Transcript Slide 1
The past shapes the present
Knowing the past will help us better understand the
current media environment
We need to know how relationships between the
media and the state have developed over time
8 main time periods:
1919-1936: Establishment of Radio
Beginnings:
Individual amateur broadcasts
Experimental broadcasts – fundraising - Railway Institute
audience
1924 – Jhb – regular broadcasts. Dbn, Cape Town stations - early
closure
1927 – African Broadcast Corporation
1935 – ABC financial problems - public corporation moves
1936 – formation of SABC
English programming dominant. Poor quality
Afrikaans broadcasting
1938 – Great Trek re-enactment –coverage demands.
Service split proposed
Strong government control over broadcasting
Factors shaping development:
Geography
Limited technology
Current government ideology
1948 -SABC financial difficulties – commercial service
added
1950 – Radio news
Nationalist government: centralized, monopolistic
policy focused on English + Afrikaner interests
1949 – African language programming (Soweto)
WWII programming – temporary, propagandist
Transformation : FM introduction
Regional stations: music, advertising, news bulletins
1962 – radio stations for black listeners
– limited programming – jazz, choral music, apolitical
- condescending, patronizing news content
- white content control
1969 – automation of most regional stations - strong
ideological control, bland programming
1976 : TV service - after report showing potential to
“advance self-development and foster pride in own
identity and culture” - perceived as supportive of
policy of separate development
Mostly American, German programming (British
boycott)
1978 – advertising introduced
1982 – more channels introduced
Independent homeland radio stations: challenge to
government
Recommendations for relaxation of government
control + more space for commercial broadcasters
alongside SABC as public broadcaster
Recommendations for external regulation of both
public + commercial broadcasting
1986: Introduction of M-Net – response to reduced
income from advertising in print media
Development of community radio
Establishment of independent regulatory bodies – e.g.
Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) – later part
of ICASA (Independent Communications Authority of
SA)
3 tier system :
Public broadcasting (SABC)
Commercial broadcasting
Community broadcasting
Major restructuring of SABC - regional radio stations
sold to private sector
1998: E-TV – BEE Midi-group
2000- present:
SABC officially still public broadcaster
Controversy: government interference – is it more of a
state broadcaster?
Ongoing shifts – more regional broadcasting + support
of indigenous languages
Relationship between government + press has always
been uneasy
Have to look at three strands of press history:
English press,
Afrikaans press
Black + alternative press
Beginnings: 1795 (before Dutch East India Company
banned press)
1824: first non-government newspaper
Mostly English, some space for Dutch news + advertising
Many efforts to publish independent newspapers blocked by
government
1827: some autonomy - free press established
Formation of Newspaper Press Union
1846: The Natal Witness – replaces De Natalier
Generally more passive than English press: different
ideas of the nature of freedom – Afrikaans (state
authority), English (individual)
Established as reaction to liberality of English press
1830: 1st Dutch/Afrikaans paper
Most Afrikaans papers edited by ministers; primarily
political + cultural advocacy role
Ongoing development of Afrikaans press deeply
connected with Afrikaner nationalist politics
1937: Hendrik Verwoed – 1st editor of Die Transvaler
1830: Newspapers aimed at black readers started
1830-1880: Missionary era - growth of black press
linked to establishment of mission stations in Eastern
Cape
1880-1930: Independent elitist era –growth of literate
black elite; move away from mission controlled
publishing to black owned + controlled press
Imvo Zabantnsundu: 1st black owned, controlled paper
Worked with white liberals for reform. Hit financial
problems
New papers - more radical political views
Many black journalists part of beginnings of ANC
1930-1980: white owned period due to lack of black
capital + strong distribution network
1932: Bantu Press Ltd formed, moving black press
from the local to the national – Bantu World
1951: African Drum (later Drum) – deep impact –
investigative journalism, resistance, urban black
culture
1980-1996: multiracial period – black urban
newssheets – increased circulation + readership
Usually activates when political, economic, social + cultural
views of some groups are marginalised from popular
media market
Alternative press in South Africa linked to struggle against
apartheid
Examples: Inkundla – moderate, independent, ANC
sympathetic
1942-1963 Fighting Talk (soldiers, rights, Nazi dangers)
1970 SASO News letter – BC ideology
1980s Progressive Alternative press: Grassroots,
Saamstaan, Al Qalaam
SA press divisions – language + race, initially. Post
Nationalist Party (1948) – pro-, anti-government
Heightened tensions: press/government - pressure on
editorial freedom
Strong government control over information flow into
country + international news
Press threatened with legal action if seen as attacking
Nationalist government
Commissions of inquiry to investigate press, especially
oppositional press
1970s: Infogate scandal – Dept of Information tried to
change global image of apartheid + to control flow of
information on SA. Backfired + damaged credibility of
Afrikaans press
Pressure on the press:
From government – 1986 State of Emergency
From TV - less ad spend in print press
Economic shifts - 1980s recession
Alternative press – showing up credibility problems
From public – reader apathy, suspicion of idea of free
press
Rise of tabloid journalism – E.g. The Sun.
Sensationalist
Saturation of market – many titles, unsustainable
Shortage of skilled media people + journalists
Increase in regional, indigenous language newspapers
– E.g. KZN – Ilanga, Isolezwe – viable but limited ad
revenue –advertisers lack understanding of market +
readership patterns