Improving Test Ratios Using Reference Multimeters

Calibrator TUR Improvement

• • • Accepted levels of test uncertainty ratios (TURs) and test specification ratios (TSRs) have been set to various levels by different quality and calibration standards, such as 10:1 or 4:1 or 3:1.

These levels are set as acceptable limits for calibration pass or fail decisions. –

This minimizes the risk of incorrect decisions on marginal units under test (UUTs)

However, there will always be instrument test requirements whose TURs are less than the required levels.

–

Calibration instruments will always have test requirements where the test requirement is for better uncertainty than the calibrator capabilities alone.

–

In these cases, special metrology engineering work is done to design an acceptable test technique with appropriate levels of uncertainty.

• • • Example: Improving calibrator voltage and resistance uncertainties to support a precision DMM Verifying a high performance DMM of the 6.5 digit class is an example of a new generation of T&M instruments with superior specifications (the Fluke 8846A) Using a multi-product calibrator (the Fluke 5520A), the most frequently used medium to high accuracy calibration source in modern DC/LF AC laboratories In this case, of the more than 130 test points are required to verify the DMM, many have Test Specification Ratios of less than 4:1, applying….

– 90 day specs for the DMM – 1 year specs for the calibrator – For volts (dc & ac) and ohms, 27 points of insufficient TSRs were studied for possible improvement via characterization

Table Of Test Points Having Low Test Specification Ratios

Function

4WR Ohms 4WR Ohms

Nominal

10 100

Frequency 5520A 8846A 1-year specification 90-day specification 8846/5520A Ratio

0.0014

0.0042

0.0038

0.012

2.71

2.86

Comments Assume zero 5520A at beginning of each day.

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 2WR Ohms 2WR Ohms 2WR Ohms 1.0E+6 10.0E+6 1.0E+9 DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC 0.1

-0.1

1 -1 5 -5 10 -10 100 -100 1000 -1000 0.1

1 10 100 750 750 750 750 1000 1000 10 10 10 100000 45 1000 1200 10000 45 10000 34.00

1350.00

15.5E+6 0.000003

-0.000003

0.000013

-0.000013

0.00008

-0.00008

0.00014

-0.00014

0.00195

-0.00195

0.0195

-0.0195

0.000038

0.00035

0.00365

0.25

0.235

0.1975

0.1975

0.235

0.31

0.31

90.00

2100.00

1.6E+6 0.000006

-0.000006

0.000025

-0.000025

0.000115

-0.000115

0.00023

-0.00023

0.0033

-0.0033

0.041

-0.041

0.00009

0.0008

0.008

0.68

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.8

2.37

2.29

2.19

2.72

2.55

3.04

3.04

2.55

2.58

2.58

2.65

1.56

0.10

5520A 4-W connection at 8846A terminals 2.00

2.00

1.92

1.92

1.44

1.44

1.64

1.64

1.69

1.69

2.10

2.10

Lower than desired TSRs

Possible Alternative Solutions • • • • Acquire a more accurate calibrator – a major investment Perform limited calibrations – not usually acceptable Use advanced metrology techniques (guard banding for example) test by test basis – a viable alternative on a case by case, Improve calibrator’s working specs via characterization – also a viable alternative on a broader basis

Method 1: Real time characterization • The higher accuracy 8.5 digit reference DMM is the actual traceable standard • The calibrator serves as a stable source to the DMM as the UUT during verification • The uncertainty for the standard is the combination of the reference DMM’s measurement specification plus any stability considerations for the calibrator

8 ½ digit multimeter 6½ to 7½ digit calibrator 6 ½ DMM

Test points with test specification ratios based on the 8 ½ digit reference DMM as the standard

Function

4WR 4WR 2WR 2WR

2WR

DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC DC Ohms Ohms Ohms Ohms

Ohms

V V V V V V V V V V V V

Nominal

10 100

Frequency 8508A 8846A 1-year specification 90-day specification 8846/8508 Ratio

0.000109

0.00085

0.0038

0.012

Comment

34.86 8508A 4W Normal I 14.12 8508A 4W Normal I 1.0E+6 10.0E+6

1.0E+9

0.1

-0.1

1 -1 5 -5 10 -10 100 -100 1000 -1000 AC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC V V V V V V V V 0.1

1 10 100 750 750 750 750 10 10 10 100000 45 1000 1200 10000 AC AC V V 1000 1000 Assume +/- 5C max temperature variation 45 10000 10.00

300.00

2.51E+6

0.0000006

-0.0000006

0.0000039

-0.0000039

0.0000215

-0.0000215

0.0000397

-0.000039

0.00059

-0.00059

0.006025

-0.006025

0.000018

0.000135

0.00135

0.077

0.10725

0.10725

0.10725

0.10725

0.136

0.136

90.00

2100.00

1.6E+6

0.000006

-0.000006

0.000025

-0.000025

0.000115

-0.000115

0.00023

-0.00023

0.0033

-0.0033

0.041

-0.041

0.00009

0.0008

0.008

0.68

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.8

9.00

7.00

0.64

10.00

10.00

6.41

6.41

5.35

5.35

5.79

5.90

5.59

5.59

6.80

6.80

5.00

5.93

5.93

8.83

5.59

5.59

5.59

5.59

5.88

5.88

Use Standard Resistor

Improved TSRs

Method 2: Create a “Golden Calibrator” with improved working specs • A “golden calibrator” that has had its actual performance extensively measured so its short term and long term stability is known and this replaces the “generic specifications” • Modern calibrators have generic specifications providing a greater than 99% confidence that all the population of calibrators will be within spec.

• Individual calibrators often perform well within 30% to 50% of the allowable performance errors • Characterization of an individual calibrator usually permits using a calculated uncertainty of 2 to 4 times better than spec, or more.

Conclusion: calibrator characterization by a reference DMM • • Daily testing by a reference DMM confirms the DMM is a suitable tool to analyze and characterize a calibrator Long term testing by primary standards confirm the suitability of calibrators to be characterized to a better uncertainty.

• When characterizing with a DMM, the overall calibrator uncertainty is a combination of the measured stability of the calibrator and the uncertainty of the reference multimeter

Summary of both Accuracy Enhancement Methods

Calibration Test Value 10 volts 100 ohms 10 volts 10 Hz UUT Test Specification

±

23 ppm

±

120 ppm Table 6: Example Improvements In Calibrator Specifications Using Characterization.

non characterized calibrator spec

±

14 ppm

±

42 ppm Calibrator’s TSR 1.6:1 2.86:1 Example spec with long term characterization with DMM

±

4.9 ppm

±

12.3 ppm Example spec using real time characterization by DMM

±

3.9 ppm

±

8.5 ppm

±

800 ppm

±

365 ppm 2.2:1

±

195 ppm

±

135 ppm Best TSR > 6:1 > 11:1 > 6:1

In either case, the final test ratios are very acceptable for our test & quality requirements!