Transcript NIST - ISSA - Baltimore Chapter

Next Generation Risk Management
Information Security Transformation for the Federal Government
Information System Security Association
Baltimore Chapter
January 27, 2010
Dr. Ron Ross
Computer Security Division
Information Technology Laboratory
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY
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The Threat Situation
Continuing serious cyber attacks on public and private
sector information systems, large and small; targeting key
operations and assets…
 Attacks are organized, disciplined, aggressive, and well
resourced; many are extremely sophisticated.
 Adversaries are nation states, terrorist groups, criminals, hackers,
and individuals or groups with intentions of compromising federal
information systems.
 Effective deployment of malicious software causing significant
exfiltration of sensitive information (including intellectual property)
and potential for disruption of critical information systems/services.
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What is at Risk?
 Federal information systems supporting Defense, Civil, and
Intelligence agencies within the federal government.
 Information systems supporting critical infrastructures within
the United States (public and private sector) including:
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Energy (electrical, nuclear, gas and oil, dams)
Transportation (air, road, rail, port, waterways)
Public Health Systems / Emergency Services
Information and Telecommunications
Defense Industry
Banking and Finance
Postal and Shipping
Agriculture / Food / Water / Chemical
 Private sector information systems supporting U.S. industry
and businesses (intellectual capital).
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The Fundamentals
Combating 21st century cyber attacks requires 21st century
strategies, tactics, training, and technologies…
 Integration of information security into enterprise architectures and system life
cycle processes.
 Common, shared information security standards for unified cyber command.
 Enterprise-wide, risk-based protection strategies.
 Flexible and agile selection / deployment of safeguards and countermeasures
(maximum tactical advantage based on missions / environments of operation).
 More resilient, penetration-resistant information systems.
 Competent, capable cyber warriors.
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Strategic Initiatives
The Long-term View
 Build a unified information security framework for the
federal government and support contractors.
 Integrate information security and privacy requirements
into enterprise architectures.
 Work with industry to develop more secure information
technology products.
 Employ systems and security engineering techniques
to develop more secure (penetration-resistant)
information systems.
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Federal Government Transformation
The newly emerging information security publications
begin an historic government-wide transformation for risk
management and information security driven by…
 Increasing sophistication and operations tempo of cyber attacks.
 Convergence of national and non-national security interests
within the federal government.
 Convergence of national security and economic security
interests across the Nation.
 Need for unified command in providing effective cyber defenses
for the federal government and the Nation.
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A Unified Framework
For Information Security
The Generalized Model
Unique
Information
Security
Requirements
Intelligence
Community
Department
of Defense
Federal Civil
Agencies
Private Sector
State and Local Govt
The “Delta”
Common
Information
Security
Requirements
Foundational Set of Information Security Standards and Guidance
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Standardized risk management process
Standardized security categorization (criticality/sensitivity)
Standardized security controls (safeguards/countermeasures)
Standardized security assessment procedures
Standardized security authorization process
National security and non national security information systems
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Enterprise-Wide Risk Management
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Multi-tiered Risk Management Approach
Implemented by the Risk Executive Function
Enterprise Architecture and SDLC Focus
Flexible and Agile Implementation
STRATEGIC RISK
FOCUS
TIER 1
Organization
(Governance)
NIST
SP 800-39
TIER 2
Mission / Business Process
(Information Assets and Information Flows)
TIER 3
TACTICAL RISK
FOCUS
Information System
(Environment of Operation)
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Risk Management Hierarchy
 Risk Executive Function
(Oversight and Governance)
Risk Management Strategy
TIER 1
Organization
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Risk Assessment Methodologies
Risk Mitigation Approaches
Risk Tolerance
Risk Monitoring Approaches
Linkage to ISO/IEC 27001
NIST
SP 800-39
TIER 2
Mission / Business Process
TIER 3
Information System
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Risk Management Hierarchy
NIST
SP 800-39
TIER 1
Organization
Risk Management Strategy
TIER 2
Mission / Business Process
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Mission / Business Processes
Information Flows
Information Categorization
Information Protection Strategy
Information Security Requirements
Linkage to Enterprise Architecture
TIER 3
Information System
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Risk Management Hierarchy
TIER 1
Organization
NIST
SP 800-37
TIER 2
Mission / Business Process
Risk Management Framework
TIER 3
Information System
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Linkage to SDLC
Information System Categorization
Selection of Security Controls
Security Control Allocation
and Implementation
 Security Control Assessment
 Risk Acceptance
 Continuous Monitoring
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Risk Management Framework
Starting Point
FIPS 199 / SP 800-60
CATEGORIZE
Information System
SP 800-37 / SP 800-53A
MONITOR
Security State
Continuously track changes to the
information system that may affect
security controls and reassess
control effectiveness.
SP 800-37
Define criticality/sensitivity of
information system according to
potential worst-case, adverse
impact to mission/business.
FIPS 200 / SP 800-53
SELECT
Security Controls
Security Life Cycle
Select baseline security controls;
apply tailoring guidance and
supplement controls as needed
based on risk assessment.
SP 800-39
SP 800-70
AUTHORIZE
IMPLEMENT
Information System
Security Controls
Determine risk to organizational
operations and assets, individuals,
other organizations, and the Nation;
if acceptable, authorize operation.
SP 800-53A
ASSESS
Security Controls
Implement security controls within
enterprise architecture using sound
systems engineering practices; apply
security configuration settings.
Determine security control effectiveness
(i.e., controls implemented correctly,
operating as intended, meeting security
requirements for information system).
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Defense-in-Depth
Links in the Security Chain: Management, Operational, and Technical Controls
 Risk assessment
 Security planning, policies, procedures
 Configuration management and control
 Contingency planning
 Incident response planning
 Security awareness and training
 Security in acquisitions
 Physical security
 Personnel security
 Security assessments and authorization
 Continuous monitoring
 Access control mechanisms
 Identification & authentication mechanisms
(Biometrics, tokens, passwords)
 Audit mechanisms
 Encryption mechanisms
 Boundary and network protection devices
(Firewalls, guards, routers, gateways)
 Intrusion protection/detection systems
 Security configuration settings
 Anti-viral, anti-spyware, anti-spam software
 Smart cards
Adversaries attack the weakest link…where is yours?
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Unconventional Wisdom
NEW RULE: Boundary protection is no longer sufficient
against high-end threats capable of launching sophisticated
cyber attacks...
 Complexity of IT products and information systems.
 Insufficient penetration resistance (trustworthiness)
in commercial IT products.
 Insufficient application of information system and
security engineering practices.
 Undisciplined behavior and use of information
technology and systems by individuals.
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Applying the Risk Management Framework to Information Systems
Output from Automated
Support Tools
Risk Executive
(Function) Inputs
SECURITY PLAN
including updated
Risk Assessment
Near Real Time Security
Status Information
SECURITY
ASSESSMENT
REPORT
PLAN OF ACTION
AND
MILESTONES
Authorization
Package
INFORMATION SYSTEM
CATEGORIZE
Information System
MONITOR
Security Controls
Risk Management
Framework
SELECT
Security Controls
AUTHORIZE
IMPLEMENT
Information System
Security Controls
ASSESS
Security Controls
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Security Control Allocation
 Security controls are defined to be system-specific,
hybrid, or common.
 Security controls are allocated to specific components
of organizational information systems as systemspecific, hybrid, or common controls.
 Security control allocations are consistent with the
organization’s enterprise architecture and information
security architecture.
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Security Control Accountability
RISK EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
Security
Assessment
Report
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
System-specific
Controls
System-specific
Controls
Plan of Action
and Milestones
Security
Plan
Security
Assessment
Report
Plan of Action
and Milestones
RISK
MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK
(RMF)
COMMON CONTROLS
Security Controls Inherited by Organizational Information Systems
Security
Plan
Security
Assessment
Report
Ongoing Authorization Decisions
Security
Plan
Hybrid Controls
Tactical Risk
Management
Focus
Core Missions / Business Processes
Security Requirements
Policy Guidance
Hybrid Controls
Strategic Risk
Management
Focus
Ongoing Authorization Decisions
Organization-wide Risk Governance and Oversight
Top Level Risk
Management
Strategy Informs
Operational
Elements
Enterprise-Wide
Plan of Action and
Milestones
Ongoing Authorization Decisions
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The Central Question
From Two Perspectives
 Security Capability Perspective
What security capability is needed to defend against a
specific class of cyber threat, avoid adverse impacts,
and achieve mission success? (REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION)
 Threat Capability Perspective
Given a certain level of security capability, what class of
cyber threat can be addressed and is that capability
sufficient to avoid adverse impacts and achieve mission
success? (GAP ANALYSIS)
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Security Control Selection
 STEP 1: Select Baseline Security Controls
(NECESSARY TO COUNTER THREATS)
 STEP 2: Tailor Baseline Security Controls
(NECESSARY TO COUNTER THREATS)
 STEP 3: Supplement Tailored Baseline
(SUFFICIENT TO COUNTER THREATS)
CATEGORIZE
Information/System
MONITOR
SELECT
Security Controls
Security Controls
Risk Management
Framework
AUTHORIZE
IMPLEMENT
Information System
Security Controls
ASSESS
Security Controls
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Cyber Preparedness
HIGH
Adversary
Capabilities
and
Intentions
LOW
THREAT LEVEL 5
CYBER PREP LEVEL 5
THREAT LEVEL 4
CYBER PREP LEVEL 4
THREAT LEVEL 3
CYBER PREP LEVEL 3
THREAT LEVEL 2
CYBER PREP LEVEL 2
THREAT LEVEL 1
CYBER PREP LEVEL 1
HIGH
Defender
Security
Capability
LOW
An increasingly sophisticated and motivated
threat requires increasing preparedness…
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Dual Protection Strategies
 Boundary Protection
Primary Consideration: Penetration Resistance
Adversary Location: Outside the Defensive Perimeter
Objective: Repelling the Attack
 Agile Defense
Primary Consideration: Information System Resilience
Adversary Location: Inside the Defensive Perimeter
Objective: Operating while under Attack
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Agile Defense
 Boundary protection is a necessary but not sufficient
condition for Agile Defense
 Examples of Agile Defense measures:
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Compartmentalization and segregation of critical assets
Targeted allocation of security controls
Virtualization and obfuscation techniques
Encryption of data at rest
Limiting of privileges
Routine reconstitution to known secure state
Bottom Line: Limit damage of hostile attack while operating in a (potentially)
degraded mode…
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Trust and Reciprocity
Organization One
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Mission / Business
Information Flow
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Security Plan
Security Plan
Security Assessment Report
Organization Two
Risk Management
Information
Plan of Action and Milestones
Determining risk to the organization’s
operations and assets, individuals, other
organizations, and the Nation; and the
acceptability of such risk.
Security Assessment Report
Plan of Action and Milestones
Determining risk to the organization’s
operations and assets, individuals, other
organizations, and the Nation; and the
acceptability of such risk.
The objective is to achieve transparency of prospective partner’s information security
programs and processes…establishing trust relationships based on common, shared
risk management principles.
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Key Risk Management Publication
 NIST Special Publication 800-53, Revision 3
Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and
Organizations
August 2009
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Updating all material from NIST Special Publication 800-53, Revision 2
Incorporating security controls from Draft CNSS Instruction 1253
Incorporating new security controls for advanced cyber threats
NIST
SP 800-53
Incorporating information security program-level controls
Incorporating threat appendix for cyber preparedness
(Separately vetted and added to SP 800-53, Revision 3 when completed)
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Key Risk Management Publication
 NIST Special Publication 800-37, Revision 1
Guide for Applying the Risk Management Framework to Federal
Information Systems
Projected: February 2010
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Incorporating comments from Initial Public Draft
NIST
SP 800-37
Implementing guideline for Risk Management Framework
Transforming previous certification and accreditation process
Integrating Risk Management Framework into the SDLC
Greater emphasis on monitoring of information system security state
Ongoing security authorizations informed by risk executive function
Greater accountability and assurances for common (inherited) controls
Increased use of automated support tools
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Key Risk Management Publication
 NIST Special Publication 800-39
Integrated Enterprise-wide Risk Management
Organization, Mission, and Information Systems View
Projected: June 2010
 Incorporating public comments from NIST Special Publication 800-39,
Second Public Draft
 Incorporating three-tiered risk management approach: organization,
mission/business process, and information system views
 Incorporating cyber preparedness information
NIST
 Providing ISO/IEC 27001 mapping to risk management
SP 800-39
publications
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Key Risk Management Publication
 NIST Special Publication 800-53A, Revision 1
Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Information
Systems and Organizations
Projected: April 2010
 Updating all assessment procedures to ensure consistency with NIST
Special Publication 800-53, Revision 3
 Developing new assessment procedures for information security program
management controls
 Updating web-based assessment cases for inventory of assessment
procedures
NIST
SP 800-53A
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Key Risk Management Publication
 NIST Special Publication 800-30, Revision 1 (Initial Public Draft)
Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments
Projected: August 2010
 Down scoping current publication from risk management focus to risk
assessment focus
 Providing guidance for conducting risk assessments at each step in the
Risk Management Framework
 Incorporating threat information for cyber preparedness
NIST
SP 800-30
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Transformation… Getting There
Current State
The Future
 Lack of reciprocity in authorization and
assessment results
 Enabled reciprocity
and information sharing
 Improve security postures
(architecture and information)
 Resource intensive
 Redundant and duplicative activities
 Inconsistent policy and process
implementation
 Lack of automation (for both workflow
and testing tools)
 Streamline processes and improve
end-product quality
 Uniform set of policies and practices
 Consistent implementation and use
of automated tools
 Lack of standardized documentation and  More effective resource
allocation; reduce costs
artifacts to facilitate informed decisions
 Three-year “Paperwork Drill”
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 Continuous monitoring
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Contact Information
100 Bureau Drive Mailstop 8930
Gaithersburg, MD USA 20899-8930
Project Leader
Administrative Support
Dr. Ron Ross
(301) 975-5390
[email protected]
Peggy Himes
(301) 975-2489
[email protected]
Senior Information Security Researchers and Technical Support
Marianne Swanson
(301) 975-3293
[email protected]
Kelley Dempsey
(301) 975-2827
[email protected]
Pat Toth
(301) 975-5140
[email protected]
Arnold Johnson
(301) 975-3247
[email protected]
Web: csrc.nist.gov/sec-cert
Comments: [email protected]
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