Transcript PM Briefing Enduring Freedom V2.03 - NH-TEMS

OPERATION
IRAQI
FREEDOM
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BRIEFING
Presenter’s Name
Presenter’s Command
Local Contact Information
Prepared by:
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
(800) 222-9698/ DSN 584-4375/(410) 436-4375
http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil
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PURPOSE
To inform personnel deploying to Iraq of:
• potential health hazards
• individual countermeasures
In wars, battles, and military training, the greatest loss of
forces is not caused by combat wounds.
Most losses are the result of disease and non-battle injury.
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IRAQ
Coalition forces remain in
Iraq, helping to restore
degraded infrastructure
and facilitating the
establishment of a freely
elected government. The
Coalition Provisional
Authority transferred
sovereignty to the Interim
Government on
28 June 2004.
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IRAQ: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Climate: Desert with mild to
cool winters and extremely
hot, dry cloudless summers.
Severe dust and sandstorms.
Northern mountains have
cold winters with occasional
heavy snows
• Terrain: Mostly broad plains; reedy
marshes along Iranian border in south with
large flooded areas; Zagros mountains
along borders with Iran and Turkey
Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
Highest point: Unnamed peak 3,611 m
Numerous peaks exceed 3,281 meters (10,000 feet)
Sea
Level
Meters
5000 +
3000-5000
1000-3000
500-1000
0-500
Depression
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IRAQ: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Environmental factors posing the
greatest health risk:
– Water contamination
– Localized air pollution
– Localized food contamination
– Seasonal temperature extremes
– Dust and sand storms (especially from
May to October)
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IRAQ: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Water Contamination
– Poorly treated domestic and industrial
waste
– Fertilizers, pesticides, and waste oils
– Sewage and
industrial effluents
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IRAQ: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
•
Air Contamination
– Petroleum refineries, petrochemical and fertilizer plants, cement
production facilities, power plants, and vehicle exhaust
•
Food Contamination
– Fecal pathogens from waste fertilizers and unsanitary food
preparation
– Pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers
– Seeds containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids on grains
•
Soil Contamination
– Localized to areas surrounding industrial facilities and waste
disposal sites
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SAND, DUST, AND WIND
(MOST COMMON COMPLAINT)
• Sand, wind, and dust cause health problems,
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particularly to skin, eyes, throat and lungs
High winds create flying object hazards
which may not be visible in blowing sand
or dust
Wash daily, especially body areas that
collect dust and sand
Protect lips with lip balm and use moisturizing
skin lotion on your hands to prevent
cracked, chapped fingers
Shield your face with cloth materials to
protect from blowing dust and sand
Protect your eyes
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OIL FIELD HAZARDS
(OIL BURNING)
•
Burning Trench
– See/Feel - Wall of fire and black smoke, low visibility, intense
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–
•
Burning Storage Tanks
– See/Feel - Burning pools of oil around
–
•
heat, sulfur-oily smell
Danger - Toxic smoke, gases, fumes, darkness, intense heat
Do This - Avoid burning fields, trenches, facilities, move
upwind if possible, avoid intense heat, avoid contact with
oil/oil spray, use sand to clean skin and clothing, close up
vehicles
well heads and tanks
Danger - Sudden expansion of fires,
range finders/IR won’t work well
Blown Well Head
– See/Feel - Intense blow torch fire from well heads
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OIL FIELD HAZARD
(OIL NOT BURNING)
• Blown Well Head
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• Intact Well Head
Avoid area, avoid oil spray, clean
– Avoid the well head
with soapy water, stay away from
well heads, don mask and evacuate
upwind, use detection equipment if available
Ruptured Storage Tanks and Refineries
– Avoid area
NOTE: Igniting oil and gas is EXTREMELY dangerous.
It is a Command decision to ignite oil or gas that is not burning. This
should only be done under strict supervision.
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TOXIC INDUSTRIAL
CHEMICALS/MATERIALS
• Personnel may be exposed to harmful TICs/TIMs as a
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•
result of industrial accidents, sabotage, the intentional
or unintentional actions of enemy or friendly forces.
CAUTION - There are many uncommon/unknown
TIC/TIM sources.
COUNTERMEASURES
Become familiar with individual response technique,
such as shelter in place, and any emergency warning
systems.
Protective measures are chemical specific – rely on
trained personnel for recommendations.
There is no one size fits all protective
measures – this includes MOPP gear.
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UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE
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•
•
Do not touch
Can explode at any
time
No souvenirs!
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CARBON MONOXIDE
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless
•
gas produced by engines, stoves, and gas/oil heaters.
CO replaces oxygen in the body, causing headache, sleepiness,
coma, and death.
COUNTERMEASURES
• Keep sleeping area windows slightly open for
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•
ventilation and air movement.
DO NOT sleep in vehicles with the engine running or use engine
exhaust for heat.
DO NOT park vehicles near air intakes to tents, trailers, or
environmental control units.
Do not use unapproved commercial off-the-shelf heaters. Check
with your unit Safety Officer.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
MEASURES
• Wash hands frequently
• Do not rub eyes or inside of nose with bare finger(s)
• Bathe/shower regularly (field expedients
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will do); use unscented products
Wear shower shoes to prevent athlete’s foot
Dry thoroughly after showering
Sleep head-to-toe if billeted in common areas
Wear clean, dry uniforms; change socks daily and
uniform at least weekly
Do not wear nylon or silk undergarments; cotton
undergarments are more absorbent and allow the
skin to dry
Seek prompt medical care if problem exists
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HEAT INJURY PREVENTION
•
Heat Cramps, Exhaustion, or Stroke
COUNTERMEASURES
• Drink fluids continuously (hourly fluid intake
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should not exceed 1 1/2 quarts, daily fluid
intake should not exceed 12 quarts)
Maintain acclimatization
Protect yourself from exposure to sunlight and wind
Maintain good physical condition
Establish work/rest schedules
Wear proper clothing
You should receive annual unit training on prevention of heat
injury. Heat injuries are preventable!
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STRESS
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Operational stressors
Different types and intensities
Recognize the symptoms of depression
Seek or encourage help
Take steps to reduce operational stress
Stress can be intensified for personnel who are exposed to or
observe human suffering and/or death
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HEARING CONSERVATION
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Loud noise causes permanent hearing loss
COUNTERMEASURES
Have your hearing protection
with you at all times and use it
Be sure your ear plugs, noise
muffs or helmets fit properly
and are in good condition
Avoid noise or limit time around
noise to only critical tasks
Combat
Arms
Earplug
NSN 6515-01466-2710
Authorized wear
IAW AR 670-1
If you have to raise your voice to be understood, it is too noisy.
Put on hearing protection.
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VISION CONSERVATION
•
Preventive Measures and Eye Protection
– Contact lens use is prohibited for use in
environments where exposure to smoke, toxic
chemical vapors, sand, or dust occurs
– If required, maintain 2 pair of glasses and 1
protective mask insert
– Use eye protection when in any potentially eye
hazardous environment
• Safety goggles or spectacles
•
with side shields*
Chemical splash goggles*
*(ANSI Z87.1 approved)
Vision Ready is
Mission Ready!
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FOOD-BORNE AND
WATER-BORNE DISEASES
•
Diseases of high risk
– Diarrhea (bacterial)
– Hepatitis A
– Typhoid/Paratyphoid Fever
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COUNTERMEASURES
Do not consume any food, ice, water, or
beverage (to include bottled water) that
have not been approved by the U.S. military
Assume all non-approved food, ice, and
water is contaminated
Even a one-time consumption of these foods or water
may cause severe illness
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VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
• Diseases of high risk (continued)
– Vector-borne (high risk as a group)
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
• Leishmaniasis – cutaneous and
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visceral
Malaria
Plague
Rickettsioses, tick-borne (spotted fever
group)
Sand fly fever
West Nile fever
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LEISHMANIASIS
• Caused by parasite obtained from sand fly bites
– Increased risk from dusk to dawn and July
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through September
Symptoms
– Skin (cutaneous) form - sores on skin
or in nose, mouth, and throat
– Internal form - fever, substantial weight loss,
anemia, swelling of the spleen and liver, and
possibly death
Countermeasures
Prevent sand fly bites
– Use the DOD Insect Repellent System
– Sleep under a permethrin treated bed net
Sand flies may be hard to see as they are very small - only about
one-third the size of typical mosquitoes.
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MALARIA
• Caused by parasite found in mosquitoes
•Increased risk:
•April through November
•In areas north of Baghdad
• Symptoms range from none to fever, chills, sweating, headaches,
muscle pains; to cerebral malaria, anemia, kidney failure
that can result in death
COUNTERMEASURES:
• Anti-malarial drugs (weekly mefloquine or daily doxycycline)
• Prevent mosquito bites
• Use the DOD Insect Repellent System
• Sleep under a permethrin-treated bed net
• Primaquine on redeployment
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VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE
COUNTERMEASURES
DOD Insect Repellent System
+
Permethrin
On
Uniform
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•
•
+
DEET On
Exposed
Skin
=
MAXIMUM
PROTECTION
Properly
Worn
Uniform
Wash and inspect your body for
insects/ticks and bites daily
Launder uniform routinely to remove
insects and eggs
Order a permethrin-impregnated bed net
and use while sleeping
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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• Diseases of intermediate risk
• Gonorrhea/ Chlamydia
• Hepatitis B
• HIV/AIDS
COUNTERMEASURE:
Always use condoms during sex – regardless of other
measures you choose. Using latex or polyurethane
condoms during each sexual encounter provides
improved (not 100%) prevention against STD’s and
pregnancy.
Abstinence is the only 100% effective method
for preventing sexually transmitted diseases
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WATER CONTACT, RESPIRATORY &
ANIMAL CONTACT DISEASES
• Diseases of intermediate risk
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Water Contact: Leptospirosis, Schistosomiasis
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Avoid contact with standing water
Towel dry vigorously after exposure
Take all medications as directed
Respiratory
–
Tuberculosis
–
Pneumonia
– Use N95 respiratory protection when directed
Animal-contact: Anthrax, Q-fever, Rabies
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Do not feed, handle, or keep wild or stray animals
Do not tolerate the presence of rodents
Seek medical attention for animal bites or scratches
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PNEUMONIA
• 19 cases of severe pneumonia - 2 deaths
• 15 smokers
• In the more severe cases, troops had
just started smoking on this deployment
COUNTERMEASURES:
• Stay hydrated
• Wash hands frequently
• Use cravat or dust mask to avoid inhaling dust
• Use wet mops to clean dust
• Seek medical care for fever, chills & cough
If you don’t smoke, don’t start during deployment.
If you do smoke, quit.
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FOOD AND WATER-BORNE DISEASES OF
INTERMEDIATE RISK
•
Diseases of intermediate risk (continued)
– Food and water-borne
• Brucellosis
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– avoid livestock, local dairy products
Diarrhea – cholera
Diarrhea - protozoal
Hepatitis E
NO LOCAL FOOD, WATER, OR ICE!
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