Transcript Slide 1

p 247
Site selection and camp planning
This session looks at self-settled and
planned IDP and refugee camps,
following both natural disaster and
conflict
Burundi, 1995
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Camps in conflicts and natural disasters
Macedonia FYR, 2005
Camps following natural disasters:
•
should be as close as safely possible to where the
community used to live so that they may remain close to their
livelihoods, property, belongings, crops and livestock
•
should exist for as short a time period as possible, until
there is no further risk from the hazard
Camps following conflicts:
•
should be at a safe distance from the conflict
•
care should be taken to ensure that political factions or
ethnic groups do not dominate
•
political or ethnic groups that are hostile to each other should
be segregated through planning and dispersing settlement
•
should be planned for medium term occupation through
phased development and expansion
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Self-settled and planned camps
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
Self-settled and planned camps are two of the six transitional
settlement options for displaced populations:
host
families
rural selfsettlement
urban selfsettlement
collective
centres
self-settled
camps
planned
camps
The vast majority of camps are self-settled
Camps may be supported because they are convenient to the
government or to humanitarian organisations
Except in special circumstances, such as extreme insecurity,
camps should be a last resort following both conflicts and disasters
Preference should be given to supporting other transitional
options selected by affected populations, such as through rural
and urban self-settlement
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Contingency plan for supporting camps
A contingency plan should be a part of an integrated strategy that
includes other transitional settlement options such as host
families
A contingency plan should include:
A.
forming committees to consider site selection, planning,
standards, assessments and coordination
B.
identifying a series of sites for camps before displacement
occurs, preparing sites and stock-piling materials
The plan should also include:
•
estimated size of the affected population
•
estimated time, duration, size and location of influxes
•
initial schedule and management of works (Gantt chart)
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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Dispersal of camps
Pakistan, 2005
For each camp consider the needs of
affected populations, host
populations and the environment.
Is one big camp preferable to
several smaller camps?
The dispersal of camps may have
positive or negative impacts on:
• access to livelihoods
• vulnerability to hazards
• vulnerability to internal and
and external threats
• relations with host populations
• diversity of water sources
• environment and natural resource
management as illustrated
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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Maintaining communities
Pakistan, 2006
Keep communities together as much as possible. Reflect
communities belonging to different villages in a neighbourhood
structure in a larger camp
community A
community B
A
B
C
community C
community D
D
Maintain similar spatial environments of affected populations:
•
rural populations often prefer larger family plots and additional
grazing and farmland, or space for kitchen gardens
•
urban populations often prefer smaller plots and close proximity
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Evaluating and selecting sites
Malta, 2007
The site of a self-settled camp needs to be evaluated
Sites for planned camps need to be identified, prioritised and
selected
Assess sites in relation to:
•
security and hazards
•
land tenure and use
•
access routes
•
topography, ground conditions and climate
•
water resources
•
impacts on the host population
•
potential for future growth
•
impacts on environment including available natural
resources such as fuel wood
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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p 103
Self-settled camps: evaluating sites
Self-settled camps
Self-settled camps are established in an emergency phase without
reference to international standards
Detailed assessment of self-settled camps is required in order to
decide whether to:
Liberia, 1998
•
select a new site in consultation with the displaced
population and host populations
•
upgrade the infrastructure and facilities of the existing camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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p 106
Planned camps: selecting sites
Planned camps
Through participation, involve all stakeholders in identifying the
positive and negative factors of each potential camp location in
order to reach consensus on appropriate site selection
Albania, 1999
All sites will have negative factors which will affect the host
and affected community to varying degrees
For each site list and compare positive and negative factors:
•
for the displaced population
•
on the host community
•
on the environment
•
for government and assisting agencies
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
106
Laying out a camp
Planned camps
Before laying out a camp, the following steps can be
undertaken:
DRC, 2008
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
identify possible sites
decide on size and numbers of camps
determine how to maintain and group communities
phase the plan to stay ahead of influx
plan for future growth and contingencies for scenarios
confirm site borders and land and resource use with local
populations, affected populations, authorities and agencies
7.
map topography and features such as rock outcroppings, etc.
8.
plan access route
9.
map contour routes
10. locate key facilities
11. plan utilities
12. plan sectors, blocks and communities
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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Sectors, blocks and communities
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
A camp with approx. 20,000 inhabitants (4 sectors)
•
Fire breaks:30m per built-up 300m
•
Roads and water follow contours
•
Administrative centre in the middle
Each sector with approx. 5,000 inhabitants (4 blocks)
•
fire breaks: 15m between blocks
•
should contain central/recreational spaces
Each block having approx. 1,250 inhabitants
(16 communities)
•
fire breaks: 6m (pathways)
The community with approx. 80 inhabitants
(16 plots with 16 shelters)
•
fire breaks: 2m between dwellings
•
drainage should be well planned and maintained
•
drain water must not pollute or cause erosion
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Central camp facilities
Liberia, 1998
In large camps, distribution centres and clinics may be needed in
each sector, while space should be left for shops in each block
secure logistics
compound
infrastructure including:
distribution centre, clinic,
feeding centre
supply
supply road
public space,
market, school,
recreational area
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Controlled water access
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
upstream
Protected collection of
water for drinking,
cooking and bathing
using abstraction
galleries, wells, pumps,
gravity fed water
distribution from tanks
Latrines
and cemeteries must
be kept away from
water sources
Consider other users
and livestock watering
downstream
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
downstream
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Separate areas for livestock
If animal husbandry is common:
•
provision should be agreed for grazing or fodder
•
seasonal activities such as lambing and migrations for
grazing should be considered
•
provision should be made for hygienic butchery
•
separate areas should be planned for watering
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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Laying out communities and blocks
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
There are various ways to plan the layout of a community
Options must be explored with the community through
participatory assessment
Different layout options include:
•
Staggered plan
•
Hollow square plan
•
Community road plan
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
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Grid planning
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
R
R
W W
W W
W W
W W
R
W W
W W
W W
W W
W
W
W W
W W
R
S
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W
W
Legend
tap stand
latrines
R
S
W
refuse
shop
wash area
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Hollow square planning
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
S R
S R
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
Legend
tap stand
latrines
R
S
W
refuse
S R
shop
wash area
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Contour planning: terrace
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
W W
W W
W W
W W
R
R
S
Legend
W W
W W
tap stand
latrines
R
S
W
refuse
shop
R
R
wash area
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Contour planning: cul-de-sac
Transitional
Settlement:
Displaced
Populations
(Corsellis and
Vitale, 2005)
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
R
R
R
S
Legend
tap stand
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
latrines
W W
W W
R refuse
refuse
S shop
W wash area
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Contour planning
Local villages, towns and settlements usually follow contours
Follow topographic features by responding to:
•
slope
•
avoiding steep areas
•
taking advantage of flat areas
Camps should also follow contours in order to:
•
maximise land use, when compared
to grid planning
•
minimise hazards such as land-slides,
also by stabilizing steep slopes using
erosion builds
•
reduce infrastructure costs
maintenance to roads and water
surface drainage
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Phasing
Liberia, 1998
Process to stay ahead of the influx rate
•
assess number of people in transit
•
assess when displaced population is expected to arrive
Set up emergency facilities to manage the emergency influx
These include:
•
•
•
reception centre
defecation fields
emergency distribution facilities
Ensure there is sufficient labour capacity at reception centre
•
•
to receive and screen people at arrival
to clear brush and mark out sites, avoiding deforestation
Leave space for further development and plan for future
upgrading
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Upgrading self-settled camps
Self-settled camps
Phased relocation can be used to upgrade or extend
self-settled camps to international standards with a displaced
population
5 steps to phased relocation:
Liberia, 1998
•
identify community group
•
identify additional land adjacent
to the camp or another site
•
plan the extension with the
participation of the community groups
•
relocate the community to the new site
•
repeat process until entire
camp has been relocated or upgraded
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Scheduling and managing works
The following 8 steps may be considered in scheduling and
managing works:
1.
ensure permissions of all stakeholders
2.
create a schedule of works
3.
procure resources, labour and equipment
(pre-positioning of material, equipment)
4.
mark out the site
5.
carry out ground preparation
6.
build emergency infrastructure
7.
upgrade existing infrastructure
8.
handover
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Schedule of works example
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Permissions
Create schedule
Procurement
Ground prep
Mark out site
Emergency
infrastructure
Upgrades
Monsoon season
A schedule of works should also include:
•
•
•
•
who is responsible for each activity
critical milestones and deadlines
critical events, such as monsoons
specific capacities or equipment such as bulldozers
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
1.
camps in conflicts and natural disasters
2.
self-settled camps and planned camps
3.
managing influx
4.
evaluating and selecting sites
5.
laying out a camp
6.
scheduling and managing works
7.
closure of a camp
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Camp closure
The closure of a camp must be considered during initial
negotiations with government, host populations and displaced
populations in order to agree:
•
land infrastructure (e.g. roads and buildings) improvements
suitable to both the camp population, and host population
upon handover, such as a therapeutic feeding centre finally
being used as a school
•
the activities that must be undertaken upon closure,
such as filling in pit-latrines
•
environmental recovery programmes
•
the handover of the land
•
the handover of purpose built infrastructure and
equipment, such as buildings, roads, bore holes and pumps
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
10 mins
Discussion
in pairs
Discussion
In pairs, discuss:
•
•
Planning a camp
Contour planning
left side of the room:
list advantages of
contour planning
Grid planning
right side of the room:
list advantages of grid
planning
Each pair agrees a key point
Key point
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by
Bibliography
‘Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations’
(Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)
‘Handbook for Emergencies’ (UNHCR, 2007)
‘Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards
for Disaster Response’ (The Sphere Project, 2004)
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008
based on content developed by