Transcript Energy and Waste Chapters 15, 16, and 22 Living in the

Renewable Energy
Chapter 18
Advanced Placement Environmental Science
Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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Energy Efficiency
Increasing energy efficiency of common
devices has economic and environmental
advantages
Reducing oil imports
Prolonging fossil fuel supplies
Reducing pollution and environmental
degradation
Saving money
Buys time to develop new technology
Creating jobs
Efficiency of Some Common Devices
Device Efficiency (%)
 Dry-cell flashlight battery
 Home gas furnace
 Storage battery
 Home oil furnace
 Small electric motor
 Steam power plant
 Diesel engine
 High-intensity lamp
90
85
70
65
62
38
38
32
 Automobile engine
 Fluorescent lamp
 Incandescent lamp
25
22
4
Energy
Efficiency
percentage of
energy input
that does
useful work
in an energy
conversion
system
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Ways to Improve Energy
Efficiency
 Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel
efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the
United States leveled off or declined
Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny fraction
of car sales
Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales are
expected to increase
Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be available
within a few years
Electric scooters and electric bicycles are short-range
transportation alternatives
Energy use of various
types of transportation
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Ways to
Improve Energy
Efficiency
Superinsulated house is
more expensive than a
conventional house, but
energy savings pay back
the extra cost
Strawbale houses have
the additional advantage
of using an annually
renewable agricultural
residue, thus slowing
Ways to Improve Energy
Efficiency
Existing homes can be made more
energy efficient
adding insulation
plugging leaks
installing energy-saving windows
wrapping water heaters
installing tankless models
 buying energy-efficient appliances and lights
Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
Solar Energy
Buildings can be heated
 passive solar heating system
 active solar heating system
Solar thermal systems are new
technologies that collect and transform
solar energy into heat that can be used
directly or converted to electricity
Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy
directly into electricity
Suitability of Solar Usage
best when
more than
60% of
daylight
hours sunny
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Solar Heating
Passive system:
Absorbs & stores heat
from the sun directly
within a structure
Active system:
Collectors absorb solar
energy, a pump supplies part
of abuildings heating or
water heating needs.
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Solar Domestic Hot
Water (SDHW)
An open circuit hot water
system heats the domestic
water directly on the roof
of the building
The water flows from the
heat collector into the hot
water tank to be used in
the house
Integration of solar energy
conservation in homes can
reduce energy
consumption by 75-90%.
 www.iea-shc.org
www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt
Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
Provides electricity for buildings
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Inside the PV cell
PV cells are made
from silicon alloys
PV module
1cm by 10cm
cells
36 cells
connected
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Solar Thermal Techniques
Solar Two
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Heliostats
Heliostats provide
concentrated sunlight
to the power tower
The reflecting
mirrors follow the sun
along its daily
trajectory
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Power Tower
Sunlight from mirrors
are reflected to fixed
receiver in power
tower
Fluid transfers the
absorbed solar heat
into the power block
Used to heat a steam
generator
Solar One
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Solar-Hydrogen Revolution
Splitting water can produce H2 gas
If scientists and engineers can learn
how to use forms of solar energy to
decompose water cheaply, they will
set in motion a solar-hydrogen
revolution
Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could
power vehicles and appliances
Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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History of Hydroelectric
B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels
for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000
years ago
1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded,
with establishment of Chief Engineer for the
Continental Army
1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light
and Power Company, generating electricity by
dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine
Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps.
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
History of Hydroelectric
–
–
–
By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was
hydropower
Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional
capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled
again between 1940 and 1980
Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity
comes from hydropower.
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
Turbine Technologies
Reaction
fully immersed in fluid
shape of blades produces rotation
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
Tidal Power Plant
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Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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Rotary Windmill
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
Vertical Blades
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
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Energy from Wind
Production of electricity and hydrogen
gas by wind farms is expected to increase
Western Europe currently leads in the
development of wind power
Land used for wind farms also can be
used for ranching or crops and most
profits stay in local communities
North Dakota
Optimization
Low Torque – Rapid Speed
good for electrical generation
High Torque – Slow Speed
good for pumping water
Small generator
low wind speeds
captures small amount of energy
Large generator
high wind speeds
may not turn at low speeds
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Source: American Wind Energy Association
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
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Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy from Biomass
In the developing world, most people
heat homes and cook by burning wood
or charcoal
Plant materials and animal wastes also
can be converted into biofuels,
Biogas
Liquid ethanol
Liquid methanol
Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators
to produce electricity and heat
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Types of
Biomass
Fuel
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Biorefinery
Biomass
Feedstock
– Trees
– Forest Residues
– Grasses
– Agricultural Crops
– Agricultural Residues
– Animal Wastes
– Municipal Solid Waste
Conversion
Processes
- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation
- Enzymatic Fermentation
- Gas/liquid Fermentation
- Thermochemical Processes
- Gasification/Pyrolysis
- Combustion
- Co-firing
Fuels:
Ethanol
Renewable Diesel
Methanol
Hydrogen
Electricity
Heat
Products
– Plastics
– Foams
– Solvents
– Coatings
– Chemical
Intermediates
– Phenolics
– Adhesives
– Fatty acids
– Acetic Acid
– Carbon black
– Paints
– Dyes, Pigments, and
Ink
– Detergents
– Etc.
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Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy can be used to heat
buildings and to produce electricity
Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if
heat is removed faster than natural
processes renew it, but the potential
supply is vast
Technology
Geothermal Heat Pumps
shallow ground energy
Direct-Use
hot water can be piped to facilities
Power Plants
steam and hot water drive turbines
dry steam plants
flash steam plants
binary cycle plants
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Dry Steam Power Plants
Hydrothermal
fluids are
primarily steam
Steam goes
directly to
turbine
No fossil fuels
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Flash Steam Power Plant
Fluids above 200
degrees Celsius
Fluid is sprayed
into tank at lower
pressure
Fluid rapidly
vaporizes
Steam drives
turbine
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Binary Cycle Power Plant
Cooler water
(below 200
degrees Celsius)
Hot thermal fluid
and a second fluid
pass through heat
exchanger
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Benefits
Clean Energy
one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas
very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur
compounds
Availability
24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Homegrown
Renewable
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Environmental Effects
Only emission is steam
Salts and dissolved minerals reinjected
Some sludge produced
Mineral extraction
Little Visual Impact
Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Location
Hot geothermal fluid
Low mineral and gas content
Shallow aquifers
Producing and reinjecting the fluid
Private land
Simplifies permit process
Proximity to transmission lines
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html
Future
Only tiny fraction is currently
used
 Dry hot rock heated by molten
magma
 Drill into rock and circulate
water
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Energy Efficiency
Solar Energy
Hydropower
Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
Suggestions to make the transition to a more
sustainable energy future.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt