Transcript Aerospace Education

Aerospace Education
Module 2
Aircraft Systems and Airports
Contents
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Chapter 1 – Airplane Systems
Chapter 2 – Airports
Chapter 3 – Airport to Airport - Aeronautical Charts
Quiz
Credits
Chapter 1
“Airplane Systems”
Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating engines,
also known as internal
combustion engines,
power aircraft that use
propellers to power them
through the air. Internal
combustion engines are
the same type of engines
used in automobiles.
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Reciprocating engines
convert chemical energy
into mechanical energy.
Aviation engines generally
have a four stroke operating
cycle. In this cycle an engine
first takes in air and
gasoline, then compresses
it, ignites it (the power
stroke), and then forces the
exhaust out of the
combustion chamber before
drawing the piston back
down to draw in more
gasoline and air.
Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating Engines
Aviation engine
cylinders are arranged
in multiple ways
depending on
different airframes
used. Most aircraft
use 1 of 4 different
arrangements.
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Jet Engines
Jet engines have many
similarities to a
reciprocating engine, they
both have intake,
compression, and ignition
cycle. What the engine does
during these cycles varies
greatly however.
During the intake cycle on a
jet engine, the fan section
pulls air into the engine. This
air then moves into the
compression section and is
compressed. The now
compressed air then moves
into the burner section and is
sprayed with fuel and ignited.
This combustion in turn spins
the turbine and draws more
air into the engine. The hot
gasses are then expelled out
of the rear of the engine to
create thrust
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Jet Engines
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Powerplant Controls
Most aircraft have only 2
engine controls, the throttle
and mixture control. The
throttle controls how much
fuel-air mixture flows into
the engine during the intake
cycle. The mixture control
determines the ratio of fuel
to air is created by the
carburetor. As the aircraft
climbs higher and higher,
there is less and less air, and
the aircraft therefore needs
a lower ratio of fuel to air to
function properly.
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Flight and Engine Instruments
There are 2 main engine
instruments, the
tachometer, which
measures engine
revolutions per minute,
and the oil gauge, which
displays oil temperature
and pressure.
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The oil gauge is critical to
the aircraft engine because
if the engine gets too hot
or if there is too little oil
pressure, the engine will
not be properly lubricated
nor will it be properly
cooled, which can lead to
severe engine damage if
not corrected. The
tachometer shows engine
speed , which also shows
propeller speed.
Flight and Engine Instruments
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Flight and Engine Instruments
Altimeters measure
altitude by working much
in the same way as a
barometer, by measuring
the air pressure. Before
take-off, pilots set the
local air pressure and as
the aircraft climbs, the air
pressure drops. The
altimeter measures this
drop in air pressure to
determine altitude.
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Flight and Engine Instruments
The vertical velocity
indicator (VVI)
measures an aircraft’s
rate of climb using the
same principles as the
altimeter. In other
words, the VVI
measures how fast the
aircraft is going up or
down.
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Flight and Engine Instruments
The airspeed indicator
measures an aircraft’s
forward motion, much
like a speedometer on a
car. The airspeed
indicator works using the
pitot tube to measure the
pressure caused by the air
being forced into by the
aircraft’s forward motion.
This pressure is compared
to the static air pressure
and is shown as your
indicated airspeed.
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Flight and Engine Instruments
Two other important aircraft
instruments are the heading
and attitude indicators. Both
instruments operate using a
gyro. When spinning, a gyro’s
rotors resist movement due to
the laws of motion. The
attitude indicator uses the
gyro’s tendency to stay
horizontally level in relation to
the aircraft in order to give a
measure of the aircraft’s roll.
The heading indicator uses the
gyro’s tendency to always spin
to the north to give a measure
of the aircraft’s heading,
becoming an artificial compass.
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Flight and Engine Instruments
The final flight instrument
is the turn coordinator
and inclinometer. The
turn coordinator gives a
pilot a basic indication of
the aircraft’s roll using the
onboard gyros. The
inclinometer gives the
pilot an indication of
whether or not his
aircraft is slipping or
skidding in a banking
maneuver.
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Chapter 2
“Airports”
Airport Layout
There are two basic
airport layouts, controlled
and uncontrolled. A
controlled airport has
some sort of operating
control tower. At a
controlled airport, the
pilot must receive
clearance before taxiing,
taking off, landing, and
must follow all other
instructions from the air
traffic controllers in the
control tower.
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At an uncontrolled
airport, pilots must take
extra care to look for
other aircraft and listen to
radio communications to
determine when it is safe
to perform any action.
Airport Layout
There are six different types of
signs present at airports. The six
categories are:
• Mandatory Signs: Red background
with white letters/numbers.
Denote entrances to runways,
taxiways, critical areas, or
prohibited areas.
• Location Signs: Black with yellow
letters/numbers and yellow border
without arrows. Identify taxiways,
runways, boundary of a runway, or
an instrument landing system
(ILS)critical area.
• Direction Signs: Yellow signs
indicating designations of taxiways
leading from an intersection.
• Information Signs: Yellow signs
with black letters which give
information on areas that cannot
be seen by the tower, noise
abatement, and applicable radio
frequencies.
• Destination Signs: Yellow signs
with black lettering and distinctive
black arrow. Give direction to
special locations such as FBOs,
military, etc.
• Runway Distance Remaining Signs:
Large black signs with white
numbers telling pilots runway
distance remaining.
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Airport Layout
Airport Layout
Many airports have
lighting which enables
pilots to make night-time
landings. These lights
have been standardized
by the FAA’s regulations.
The lights are controlled
by multiple sources such
as the control tower, a
timer, or even by the pilot
from his cockpit using a
radio at some
uncontrolled airports.
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There are 11 different
types of lights that can be
found at airports. Those
types are: runway edge
lights, threshold lights,
end of runway lighting,
REIL lights, in runway
lighting, ALS’s, VASI’s, tricolor VASI’s, PLASI’s or
PAPI’s, taxiway lighting,
and airport beacons.
Airport Layout
• Runway Edge Lights: White lights
outlining the edges of runways,
amber on instrument runways
during the last half of the runway.
Classified by intensity capabilities
(LIRL, MIRL, and HIRL)
• Threshold Lights: Green lights on
each side of the white line
designating end of the threshold
of a runway. A row of green lights
indicates beginning of landing
portion of a runway on a runway
without a threshold.
• End of Runway Lights: Red lights
marking the end of the runway
you are facing.
• REIL: High intensity white strobes
placed on each side of the runway
to mark the threshold.
• In Runway Lighting: Touchdown
Zone Lights, (TDZL), Runway
Centerline Lights (RCLS), and
Taxiway Turnoff Lights. TDZLs are
two rows of transverse light bars
around the centerline in the
runway touchdown zone. RCLSs
are centerline lights spaced 50 feet
beginning 75 feet from the landing
threshold. Taxiway turnoff lights
are lights steadily emitting green.
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Airport Layout
• ALSs: Approach Lighting
Systems are present at most
airports with precision landing
systems. Primarily a means to
transfer from instrument flight
to visual flight for landing.
• VASIs: Visual Approach Slope
Indicators are the most
common visual glide path
system. Give pilots visual
indication of proper approach
angle during landing. Consists
of light units arranged in bars,
can be 2 or 3 bars.
• Tri-Color VASIs: Single light
giving three separate
indications. Pilots above
recommend glide path see
amber lights, pilots below it see
red lights. Pilots on the correct
glide path see green lights.
• PLASI/PAPIs: Two colored visual
approach involving pulsating
red and white lights. Pilots
above the correct glide path
see pulsating white lights,
slightly below see steady red
lights, below the glide path see
pulsating red lights. Pilots on
the correct glide path see
steady white lights.
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Airport Layout
• Taxiway Lights: Blue lights
which outline taxiways.
Some airports have green
lights along the centers of
taxiways.
• Airport Beacons: Lights
which guide pilots to
airports at night. Pilots can
see flashing colors from a
distance. Civilian airports
have alternating green and
white lights. Water airports
have alternating white and
yellow lights. Heliports have
green, white and yellow
beacons. Military airports
have white-white-green
beacons.
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Airport Layout
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Airport Layout
Because wind direction
and speed is a major
factor in flight, especially
takeoffs and landings,
airports provide a way for
pilots to determine this
information. Air traffic
controllers can provide
this information at
controlled airports. Most
airports however, do not
have towers. Many
uncontrolled airports
have weather information
available on certain radio
frequencies.
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Others give pilots wind
information using wind
indicators, such as a wind
sock, wind tee, or a
tetrahedron. Wind socks
provide a rough
measurement of wind speed
and point in the direction the
wind is coming from. Wind
tees and tetrahedrons do not
provide a measurement of
wind speed and point into
the wind.
Airport Layout
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Airport Layout
Pilots operating in and
out of or around
controlled airports need
to maintain radio
communications with the
ATC facility. For this
reason, it is extremely
important pilots can
operate standardized
radio equipment and
have an understanding of
radio communication
practices.
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Radio operators use the
phonetic alphabet in
place of letters to ensure
that the receiver of a
communication
understands what the
transmitter is trying to
say.
Airport Layout
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A: Alpha, “Al-fa”
B: Bravo, “Bra-vo”
C: Charlie, “Char-lee”
D: Delta, “Del-tah”
E: Echo, “Eck-o”
F: Foxtrot, “Fox-trot”
G: Golf, “Golf”
H: Hotel, “Hoh-tell”
I: India, “In-dee-a”
J: Juliet, “Joo-lee-et”
K: Kilo, “Kee-lo”
L: Lima, “Lee-ma”
M: Mike, “Mike”
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N: November, “No-vem-ber”
O: Oscar, “Os-car”
P: Papa, “Pa-pa”
Q: Quebec, “Qwah-bec”
R: Romeo, “Row-me-oh”
S: Sierra, “See-air-ah”
T: Tango, “Tayn-go”
U: Uniform, “You-nih-form”
V: Victor, “Vick-tor”
W: Whiskey, “Wiss-kee”
X: X-Ray, “Ecks-Ray”
Y: Yankee, “Yank-ee”
Z: Zulu, “Zoo-oo”
Airport Layout
Taxiways and runways all
have different ways of
indicating themselves and
where they go. Taxiways
are labeled by which
runways they lead to.
Runways are indicated by
the first two digits of their
compass heading. For
example, if a runway runs
along 110°and 290°, it
would be runway 11/29.
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Federal Aviation Administration
The Federal Aviation
Administration, or FAA, is
the governing agency
when air traffic is
involved. In order to
govern air traffic and
ensure the skies are safe
for pilots to fly in, the FAA
holds certain standards
which airports must
follow. The FAA also sets
the rules pilots must
follow by flying
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Phases of Flight
There are 11 phases of
flight in the flight profile
from pre-flight to postflight. Those phases are:
pre-flight, taxiing,
takeoff, climb, cruise,
descent, approach,
landing, taxiing,
shutdown, and postflight.
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Chapter 3
Airport-to-Airport
Aeronautical Charts
Sectional Charts
The most commonly
used aeronautical chart
is the sectional chart.
Sectional charts have a
scale of 1:500,000
inches, or
approximately 8 statute
miles (6.85 nautical
miles).
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Sectional charts are
based on the principle
of a Lambert Conformal
Conic Projection and
the locations are
positioned according to
lines of latitude and
longitude.
Sectional Charts
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Sectional Charts
Sectional charts display
more than just airports
and cities. They also
display many, many
landmarks from power
lines to highways.
Because the charts
show such a huge
number of objects, the
legend is very extensive.
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Sectional Charts
Sectional charts display a large
amount of information about an
airport using specific symbols and
labels indicated on the chart legend.
Magenta airports are uncontrolled
whereas blue airports are
controlled.
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Sectional Charts
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Quiz
Question 1
What instrument uses a
gyroscope to operate?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Altimeter
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
Both B and C
Correct!
Both the attitude and
heading indicators use
gyroscopes to function.
Altimeters measure air
pressure to function.
Next Question
Incorrect
Both the heading and
attitude indicators use
gyroscopes to operate.
The altimeter measures
air pressure to function.
Next Question
Question 2
When fossil fuels are
used to create thrust, it
is…
A) The process of
converting mechanical
energy into chemical
energy
B) The process of
converting chemical
energy into
mechanical energy
C) Bernoulli’s Principle
D) Newton’s First Law of
Motion
Correct!
The combustion of fossil
fuels to create thrust is
the process of
converting chemical
energy into mechanical
energy.
Next Question
Incorrect
The combustion of fossil
fuels to create thrust in
an engine is the process
of converting chemical
energy (the fossil fuels)
into mechanical energy.
Next Question
Question 3
Runway numbers 11
and 29 are…
A)
B)
C)
D)
110° and 290° true
110° and 290° magnetic
11° and 29° true
11° and 29° magnetic
Correct!
Runway 11/29 is 110°
and 290° magnetic.
Next Question
Incorrect
Runway 11/29 is 110°
and 290° magnetic.
Next Question
Question 4
What kind of airport has
a beacon which flashes
white-white-green?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Civilian Airport
Heliport
Aircraft Carrier
Military Airport
Correct!
A beacon which flashes
white-white-green is a
military airport.
Next Question
Incorrect
A beacon which flashes
white-white-green
indicates a military
airport.
Next Question
Question 5
A sectional aeronautical
chart has a scale of…
A)
B)
C)
D)
1 Inch to 1 Nautical Miles
1 Inch to 500,000 Miles
1 Inch to 5,280 Feet
1 Inch to 8 Statute Miles
Correct!
1 inch on a sectional
aeronautical chart is
approximately 8 statute
miles.
Next Question
Incorrect
1 inch on a sectional
aeronautical chart is
equal to approximately
8 statute miles.
Next Question
Question 6
A statute mile is…
A)
B)
C)
D)
4,000,000 Feet
6,076 Feet
5,280 Feet
5,280 Meters
Correct!
A statute mile is equal
to 5,280 feet.
Credits
Contents
Incorrect
A statute mile is equal
to 5,280 feet.
Credits
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Credits
• Created by Ryan Stanley
• Based on Aerospace Dimensions Module 2:
Aircraft Systems and Airports
Contents