Transcript The African Market Garden

The African Market Garden (TIPA)
Advantages and Constraints
an Integrated Horticultural production package
Lessons learned and Perspectives for the Future
Horticultural production
Irrigation contributes to:
Increased productivity
• Independent of erratic rainfall
• increased impact of other yield-enhancing
technologies (fertilizer, improved seed, IPM)
Stabilizing production
• enhanced food security
• reducing financial risk of applying fertilizer
This leads to better integration into markets
2
Horticultural production
Grow Horticulture crops with Irrigation.
High returns:
– Per unit area from high value crops
– Year round cash flow
– Intntl and local Market: Urban population
SSA grows 4%pyear; demand fresh
vegetables
Nutrition:
– Vitamin A deficiency
3
Horticultural production
Current production systems are
• Inefficient with labor, water and energy
• Exacerbate soil erosion/degradation
• Little productive due to socio economic constraints,
limited access to credit, markets and technologies
and lack of institutional support
4
The African Market Garden
5
The African Market Garden
Platform for introduction of new improved varieties to
optimize cropping calendar
Vegetable
African Eggplant
Melon
Eggplant
Cucumber
Okra
Lettuce
Tomato
Sweet Pepper
Hot Pepper
Sweet Corn
Onion
Potato
Cabbage
Watermelon
variety
Gaya
Ein Dor
Black Beauty
Beit Alpha
Konni
Maya
ICRIXina
Yellow wonder
Safi
True Gold
Violet de Galmi
Abki
Oxylus
Malali
Hot
Apr May Jun
Rainy
Jul Aug Sep
Oct
Dry season
Nov Dec Jan
Feb Mar
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
nursery
crop development
harvesting period
X indicates maximum market price Niamey (SIMA, INS 2003-2006)
6
• Labor saving
(60%)
Labor use over 3.5 months Gombo production on 500m2
18 July-10 Oct 08 Sadore
800
manhour
600
other
irrigation
400
weeding
200
• Kalale
Watering can
12m2- 5.3 hr/day
Drip Irrigation
120m2- 2.6 hr/day
0
AMG
Watering can
7
Economics
• Operational costs AMG 20% lower
Operation cost Gombo production (3.5 months) at Sadore
200,000
labor
fuel
inputs+ maintenance
160,000
CFA
120,000
80,000
40,000
0
AMG
Arrosoir
Farmer
8
Economics
• Revenues can be up to 50% higher
Due to
– Drip irrigation: improved soil moisture conditions and no
adverse effects of over/under-watering
– Use of improved ICRISAT/AVRDC selected varieties for
year-round production
– Use of fertilizer/pesticides
9
Economics
• Set up costs 500m2 AMG 50% higher
Set-up costs 500m2 garden
AMG
Watering can
CFA
CFA
Drip kit
145,500
0
Reservoir
197,349
51,400
Pump
175,000
175,000
Well
80,000
80,000
Other
134,779
138,779
Total
732,628
445,179
10
Economics
Profit AMG 500-1,000 $ per 500 m²
Double that of traditional irrigated gardens
Payback period
500 m²
: 13 months
1000 m²
:
8 months
Woltering L, Ndjeunga J, Pasternak D. 2009. The Economics of African Market Garden and
Watering Can Irrigation Methods in Niger. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics:
Working paper series, Socioeconomics and policy, Patancheru, India, 2009. Vol (XXX), (55) (in press)
11
Economics
However AMG requires
1. Investment
2. Land ownership
3. Professional attitude
12000
4. Market Access
Educated Experienced
Vegetable producers
AMG
500m2
Marketable
100%
NPV (US$)
8000
75%
50%
4000
25%
0
-4000
-8000
10%
20%
30%
40%
discount percentage
50%
60%
12
AMG models
How to reach the poor farmers?
1. Investment:
- Share costs
2. Land Ownership: - Target farmer groups that
own land
3. Professional attitude- Provide cost-effective
training/follow up
4. Market Access
- Joint marketing and
purchase of inputs
Target: Producer groups to benefit from economies of
scale
13
AMG models
Cluster and Communal AMG system
–
–
–
–
No need for individual reservoirs, boreholes or pumps
Easy access for training and monitoring
Mutual learning among producers
Joint marketing and purchase of inputs
CLUSTER
of 500m2 plots
COMMUNAL
management of 5,000 m²
14
AMG models: Cluster
One large water source, but producers have
individual control of water and fertilizer
Pressure provided by
Dam elevated above
field (rice fields)
Target: Group of independent vegetable producers
15
AMG models: Cluster
Yelou- Gaya Region (Niger)
5 ha
Pressure provided by
artesian borehole (4-5 m
head)
16
Yelou- Nov 2009
Yelou- Gaya Region (Niger)17
AMG models: Cluster
Keur Yarba (Senegal)
Pressure provided by
underutilized water
towers borehole (7-10 m
head)
18
AMG models: Communal
20-m3 concrete reservoir serves an area of 5,000 m2
Community provision of basic services (Water, fertilizer and
chemical spray)
Field subdivided to individual producers
Target: Group of well-organized vegetable producers
19
AMG models: Communal
Dunkassa- Kalale Region (Benin)
20
AMG models: Communal
Tanka- Dallol Baleyara (Niger)
21
AMG models
Great benefits from collective action, yet
Organisation is key for sustainability:
Contributions to common cash for purchase inputs or
to strengthen group (credit to members).
• Legalize status of Land
• Internal rules and regulations
•
22
AMG models
The development of the AMG models was driven by
decreasing set up costs while achieving higher profits /unit land
2001
2005
2006
2007
23
Alternative Energy
AMG requires only 1-meter pressure for operation it
can draw on low-capacity renewable energy
sources like
 solar,
 artesian wells or
 gravity from low elevation
24
Artesian Wells in Niger
Koutoumbou- Gaya region
Wankam- Baleyara
5-8 m3/hr
Estimated
100wells
m3/hr
artesian
Kolo BangouBaleyara area
5m3/hr
Diginessa- Ouallam
Damana- Baleyara area
10 m3/hr
5-8 m3/hr
25
Alternative Energy
Irrigation with Solar energy
• independent of fuel availability
and price fluctuations
• Low maintenance
 fit well in rural settings
• Self regulator; solar radiation is the main driver of
both pump speed and evapotranspiration of crops
26
Alternative Energy
Solar energy
qty.
Initial costs
2
Hand pump
Motorpump (3hp)
Solar pump
unit cost total cost amortz. total cost amortz. total cost amortz.
US$
US$
US$/year
US$ US$/year US$
US$/year
178
356
89
400
80
4,000
500
Maintenance
30
120
30
Fuel
0
1,920
0
1,478
0
0
1,597
2,120
530
Labor (mhr)
Total
5,320
0.28
Assume:
•Water need 80 m3/day for 200 days/year
•Sandy soil, water at 5m depth
•Labor 125CFA/hr (0.27 $/hr)
•Fuel 0.12 L to move 1m3 at 1 US$/liter
•Compare hand pump (4yr lifetime), motor pump (5yr), solar pump (8yr)
27
Alternative Energy
Solar energy
Compatible with Communal AMG
Reservoirs serve as battery (energy stored in form of water
elevated above field)
28
Alternative Energy
Solar energy
Benin Micro Irrigation project
Project Donor/partner: SELF (Solar
Electric Light Fund)
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ca6qw5x_n-M
29
Alternative Energy
Solar energy
Benin Micro Irrigation project
Gross revenues per women (120m2)
Dry season Rainy season
US$
US$
Bessassi 1
67
65
Bessassi 2
144
76
Dunkassa
167
112
Average
126
84
total
US$
132
220
279
210
30
Options for dissemination AMG
in West Africa
• Go for Producer groups to benefit from economies
of scale
• Provide minimum 2 years of technical support
• Utilize existing infrastructure/resources and
alternative energy
Niger groundwater resources: renewable 3 billion m3/year and
fossil 2000 billion m3– development is restricted by lack of
energy/high cost of energy
31
Requirements for large scale
dissemination AMG
• Private sector development for provision of
irrigation equipment, seeds, knowledge, etc AMG
service centers
• Conducive institutional environment: credit
available, long repayment periods, subsidies and
tax regulations
• Capacity building
32
Research focus
• Improved vegetable varieties, processing and
storage techniques for smallholder producers
• Bio pesticides/fertilizer solutions
• Socio economic evaluations AMG vs traditional
systems
• Low cost alternatives for pumps (alternative
energies), reservoirs and other components of AMG
33
The way ahead
Effective large-scale dissemination of the AMG will
require the establishment of service centers that
give the following services:
• Planning
• Supply of equipment and materials (fertilizers,
pesticides, seeds, plants plastics etc)
• Training and follow up
34
Merci
• Thank you
35