaspray from Turf
Seed. SRO initiated production
– Seeded types rapidly cover after germination
– Tolerant of low light intensity such as cloudy tropics or
some shade
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Seashore Paspalum
• Weaknesses
– Difficult to winter overseed - Dr. Kopec and others in
USA - researching cultural practices
– Sod types need water with reduced salt levels during
sprigging and establishment
– Research being done on salt levels for seeding
– Some certified cultivars, others not
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Seashore Paspalum
• Where to use
– Tropical environments especially low light ones
– Will tolerate some freezing weather if mature
– Not as cold tolerant as highest cold tolerant bermudas
• How to use
– Greens - improved vegetative cultivars
– Fairways and Tees - vegetative and seeded types
– Roughs - vegetative and seeded types
– Seeding rates 1/2 to 1 lb / 1000 sq. ft. Some seed
dormancy
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Colonial Bentgrass
• Strengths
– Low nitrogen requirement
– Snow mold resistance
– Dollar spot resistant against most strains
– Less thatch than creepers
– Best at low fertility
– Better wear resistance than creepers
– Hold ball upright
– Low water use - in Utah maintain density 50% ET
– Use with fine fescues
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Colonial bentgrass
• In fairway or tee usage best combined with
• Chewings and/or creeping red fescue
Use fine fescues in divot repair mixes
• More sensitive to ethofumesate
• Varieties - SR 7150, SR 7100, Bardot, Egmont, Tiger,
Tiger II, Alistair, Glory, Heriot, Revere,
Viter
• Use low fertility
Colonial Bentgrass
Dollar Spot Ratings 1999-2002 Data
1-9, 9 = no disease, Mean of ten locations
Cultivar
Species
Mean Resistance
Tiger II
Colonial
7.5
Glory
Colonial
7.4
SR 7150
Colonial
7.3
SR 7100
Colonial
7.2
L-93
Creeping
6.6
Penncross
Creeping
6.1
Penn G-6
Creeping
5.9
SR 1119
Creeping
5.7
Princeville
Creeping
5.5
Century
Creeping
4.4
LSD @ 5%
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
0.8
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Colonial Bentgrass
Pink Snow Mold Resistance 1999-2002 Data
1-9, 9 = no disease, Mean of three locations
Cultivar
Species
Mean Resistance
Tiger II
Colonial
6.5
Glory
Colonial
6.2
SR 7100
Colonial
6.1
Penn G-6
Creeping
5.6
SR 7150
Colonial
5.4
Penncross
Creeping
4.7
SR 1119
Creeping
4.6
L-93
Creeping
4.4
Seaside II
Creeping
3.4
LSD @ 5%
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
2.6
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Colonial Bentgrass
• Weaknesses
– Not very salt tolerant
– ‘Highland’ bentgrass is a dryland bent not a colonial
– Early literature often based on dryland bent
– Brown patch susceptibility - does not kill
– Reduced stolons and some with rhizomes - need to
use seed with Chewings fescue for divot repair
– Bright green color - new types such as SR 7150 darker
– More sensitive to ethofumesate
– Less herbicides registered for use
– Variable Take-all resistance
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Colonial Bentgrass
• Where to use
– Overseeding combined with Poa trivialis, velvet
– Fairways - California, PNW, Mountain, Northeast, New
England, Mid-west
– Roughs - higher mowing
• How to use
– Combine with fine fescues - select fine fescue species
and cultivars with fairway performance
– Use 5 to 10% colonial bentgrass by weight
– Can add in Kentucky bluegrass
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Colonial Bentgrass - Overseeding
• Small seed (good for ultra-dwarf bermudas)
• Medium Fall establishment
• Medium dark green
• High wear tolerance
• Good Spring transition
• High turf quality - High density
• Less expensive / lower seed rate
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass
• Strengths
– High quality
– High density and fine leaf texture
– Disease resistance - dollar spot, brown patch
– Reduced water requirement - 40 to 60% ET
– Wear tolerant
– Excellent drought and heat resistance
– Best shade tolerance
– Low fertility (after established)
– Best in acid sands or soils - needs acid fertilizer and
iron in alkaline conditions
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass
Percent Dollar Spot Lexington, KY 2004
Mean of 5 ratings, May through August
Cultivar
Species
Mean Per Cent
Independence
Creeping
21.9
Penncross
Creeping
16.9
T-1
Creeping
16.0
Penn A-1
Creeping
13.5
Tyee XD
Creeping
12.3
007
Creeping
8.7
Greenwich
Velvet
8.1
Declaration
Creeping
7.3
SR 7200
Velvet
7.1
Villa
Velvet
4.9
LSD @ 5%
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
6.5
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass
• Weaknesses
– Seedling Pythium - buy treated seed
– Not salt tolerant
– Copper spot susceptible
– Requires acid soil conditions
– Slower to repair damage
– Need thatch control program
– Less herbicides registered for use
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass
Copper Spot Ratings 2004
1-9, 9 = No disease, NJ NTEP Trial
Cultivar
Species
Mean Ratings
Tyee XD
Creeping
7.3
Penn A-1
Creeping
6.3
007
Creeping
6.0
Declaration
Creeping
5.7
Legendary
Velvet
5.3
T-1
Creeping
4.7
Greenwich
Velvet
3.7
Penncross
Creeping
3.7
SR 7200
Velvet
3.0
LSD @ 5%
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
1.6
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass
• Where to use
– Greens - Northeast, New England, PNW, MidWest - with
acid sands. Southeast, Southwest
– Overseeding blends - germinates at low soil
temperatures and light. Repair overseeded greens
– Tees - combine with fine fescues. Great in shade.
– Cultivars - SR 7200, Vesper, Greenwich, Legendary
• How to use
– Best seeded in June and August in New Jersey
– Competitive against Poa annua
– Bright, medium green color - not blue-green
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass - Overseeding
• Very small seed size (best for ultradwarfs)
• Best putting surface
• Highest wear tolerance, high density
• Medium establishment
• Germinates well at low soil temperatures
• Medium dark green – Mixes well
• Best low light or shade tolerance
• Excellent Spring transition
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Velvet Bentgrass - Overseeding
Creeping bentgrass
SR 7200 Velvet bentgrass
Fine Fescue Usage
• Add into overseeding blends for salt / Labyrinthula
tolerance
• High stress tolerance - significant improvements
• Use for low maintenance turf alone or as major
percentage in blend
• Improved cultivars allow use as high quality turf
• Rough use most prevalent
• Fairways usage alone or in mixtures
– Low water use, less fertilizer, reduced mowing, fewer diseases
• All species can be purchased endophyte -enhanced
• Not just for shade mixtures
Fine Fescue Usage
• Species of fine fescues
– Chewings fescue
– Slender creeping red fescue
– Strong creeping red fescue
– Hard fescue
– Blue or ‘Sheeps’ fescue
– True Sheeps fescue
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Fine Fescue Usage
• Low maintenance fairway trials - WI, MN, IL
– Colonial bentgrass + fine fescues
– Fine fescues mixtures
– Individual fine fescue cultivars
– Organic and synthetic fertilizers
– No irrigation, wear applied
• Highest quality improved Chewings, Mixture of improved cultivars
of fine fescues
• Fine fescues better under drought
• Organic maintained higher fine fescue, faster divot recovery with
synthetic
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Species for Overseeding
Ryegrasses
Perennial, intermediate, annual
Fine fescues
Chewings, slender creeping red,
strong creeping red, hard
Bentgrasses
Velvet, colonial, creeping, dryland, Idaho
Bluegrasses
Rough bluegrass, Kentucky, others
Other species
Why overseed with different species?
• Use mixtures for genetic diversity
• Resistance to diseases and stresses
• Color contrast
• Improved transition
• Improved quality
• Smaller seeds
• Potential cost savings
Why overseed with different species?
Labyrinthula on Poa trivialis in SC
Fine fescues - Overseeding
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very fine with stiff texture
Good wear tolerance
Winter-active growth
Improved transition with high quality
Rapid germination - Chewings and red
Resistance to Labyrinthula fungus
Medium seed size
Fine fescues - Overseeding
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High salt tolerance
Color and texture contrast
Increase genetic diversity of mixtures
Mixtures with perennial ryegrass,
bentgrasses, Poa trivialis
Seeding rates (alone) - Do not mow too soon
Greens 25 - 30 lbs./1000 sq. ft.
Tees 20-25 lbs./1000 sq. ft.
Fairways 10-15 lbs./1000 sq.ft. - Excellent
Chewings Fescue
• Strengths
– Rapid germination - close to perennial ryegrass
– Winter-active growth
– Heat tolerance - improved cultivars
– Tolerant of low height of cut - most improved cultivars
– Shade tolerance
– Recent studies on low maintenance fairways in WI, MN
and IL showed highest performance by Chewings
– WI NTEP Fairway Trials with wear applied Chewings
fescue was highest ranked
– Good summer patch, leaf spot resistance
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Chewings Fescue
• Weaknesses
– Bunch-type growth
– Seeding needed for recovery if damaged
– Red thread resistance variable - select improved cultivars
– Endophyte-enhanced cultivars show improved dollar spot
resistance
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Chewings Fescue
Comparison of fine
fescue with
Penncross
creeping
bentgrass in
fairway under
drought
conditions WI
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Chewings Fescue
• Where to use
– Fairways - Northern United States, PNW, Coastal CA
– Fairways - Overseeding blends with perennial ryegrass
– Roughs - Northern through transition zone.
• How to use
– With all bentgrasses for divot repair or greens repair
– Low maintenance fairways
– Roughs - shaded, ornamental seedheads
– Overseeding blends - better transition, fine textured
– In blends with Kentucky bluegrass for fairways/roughs
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
• Strengths
– High salt tolerance
– Resistance to rapid blight
– Short rhizomes for repair
– Tolerant of short cutting heights for fairways
– Improved ones with high heat tolerance
– Excellent fall, winter and spring color
– Extensively used in Europe for fairways . European
types have less heat tolerance, higher density, low
seed yields.
– Short growing height
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
• Weaknesses
– Brighter green color - not as dark green
– Limited number of cultivars with endophytes
– New cultivars tolerate heat in Central Valley of
California - others not enough heat tolerance for some
areas
– Most cultivars with good resistance to leaf spot and
red thread, but poor resistance to dollar spot and
summer patch. Newest cultivars improved resistance
to all diseases.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
• Where to use
– Fairways - areas with salt problems overseeding
blends and permanent turf in cool season areas
– Greens and tees for overseeding in salt areas - used
for permanent greens in UK
– Roughs - mown and unmown.
– Important component in links style blends
– Besides parking lots, roadways where salt is used
• How to use
– Blends with other fine fescues, colonial bentgrass,
bluegrass and perennial ryegrass
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
The application of Monument and Tranxit (Both one time and
two times)1 week before seeding had no effect on the
germination of perennial ryegrass, Chewings fescue, or
slender creeping red fescue.
The application of Barricade and Dimension 4 weeks before
seeding slowed the germination of all species but all of
them have germinated within two weeks. The Chewings
seemed less influenced by Barricade than the ryegrass
germinating within one day of the control. The Chewings
and slender creeping red fescue were 1 to 3 days later
germinating than the ryegrass. They appear slower than
that because the seedlings are smaller.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
We seeded again 5 weeks after application and again the
Barricade and Dimension are slower germinating than the
control for all species but all are starting to germinate.
Barricade herbicide applied 7.5 weeks before seeding had no
difference on the establishment time or rate of Hawkeye
perennial ryegrass, SR 5100 Chewings Fescue or Dawson
slender creeping red fescue. All species germinated on
the same day as the control and established as rapidly as
the control. In all cases, both control and Barricade
treated, the fescues germinated 1 to 2 days behind the
ryegrass. Dimension was still slightly slowing the
germination of all species.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Dawson slender creeping red fescue
Perennial ryegrass
Strong Creeping Red Fescue
• Strengths
– Long rhizomes for rapid repair
– New cultivars show excellent heat tolerance
– New cultivars tolerate mowing at 1/2 inch with wear
– New cultivars have high summer patch resistance
– Very compatible in blends with Kentucky bluegrass,
perennial ryegrass, fine fescues and colonial
bentgrass
– Quick germination
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Strong Creeping Red Fescue
• Weaknesses
– Older material such as common creeping red fescue or
Boreal does not perform like improved material
– Leaf spot resistance weak in older cultivars
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Strong Creeping Red Fescue
• Where to use
– Northern United States through transition zone
– Lawn height Central Valley, CA , OK, KS
– Full sun and Shade
• How to use
– Fairways - with Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescues,
Colonial bentgrass and perennial ryegrass
– Roughs - alone or with bluegrass or fine fescues
– Divot repair from rhizomes useful in blends - still use
seed
– Permanent combination with buffalograss
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Hard Fescue
• Strengths
– Very drought tolerant
– Excellent performance in dry shade, under trees
– New cultivars improved summer patch resistance - can
be used in fairways
– Slow growth
– Low fertility requirement
– Lower growing ornamental seedhead for roughs
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Hard Fescue
• Weaknesses
– Slow germination and establishment
– More winter dormancy - slower spring green-up
– Less wear tolerance
– Summer patch susceptibility - new cultivars better
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Hard Fescue
• Where to use
– Transition zone north
– Georgia north in shade in rough
– Fairway northern areas, PNW
• How to use
– Fairways with other fine fescues or colonial bentgrass
– Roughs alone or with other fine fescues
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Blue and Sheeps Fescue
• Strengths
– Superior drought tolerance
– Ornamental seedheads
– Excellent shade tolerance
– Most marketed are closely related to hard fescues only one true sheep's fescue - Quatro
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Blue and Sheeps Fescue
• Weaknesses
– Slow germination and establishment
– Very blue color can segregate in blends (depends on
desired look)
– Longer winter dormancy
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Blue and Sheeps Fescue
• Where to use
– Low maintenance sites - roughs
– Transition zone North
– Dry sites
• How to use
– Shady sites - under trees
– Roughs
– Blend with flowers
– Blend with other fine fescues
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Transitional Ryegrass
Percent Cover Annual, Transitional, Perennial + mixtures.
Seeded Feb. 20, 2004. Puyallup, WA.
Treatment
March
12
March
25
April
2
April
9
April
16
April
22
Axcella AR
Transeze TR
PR Blend
TR + PR
AR + PR
26.7
23.3
8.3
21.7
25.0
50.0
48.3
23.3
38.3
43.3
68.3
70.0
53.3
70.0
71.7
91.7
90.0
53.3
85.0
90.0
98.3
95.0
76.7
100
98.3
100
100
95
100
100
LSD@5%
10.2
12.7
11.7
24.9
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
0
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
0
Transitional Ryegrass
• Strengths
– Very quick establishment
– Less expensive seed
– Lasts only one to two seasons
– Germination and growth at cooler temp.
– Moderate green color
– Less mowing requirement than annual
– Does not overdominate mixtures
– Can be used with Kentucky bluegrass as nurse grass
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Transitional ryegrass
PR
TR
AR
PR/TR
Transitional Ryegrass
• Weaknesses
– Poor mowing quality in spring
– Lighter green than current perennial ryegrass varieties
– Low salt tolerance
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Transitional Ryegrass
• Where to use
– Overseeding south
– Nurse crop north
• How to use
– Overseeding - to improve transition
– Nurse grass
– Repair during colder times of the year
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Turf-type Tall Fescue
• Strengths
– Excellent wear tolerance once established
– Drought tolerance useful many sites
– Can be mown at 1/2 inch
– Shade tolerant
– Tolerates broad range of soils
– Speed of establishment
• New data Ohio State - new varieties can maintain
quality with wear after 15 weeks, spring
establishment
• Establishes slower than perennial rye faster than
bluegrass
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Turf-type Tall Fescue
• Weaknesses
– Bunch-type growth
– Speed of repair slow
– Rhizomes in new varieties may help
– Need more winter-active growth
– Brown patch susceptibility - in enclosed shade can
severely damage
– Old cultivars lacked density and texture, new cultivars
finer textured, darker green, higher density
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Turf-type Tall Fescue
• Where to use
– Roughs - mown for drought avoidance
– Fairways
• How to use
– Best results when blended with Kentucky bluegrass 85 to 90% Tall fescue
– Blending with Texas x Kentucky hybrids may be useful
in stress sites
– Brown patch reduced in blends
– Establish in spring or late summer
– Provide protection against Pythium and seedling
brown patch
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tall Fescue Turf Rhizome
• 4 inch wide divot cut May 4 , 6
weeks growth
• Tall fescue rhizome 3 inches
from mother plant
• Not as many as in bluegrass
• More rhizomes observed in fall than
spring
Texas X Kentucky Bluegrass
•
Texas bluegrass heat and drought tolerant, extensive and
deep rhizomes
•
Kentucky bluegrass turf quality
•
1st generation low fertility, low germination
•
Backcrossed to Kentucky bluegrass
•
More extensive rhizomes
•
Greater heat and drought tolerance
•
Must evaluate for diseases, germination vigor, apomixis
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Texas X Kentucky Bluegrass
•
Strengths
– High shear strength
– Excellent rhizomes = good recovery
– Good wear tolerance in Ohio - not high Rutgers
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Texas X Kentucky Bluegrass
• Weaknesses
– Some cultivars slower establishment
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Texas X Kentucky bluegrass
• Rhizomes on young spaced
plants
• Deep rhizomes contribute to
recovery
• Bluegrass usage further
south
• Top rated for shear strength
NTEP
Texas X Kentucky Bluegrass
• Where to use
– Roughs
– Fairways
• How to use
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Kentucky Bluegrass
• Strengths
– Self-repairing
– High recuperative ability
– Dense stand, high quality
– Excellent mowing quality
– High cold tolerance
– New cultivars that tolerate low height of cut for fairway
– Choose aggressive, wear tolerant types
– Some cultivars with improved drought tolerance
– Excellent choice for roughs
– Less fungicides
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses
Compact Types
CELA Type
Compact
BVMG Type
Midnight
Shamrock type
America
Cheri Type
Aggressive Type
Julia Type
Bellevue Type
Common Type
Mid-Atlantic Type
Other Type
Kentucky Bluegrass
• Weaknesses
– Poa annua invasion - less options in herbicides
– Slow germination and establishment
– Older varieties do not take low cut - loss of density
– Shade tolerance cultivar dependent
– Bluegrass billbugs
– Must mix cultivars carefully - use different types to
match strengths and weaknesses
– Not adapted to some regions
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
• Hairgrass species are found in temperate, arctic and
Antarctic regions (Gould & Shaw, 1983) Used for a forage
in the northern alpine regions.
• In the past have been used mainly for wetland restoration
riparian plantings and reclamation (Alderson & Sharp, 1994)
• It is one of the first colonizers in a disturbed area, especially
under acid soil conditions (pH 3.00-5) or heavy metal
concentrations.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
• Strengths
- Tolerates acid soils and heavy metals
- Establishes well on disturbed sites
- Tolerates low light intensities
- Tolerates wet or waterlogged sites
- Low nitrogen requirement
- Useful in high wear situations with low light
- Stand is dense and keeps out annual bluegrass
longer than Kentucky bluegrass or perennial rye
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
• Weaknesses
- Grey-green color
- Plants appear rather prostrate and have much
lignin in the leaf blades which makes the plant
more coarse in appearance.
- If heavy wear late in the year, annual bluegrass
may fill in before the hairgrass does
- Seed is light and fluffy and swirls quite a bit
during the seeding process. About the same size
as fine fescue seed
- Billbug problems when under summer stress
(Northeast U.S.)
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
• Where to use
- temperate region
- arctic region
•How to use
- roughs, edge of roughs for filtration
- natural or manmade wetlands
- shady, wet areas
- acid soil conditions
- disturbed soil areas
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
Biological
Filtration of
Nutrients
Trophy Lake Golf and
Casting
Port Orchard, WA
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
Tufted Hairgrass – Deschampsia spp.
TLGC, Hole 1
Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WA
Dr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon
TLGC, Hole 1