Subsistence Strategies
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Transcript Subsistence Strategies
Subsistence Strategies
Objectives
4/10
Describe the typologies for subsistence strategies and
political organizations.
Compare typologies.
____________________________________
Question
Is Woody High a macro or micro culture?
Why?
Subsistence Strategies
The way people in a society make a living
Provide for their basic needs
Subsistence strategies and political organizations are
closely integrated
Subsistence Strategies
2 different kinds
Extensive
Involves large areas of
land and minimal labor
input per acre
Foraging
2. Horticulture
3. Pastoralism
1.
Intensive
Involves the cultivation
of small amounts of land
through the spending of
great amounts of labor
per acre
1. Agriculture
2. Industrialism
Weekly Plan
Pick subsistence strategy
Provide notes for each section
Use books and provided information
Chapter 17 (p. 437-453)
Write neatly
Compile information for a master copy by Thursday
Objectives
4/11
Understand foraging as a subsistence strategy.
Describe specific aspects of foraging.
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Which group of subsistence strategies uses the most
amount of land?
Foraging
Oldest strategy
Only form until 10-12,000 years ago
Kin based bands made up of 100 people, no more!
Leader is typically not special but has more responsibilities
Speaks for the group
Temporary encampments
Men typically hunt large game
Women gather and hunt small game close to camp
Foraging Cont.
Least complicated form of government
Own dogs
Herding, watch-animals, camp scavengers
Controlled burns
Burn off old vegetation to grow new fresh vegetation
Social conflict controls the group number
Misconceptions
Short miserable lives
Hard to find food
Start work at a young age
Objectives
4/12
Describe and identify horticulture and pastoralism as
subsistence strategies
Form a comparison between the subsistence
strategies.
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Name a misconception of foraging societies.
Horticulture
Small scale, low intensity farming
Humid, tropical conditions
Supplemented with hunting and gathering
Higher densities
1-10 people/square mile
Population size- 30 to several hundred
Able to trade surplus
Buy items that cannot be produced
Horticulture Cont.…
Shifting pattern
Unfertile soil- move to new field
Controlled burn
Clear away dead brush to make way for new vegetation
Ash acts as a fertilizer
Labor intensive
Pesticides are not used
Harsh on the land
Misunderstanding
Unproductive
Tangle of wild vegetation
Better growing season
Plant multiple seeds in same whole
Pastoralism
Tends heard of large animals
Horses are preferred in Central Asia
Open country where farming cannot be sustained
Droughts
Spread out herd
Animals are rarely killed for family use alone
Preserving meat
Sharing amongst members
Pastoralism
Transhumance
Nomadic
Follow seasonal
migratory pattern
Not permanent
Self-sufficient
Follow a cyclical
pattern of migration
Warm highlands in
summer /warm lowlands
in winter
Regular encampments
Rely less on animals
Personality/Social Life
In East Africa, cattle herding societies also bleed
their animals. The blood is mixed with fresh milk to
make a protein rich drink.
Men make important decisions and own animals
Act on decisions easily
Expanding territory at the expense of others
Women perform domestic duties
Military Conquests
Agricultural societies
Established important kingdoms
Zulus defeated the Dutch in South Africa
Operate in large societies
Value extreme bravery
Independent of lines of supply
Objectives
4/13
Describe agriculture and industrialism as
subsistence strategies.
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What are “Use Rights”?
Intensive Strategies
Use least amount of land with the most amount
being produced
Two Strategies:
Agriculture
Industrialism
Agriculture
Primary strategy use in large-scale societies
Formed 5,000 years ago
Population growth= new strategy
Made possible by domestication of large animals and
irrigation systems
Ancient vs. Modern
Irrigation systems
Agriculture Cont.
Ancient Civilizations
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Pakistan, North China,
Mesoamerica, Western South America
Current Civilizations
Primary food production pattern in all developed nations
Social Changes
Permanent settlements that would last for generations
Evolution to the complexity of labor
Industrialism
Involves production of goods through mass
employment in business/commercial operations
Income used to purchase food, shelter, and other
products
Complex social structures
Nation states=
Division of labor is varied
Based on gender, age and intelligence
Industrialism
Dependence on fossil fuels
Long work weeks
Decreased family size