Transcript Adjectival/Adverbial Phrase

Adjectival/Adverbial
Phrase
ENGL 341
OVERVIEW OF LAST WEEK
• A summary of NP:
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The structure/internal components/constituents
The determiner
The pre/modifier
The head
The post-modifier
• A review of exercises
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE
• Composed potentially of 3 structural elements:
• The head
• Modifier (m)
• Post-head (post-modifier /complement)
• This gives us the ff structure:
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M + H + Post-mod + C
Very + good + enough + at tennis (m h post-m c)
Extremely fond of you (m h c)
Very thoughtful of you
Very glad that you came
Happy indeed
Honest enough
• The AdjP no matter how many words form its constituents,
can be replaced by a single adjective (example )
• The head of AdjP is always an adjective which is indispensible
in the AdjP.
• Besides it can stand on its own
• In most cases the head functions as a modifier in an NP
• A very big house
• An interesting story
• Bad news
• The pre-modifiers in the AdjP are usually DEGREE ADVERBS –
very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc
• Items that can come after the head (post-head) are postmodifiers (good indeed, sorry enough) and complements
• The difference between a post-modifier and a complement is
that the complement is controlled by the head whereas the
post-modifier is not
• Post-modifiers: the intensifiers - indeed/enough
• Interesting indeed
• Sorrowful indeed
• Large/big enough
• Complements:
• Finite clauses:
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We are proud that you mad it
They are certain that he took it
We are angry that you shouted at us
He is sad that you are leaving
• Non-finite clauses:
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You are clever to have made an A
He is eager to do it
we are sorry to hear about the accident
He is not willing to see you
The water is not safe to drink
• Adjectives that take non-finite clauses (kind, clever, bound, likely, foolish
• Complements:
• Prepositional phrase complements:
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Angry about the disappointment
Concerned about our well-being
Alarmed at the new
Hurt by his remarks
Full of vitality
Kind of you
Opposed to new things
Fed up with the class
• Degree complements:
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More friendly than Kofi
Easier than we thought
Less endowed than Frank
The smartest in the class
The most famous of his peers
ADVERBIAL PHRASES
• Composed potentially of 3 element:
• A head (H)
• The pre-modifier
• The post-head: either a post-modifier or a complement
• The head is always realised by an ADVERB, which is the most
important element in the group
• He arrived early
• We nearly forgot about you
• The pre-modifiers in the AdvP are usually realised by DEGREE
ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc
• Items that can come after the head (post-head) are postmodifiers (fast indeed, spoken humbly enough) and
complements
• AdvP modify verbs, function as adjuncts and as complements
• Examples of AdvP:
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More gently
More gently than necessary (mhc)
Too quickly
Extremely slowly
Far away from enlightenment (mhc)
There in the afternoon (hpost-m)
Post-head
• Post-modifiers: intensifying adverbs (enough/indeed)
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Fast enough
Quickly indeed
Greatly indeed
Luckily enough
Splendidly indeed
• Complements: unlike AdjPs which can be complemented by a
number of elements, AdvPs are complemented minimally by
ff:
• The item else
• Where else
• Why else
when else
how else
Complements of comparison
and excess
• He entered more boldly than his friends
• He teaches less often on Sat than on Mondays
• He came earlier than usual
• Prepositional complements
• A few adjectives can take prepositional complements:
• Similarly to
from
independently of, separately from, differently
ASSIGNMENT
Determine when the items (today, tomorrow, yesterday) are nouns
and when they are adverbs with examples.